ADMINISTRACION FINANCIERA

constante apoyo y verdadero ejemplo de superación.

2023

La importancia de una gestión eficaz del capital de trabajo es indiscutible, ya que la rentabilidad de las operaciones de una empresa depende de la capacidad del director financiero para gestionar eficazmente las cuentas por cobrar, el inventario y las cuentas por pagar. El propósito de la administración del capital de trabajo (o administración financiera a corto plazo) es administrar todos los activos corrientes de una empresa (inventarios, cuentas por cobrar, valores negociables y efectivo) y pasivos a corto plazo (deudas, cuentas por cobrar y cuentas por pagar), para lograr un equilibrio entre rentabilidad y riesgo, que contribuya al crecimiento del valor de la empresa. Las empresas pueden reducir los costos de financiamiento o aumentar los fondos disponibles para la expansión al reducir la cantidad inmovilizada en el capital de trabajo. Por lo tanto, no sorprende que la administración del capital de trabajo sea una de las actividades financieras más importantes y que consume más tiempo para los gerentes.

El comportamiento de las empresas mexicanas para obtener financiamiento esta viviendo un sustancial cambio, en virtud de que el mismo entorno económico ha propiciado un análisis más serio de la "Estructura financiera" de los negocios, toda vez que el costo de los recursos se incrementa día con día.

Cost of Capital is the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or, from an investor's point of view "the required rate of return on a portfolio company's existing securities". It is used to evaluate new projects of a company. It is the minimum return that investors expect for providing capital to the company, thus setting a benchmark that a new project has to meet. For an investment to be worthwhile, the expected return on capital has to be higher than the cost of capital. Given a number of competing investment opportunities, investors are expected to put their capital to work in order to maximize the return. In other words, the cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in the best alternative investment of equivalent risk. ▲ Components of cost of capital: A company's securities typically include both debt and equity, one must therefore calculate both the cost of debt and the cost of equity to determine a company's cost of capital. Importantly, both cost of debt and equity must be forward looking, and reflect the expectations of risk and return in the future. Preference shares, new issues of common shares and retained earnings are the sources of equity. Generally, a firm raises its fund as debt, preference shares, new issues of common shares and retained earnings. Obviously firms try to keep the share of the above sources in optimal proportions. a. Cost of Debt: Debt capital is the capital that a business raises by taking out a loan. Company collect debt capital from capital market. It is a loan made to a company that is normally repaid at specific future date. The firms which collect debt capital have to pay yearly fixed rate interest for using it. This interest is called cost of debt. Cost of Debt, K D =K d (1-T) where, K D =Effective cost of debt , K d = Contractual cost of debt, T=firms corporate tax rate.

Obs: A lista, individual, deverá ser entregue no dia 20/04 e escrita à mão. Questões referentes à Introdução (pág. 25) e capítulo 1 (pág. 39) do Gurajati (2011). 1) Discuta todas as etapas da metodologia econométrica tradicional.

Magyar Nyelv, 2023

The ancestors of the Hungarians first came into contact with the ncestors of the Slavs at the time of the former’s presence in the East European Plain (9th century CE). Hungarian adopted its first Slavic elements from East Slavic dialects while the ancestors of the Hungarians lived in the steppe zone of the East European Plain. Researchers consider these elements to include words such as tanya ‘farmstead’ (< Old Russian tonja), naszád ‘a type of vessel’ (< ORu nasadъ), and halom ‘hill, heap’ (< ORu xъlmъ). There are reasons to include here the words lengyel < lengyen ‘Pole’, szégye ‘fishing tackle’ (< ORu sěža), and varsa ‘fish trap’ (< ORu verša < *vьrša), too. However, due to the fact that formal criteria for the vast majority of early Slavic elements in Hungarian are lacking, it is difficult to determine with any degree of certainty which ones are due to an East Slavic dialect at the time of migration of the Hungarians in the Black Sea steppe region. Consequently, the East Slavic character of these early Slavic borrowings in Hungarian remains unprovable. The most reliably established borrowing from East Slavic before the migration of Hungarians to the Carpathian Basin is the ethnonym lengyel (< lengyen) ‘Pole’, which goes back to the Slavic tribal name *lędjan(e) and is also attested in the writing of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, located by him in the Subcarpathian region. This tallies with the known path of the Hungarians across the Carpathian Mountains on their way to the Carpathian Basin. However, we also have the example of Old Serbian Leđanin ‘Pole’. Consequently, it is possible that the Hungarians did not become acquainted with the name of this tribe “en route” while in contact with the ancestors of the Eastern Slavs, but encountered it later, in the Carpathian Basin, as the name could only have been familiar to the Slavophone people located there. The number of borrowings from East Slavic in Hungarian before the arrival of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin (around 895 CE) is not large and is limited to a handful of lexemes at best.

This thesis investigates the interaction between Egyptian Marxists and the Egyptian State under Gamal Abd Al-Nasser from 1952 to 1965. After the Free Officer coup of July, 1952, the new government launched a period of repression that targeted many political organizations, including the communists. Repression against the communists was interrupted during a brief interlude from mid-1956 until the end of 1958, when Nasser launched a second period of repression heavily aimed at the communist left. Utilizing quantitative data of the communist prisoner population as well as qualitative first-hand accounts from imprisoned communists, this thesis reconstructs the conditions, demographics, and class status of the communists targeted by the repressive apparatus of the Egyptian state. It also explores the subjective response of the Egyptian communists and their ideological shifts vis-à-vis changing material and repressive conditions. It argues that a combination of state-capitalist reforms, intense state repression, pragmatic influence of the Soviet Union, capitulation to a hegemonic nationalist discourse, and imperialist threat converged to direct Egyptian communist thought. In the end, the Marxist movement was incapable of acting as the vanguard of the Egyptian revolution.