Economy and Society on Both Shores of the Aegean

Economy and Society on Both Sh ores of the Aegean E d ite d b y : L o r a n s T a n a t a r B a r u h a n d V a n g e lis K e c h r io tis A LPH A BANK H i s t o r i c a l A r c h iv e s A th e n s 2 0 1 0 C o n te n ts 9 L ist o f lllu s tr a tio n s L ist o f F ig u re s 11 L is to f T a b le s 12 P re fa c e 13 I n tr o d u c tio n 15 P A R T I. C O M M U N I T Y A N D SU B JE C T IV 1T Y 21 1 S k a r l a t o s V y z a n t i o s ’s K üj verea vrı vovnohç : D iffe ren c e a n d F u s io n Stephanos Pesmazoglou 2 T h e ‘N a t i o n ’ o f t h e Rum S in g s 23 o f İ t s S u l ta n : T h e M a n y F a c e s o f O tto m a n is m Sia Anagnostopoulou 3 79 C o n v e r s i o n a n d A p o s t a s y i n t h e L a te O t t o m a n E m p i r e Selim Deringil 4 107 T h e L ife i n t h e A n a t o l i a n C o u n t r y s i d e d u r i n g t h e G r e e k O c c u p a t i o n : T h e E x a m p le o f F o ç a Engin Berber 5 I d e n t i t y i n t h e C ity : 125 Rum Polites o f İ s t a n b u l in A th e n s İlay Romain Örs 175 PA R T II. IN S T IT U T IO N S 199 6 E c u m e n ic a l Id e o lo g y in th e O rth o d o x Millet ( 1 9 th - 2 0 th C e n tu rie s ) Dimitris Stamatopoulos 7 201 M e d i c i n e , P h i l a n t h r o p y a n d t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n o f P o v e r ty i n İ s t a n b u l i n t h e N i n e t e e n t h a n d E a r ly T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r i e s Haris Exertzoglou 2 4 9 8 E C O N O M Y A N D S O C IE T Y O N B O T H S H O R E S O F T H E A E G E A N 8 M a r c h i n g o n a n E m p t y S t o m a c h : P r a c t i c a l A s p e c ts o f G e n d a r m e r ie R e fo rm in O tto m a n M a c e d o n ia İpekK. Yosmaoğlu 9 277 T h e P r o b le m s o f M in o rity F o u n d a tio n s d u r in g th e S in g le -P a rty E ra Elçin Macar 297 P A R T I II . E C O N O M Y A N D S O C IE T Y 10 309 C r e a tin g th e p r e - I n d u s tr ia l O tto m a n - G r e e k M e r c h a n t: S o u rc e s , M e th o d s a n d I n te r p r e ta tio n s Maria Christina Chatziioannou 11 311 A M ig r a n t- M e rc h a n t F a m ily fro m M e rs in : T h e M a v ro m a tis Meltem Toksöz 12 337 B rid g in g th e G a p : R u ra l M a c e d o n ia fro m O tto m a n to G r e e k R u le ( 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 2 0 ) Socrates D. Petmezas 13 355 G re e k -O rth o d o x H o u s e h o ld s in İs ta n b u l ( 1 9 th - 2 0 th C e n tu rie s ) : S o c ial a n d D e m o g r a p h ic T r e n d s Meropi Anastassiadou 14 397 W o m e n ’s S o u n d s f r o m T i r e b o l u : D o m a in s o f E x is te n c e a n d P o w e r N e tv v o rk s A rz u Öztürkmen 423 P A R T IV . U R B A N P L A N N I N G 15 447 U rb a n T r a n s fo rm a tio n s in th e E u r o p e a n P ro v in c e s o f th e O tto m a n E m p ire a t th e E n d o f th e 1 9 th C e n tu ry Alexandra Yerolympos 16 U r b a n T e x tu re a n d A r c h ite c tu r a l S ty le s a fte r th e 449 Tanzimat Filiz Çalışlar Yenişehirlioğlu 487 E p ile g o m e n a : C o m m o n P a s t, C o m p a r a t i v e H i s t o r y a n d R e g i o n a l U n i v e r s a l i s m in G re e k a n d O tto m a n H is to r io g r a p h y Christos Hadziiossif 527 N o te s o n C o n tr ib u to r s 541 Introduction T h e la te 1 9 9 0 s w a s a t u r n i n g p o in t fo r G r e e k - T u r k is h p o litic a l r e la tio n s . P o litic ia n s , a s w e ll a s a la rg e p a r t o f th e p o p u la tio n , i n b o t h c o u n tr ie s c a m e to u n d e r s t a n d th a t c o - o p e r a tio n i n v a r io u s fie ld s w o u ld b r in g m o r e b e n e fit th a n te n s io n a n d m ilita ry c o n fro n ta tio n . T h e ‘E c o n o m y a n d S o c ie ty o n B o th S h o r e s o f th e A e g e a n ’ s e m in a r s e rie s , h e ld f ro m O c to b e r 2 0 0 4 to F e b ru a ry 2 0 0 7 o n th e p re m is e s o f th e O tto m a n B a n k M u s e u m , w as an a tte m p t to c a p tu re th e in te lle c tu a l a tm o s p h e re w h ic h had e m e r g e d t h a n k s t o t h e e x is t i n g t ie s b e tv v e e n G r e e k a n d T u r k i s h s c h o la r s w h o s e r e s e a r c h fo c u s e d o n t h e la te O t t o m a n E m p ir e a n d th e T u r k is h R e p u b lic i n g e n e r a l, a n d t h e G r e e k - O r th o d o x p o p u l a t io n i n p a r tic u la r . A s w a s p o in te d o u t in th e s e rie s ’ in a u g u ra l m e e tin g o n 2 2 O c to b e r 2 0 0 4 , an im p o rta n t num ber of G re e k s c h o la rs s u p p o rte d by sev eral f o u n d a tio n s h a d a lr e a d y w o r k e d a n d p u b lis h e d o n th e s e is s u e s w e ll b e fo re th is p e rio d , w h e re a s th e r e w e re fa r fe w e r s tu d ie s o n th e T u r k is h s id e , w h i c h w a s m o r e in te r e s te d i n th e h is to r y o f th e s e lf r a t h e r t h a n C r o s s in g th e b o rd e rs th a t h is to ry and p o litic s had im p o s e d on a p r e v io u s ly c o m m o n g e o g ra p h y . A t t h is p a r tic u la r p o i n t i n tim e , w i t h a n in c r e a s in g in te r e s t i n u n d e r s t a n d in g t h e d iv e r s e m e c h a n is m s o f s o c ia l lif e a n d b a c k e d b y t h e n e w p o l i t i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e i n w h i c h r e g i o n a l i s m g a in e d s ig n if ic a n c e v is - â -v is th e n a tio n - s ta te , th e in c r e a s in g in te r e s t a m o n g T u r k is h s c h o la r s w a s fo llo w e d b y d y n a m ic e x c h a n g e s b e tw e e n th e tw o n a tio n a l a c a d e m ic m ilie u s . A m u c h la r g e r n u m b e r o f G r e e k a n d T u r k is h s tu d e n t s w e r e n o w c h o o s in g to s tu d y to p ic s p e r t i n e n t to th is f i e l d , l e a r n e a c h o t h e r ’s l a n g u a g e s a n d w o r k o n a v a r i e t y o f a r c h i v a l s o u rc e s in b o th c o u n trie s . T h is new tre n d , w h ic h enhanced c o lla b o ra tio n , th e s h a r in g o f e x p e r ie n c e s a n d a c a d e m ic d ia lo g u e o n b o t h s h o re s o f th e A e g ea n , p ro v e d to b e a n e w b e g in n in g a t th e t u m 2 1 s t c e n tu r y . R e le v a n t c o u r s e s o ffe re d a t th e H is to ıy o f th e D e p a rtm e n t, B o ğ a z iç i U n iv e r s ity s ta r tin g in 2 0 0 3 m ir r o r e d t h is c h a n g e . T h e s tu d e n t s w h o p a r t i c i p a t e u n d o u b t e d l y h a v e a b r o a d e r V is io n a n d w i l l b e b e t t e r 16 H C O N O M Y A N D S O C IE T Y O N B O T H S H O R E S O F T H E A E G E A N e q u ip p e d to a n a ly z e th e c o m p le x h is to ric a l c ir c u m s ta n c e s of th e O tto m a n E m p ire a n d t h e i r im p lic a tio n s fo r th e c o n te m p o r a r y g lo b a l e ra . H o w e v e r , th e s e c o u r s e s h a v e o f fe r e d t o s t u d e n t s o n ly a n i n t r o d u c t i o n to th e G r e e k -O tto m a n s tu d ie s ; th e r e r e m a in s a lo n g w a y to g o , a n d e v e n m o r e s y s te m a tic e ffo rts h a v e to b e m a d e . T h is s e m i n a r s e r ie s s o u g h t to a d d r e s s e x a c tly s u c h a n e e d . T h e O t t o m a n B a n k M u s e u m , w illin g to c o n tr i b u te to t h is f ie ld o f s tu d y , d e c id e d to ö p e n t h e f lo o r to G r e e k a n d T u r k i s h s c h o la r s . T h e id e a w a s to o r g a n iz e m o n th ly le c tu re s w h ic h w o u ld b e f o llo w e d b y s c h o la rs , s tu d e n ts a s w e ll a s a n y o n e in te re s te d a d is c u s s io n in th e s e am ong to p ic s . W e th o u g h t th a t d e a lin g w ith th e c o n flic t a n d c o lla b o ra tio n , th e e x c lu s io n and c o - e x is te n c e , p o p u la tio n s liv in g and in th e th e d iffe re n c e s O tto m a n and E m p ire s im ila ritie s w o u ld b e tw e e n im p ro v e our u n d e r s ta n d in g o f la te -O tto m a n a n d T u r k is h h is to ry . S u c h a s e m in a r s e r ie s w o u l d b e a li t h e m o r e m e a n in g f u l if a p a r t n e r i n G r e e c e w a s a ls o in v o lv e d . P ro f. K o s ta s K o s tis , w h o is r e n o w n e d fo r, a m o n g o t h e r th in g s , h is c o n tr ib u tio n to th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e h is to ric a l a rc h iv e o f A lp h a B a n k , w a s w illin g to s u p p o r t o u r v e n tu r e a n d b r o u g h t o u r p ro p o s a l to th e b o a rd o f d ire c to rs , w h o th e n to o k th e im p o r ta n t d e c is io n to g e n e ro u s ly s p o n s o r t h e G r e e k p a r t i c i p a n t s . T h u s , t h e ‘E c o n o m y a n d S o c i e t y o n B o t h S h o re s o f th e A e g e a n ’ s e m in a r s e rie s w a s la u n c h e d a n d c o n tin u e d fo r tw o a n d a h a lf y e a rs a t th e O tto m a n B a n k M u s e u m in İs ta n b u l, e a c h m o n th h o s tin g a s c h o la r , f r o m G r e e c e o r T u r k e y o n a r o ta t in g h a s is . N o t o n ly T u rk is h s tu d e n ts but a ls o G reek s tu d e n ts e n ro lle d in T u rk is h u n iv e rs itie s o r c o n d u c tin g th e ir re s e a rc h in İs ta n b u l p a rtic ip a te d in th e s tim u la tin g d is c u s s io n s o n d iffe re n t th e m e s re la te d to th e c o m m u n ity , e c o n o m y , s o c ie ty a n d u r b a n h is to r y o f t h e b r o a d e r re g io n . A p a r t f ro m th e s e re g u la r s e m in a rs , s c h o la rs w h o h a p p e n e d to b e o n a s h o r t s ta y in İ s ta n b u l w e r e i n v it e d to p r e s e n t t h e i r w o r k a s lo n g a s it w a s r e la te d to o u r a g e n d a . H o w e v e r , t h e s e m i n a r s d i d n o t r e m a in lim it e d to a c a d e m ic s , a ttra c tin g in te r e s t fro m th e b r o a d e r p u b lic , e s p e c ia lly th a n k s to th e s p e c ia l e v e n ts t h a t w e r e a ls o o r g a n iz e d , s u c h a s t h e s c r e e n in g o f t h e m o v i e ‘R e m b e t i k o : T h e S t o r y o f T w o C i t i e s ’ d i r e c t e d b y N e f i n D i n ç , t h e p re s e n ta tio n o f th e p h o to e x h ib itio n on Im v ro s /G ö k ç e a d a b y M u ra t 17 IN T R O D U C T IO N Y a y lc ın a n d t h e t a l k b y S e f e r G ü v e n ç , s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l o f t h e F o u n d a t i o n o f L a u s a n n e T r e a t y E m i g r a n t s / L o z a n M ü b a d i l l e r i V a k f ı, e n t i t l e d ‘8 0 Y e a r s o f L o n g i n g : R e u n i o n o f D i s p l a c e d T u r k s a n d G r e e k s ’. A t th e e n d o f th e s e rie s , a fte r m o r e t h a n 2 0 s e m in a r s , w e a s k e d o u r s e lv e s s e v e ra l q u e s tio n s . S in c e th e s e s e m in a r s ta c k le d s u c h d iv e r s e to p ic s a s th e econom y, id e o lo g y , id e n tity , u rb a n is m and e d u c a tio n , w e re th e p a r tic ip a n t G r e e k a n d T u r k is h s c h o la r s a b le to a rtic u la te a c o n s is te n t in te r d is c ip lin a r y d is c o u r s e ? M o re o v e r, h a d th e s e m in a r s m a n a g e d to c o n trib u te to th e d ia lo g u e b e tw e e n s c h o la r s o f m o d e m - G r e e k , la te - O tto m a n a n d T u r k is h s tu d ie s a n d , a s a r e s u lt, to th e e x p a n s io n o f t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e a c a d e m ic n e tw o r k s ? E v e n m o r e im p o r ta n tly , c a n w e c la im t h a t th is c o m m o n a c a d e m ic e n d e a v o u r h a s a d v a n c e d th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f w h a t m ig h t b e la b e lle d , a r b itr a r y a s it m ig h t s e e m , a s th e a re a o f G r e e k O tto m a n s tu d ie s ? L e t u s p r o v id e s o m e p r e lim in a r y o b s e rv a tio n s w h ic h , w e b e l i e v e , r e v e a l a s p e c t s o f a C r e a tiv e d i a l o g u e a m o n g s c h o l a r s d e r i v i n g fro m d iff e re n t a c a d e m ic tr a d itio n s as d e f in e d b y th e o b je c t o f t h e i r s tu d y , th e g e o g ra p h y o r th e tim e s p a n th e y c o v e r. T h e s e fe w e x a m p le s w ill h e lp to illu s tr a te p o in ts w h e r e th e s e d if f e re n t tr a d itio n s c o n v e rg e a n d g iv e ris e to a m o r e a r tic u la te a n d m u lti- f a c e te d d is c o u r s e . T h e s e m o m e n ts o f c o n v e rg e n c e in c lu d e : i ) I s s u e s o f t e r m i n o l o g y , a s i n t h e c a s e o f S ia A n a g n o s t o p o u l o u ’s s e m in a r , w h e r e it b e c a m e c le a r th a t h e r u s e o f th e t e r m milli d iffe rs c o n s id e r a b ly f ro m th e w a y it is c o n v e n tio n a lly u s e d in T u r k is h h is to r io g rap h y . ii) Is s u e s o f s o u r c e s , a s in th e c a se o f S o k ra te s P e tm e z a s ’ s e m in a r , in w h ic h he used G re e k and O tto m a n cen su ses on M a c e d o n ia and s u g g e s te d a p a ra lle l r e a d in g o f th e s e s o u rc e s . i i i ) I s s u e s o f m e t h o d o l o g y , a s i n t h e c a s e o f H a r i s E x e r t z o g l o u ’s s e m in a r, w h e re h e s u g g e ste d a p a rtic u la r a s s e s s m e n t o f th e re la tio n b e tv v e e n p o v e r t y a n d c o m m u n i t y m e c h a n i s m s . iv ) Is s u e s o f id e o lo g y a n d , in p a r tic u la r , n a tio n a lis m , a s in N ü k h e t A d ı y e k e ’s s e m i n a r , w h e r e s h e d e s c r i b e d i t s a p p e a ı a n c e a s t h e o n l y c le trim e n ta l fa c to r in a n o th e rv v ise p e a c e fu l s o c ie ty w h e r e M u s lim s a n d C h r is tia n s in C re te p r e s u m a b ly c o e x is te d w ith o u t te n s io n s . 18 E C O N O M Y A N D S O C İE T Y O N B O T H S H O R E S O F T H E A E G E A N v) Issu e s o f tra u m a tic e x p e rie n c e s and th e p ro cc e ss o f h e a lin g th r o u g h c u ltu r e o r p e rs o n a l n a rra tiv e s , a s in th e c a se o f th e s e n ıin a r o n rembetiko o r t h e o n e o n t h e ‘e x c h a n g e o f p o p u i a t i o n s ’ . v i) I s s u e s o f c o n t e m p o r a r y p o f itic a f im p lic a tio n s , a s i n t h e c a s e o f P a ra s k e v a s K o n o rta s ’ s e m in a r, in w h ic h h is u s e o f th e T u r k is h to p o n y m ‘G ü m ü l c i n e ’ i n s t e a d o f th e c o n te m p o ra ry G reek to w n ‘K o m o t i n i ’, trig g e re d n e g a tiv e c o m m e n ts a m o n g G re e k s w h e r e a s h is u s e o f th e te r m ‘M u s l i m s ’ i n s t e a d o f ‘T u r k s ’ f o r t h e l o c a l p o p u i a t i o n s t r i g g e r e d n e g a t i v e c o m m e n ts a m o n g T u rk s . v ii) I s s u e s o f h i s t o r i o g r a p h i c a l r e v i s i o n i s m , a s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e o tfs c h e d u l e C h r i s t i n a P h i l i o u ’s s e m i n a r o n t h e P h a n a r i o t e l i t e w h o d o n o t fit in to e ith e r n a tio n a l m a s te r n a rra tiv e , a n d w ho, th e re fo re , u n til r e c e n tly , w e r e a t t r i b u t e d n e g a tiv e c o n n o ta t io n s b y b o t h s id e s . A s t h i s s e r ie s is fin a lly a t t h e s ta g e o f p r o d u c i n g a v o lü m e , w e w o u l d l ik e to t a k e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to e x p r e s s o u r g r a t i tu d e to o u r s p o n s o r s , G a r a n ti B a n k a n d A lp h a B a n k , w h ic h m a d e th is p ro je c t p o s s ib le , to th e f o rm e r C o n s u l- G e n e r a l o f G r e e c e A le x is A le x a n d r is w h o g a v e h i s s u p p o r t , n o t o n ly a s a c o n s u l b u t a s a c o lle a g u e i n t h e f ie ld , to o u r c o lle a g u e s a t t h e H is to ry D e p a r tm e n t o f B o ğ a z iç i U n iv e r s ity , f ir s t a n d f o r e m o s t P ro f. E d h e m E ld e m , w h o h a s fo r m a n y y e a rs c o n tr ib u te d h is e x p e rtis e to th e v a r io u s a c tiv itie s o f t h e O t t o m a n B a n k M u s e u m , a s w e ll a s to a li t h e p a rtic ip a n ts w h o n o t o n ly p r e s e n te d th e ir w o r k to a n e x c ite d a u d ie n c e b u t a ls o s h a r e d o u r e n t h u s i a s m a n d c o m m i t m e n t to th e s e s e m in a r s . T h is v o lü m e is t h e in v ite e s , o n ly ta n g ib le o u tc o m e th re e , d e s p ite th e o f th is p ro c e ss. A m o n g th e in itia l a g re e m e n t th a t th e y tw e n ty w o u ld d e liv e r a fin a l w r itte n v e r s io n o f th e i r p r e s e n ta tio n , e v e n tu a lly fa ile d to d o s o . T h e m a jo r ity o f s c h o la r s in v o lv e d , h o w e v e r , w o r k e d c lo s e ly w i t h u s u n til th e v e ry e n d o f a p r o tr a c te d p e r io d o f n e g o tia tio n a n d e d itin g . T h r o u g h o u t th is tim e , th e lin g u is tic e ffic ie n c y a s w e ll a s th e c o n c e p tu a l s e n s i t iv i ty o f o u r c o p y e d it ö r a n d c o lle a g u e B e n ja m in T r ig o n a - H a r a n y p ro v e d a g re a t h e lp a n d a d d e d im m e n s e ly to th e q u a lity o f th e te x ts . T h e p r o f e s s io n a l e x p e r ie n c e o f V ic to r ia L e k k a f ro rn A le x a n d r ia p u b lic a tio n s in A th e n s h e lp e d u s re s o lv e te c h n ic a l d iffic u ltie s w e e n c o u n te r e d . W e b e lie v e t h a t t h e s e v e n t e e n a r tic le s i n c l u d e d i n t h e v o l ü m e m a n a g e to 19 IN T R O D U C T IO N i l l u s t r a t e t h e S t a te o f t h e a r t i n a v a r i e t y o f s u b f i e l d s w i t h i ı ı t h e b r o a d e r a re a o f la te -O tto m a n a n d T u r k is h s tu d ie s . T h e a rtic le s h a v e b e e n d iv id e d Com munity and Subjectivity., Institutions, Economy and Society, Urban planning. A f i n a l a s s e s s m e n t i n t h e f o r m o f Epilegomena , w h i l e n o t f u l l y r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e v i e w s o f t h e in to th e f o llo w in g s u b c a te g o rie s : o rg a n is e rs , p o in ts to w a y s fo r f u r th e r s te p s in th e d ire c tio n th is v o lü m e h a s f o llo v v e d . I t i s o u r r e a l h o p e t h a t t h e v o l ü m e w i l l p r o v e t o b e a r e a l c o n tr ib u tio n to th e G r e e k - O tto m a n a n d T u r k is h s tu d ie s . F in a lly , b y u s in g t h e t e m i G r e e k - O tto m a n s tu d ie s , o u r i n t e n t i o n is n o t to r e ite r a te th e c o n c e p tu a liz a tio n o f a n th ro p o g e o g ra p h ie s in th e o ld fa s h io n o f a re a s tu d ie s . W e a r e r a t h e r a im in g a t s u g g e s tin g g u id e lin e s t h a t m a y f a c ilita te c o m m o n a c a d e m ic e n d e a v o u r s in th e fu tu re . V a n g e lis K e c h r io tis - L o r a n s T a n a ta r B a r u h