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Ancient Altar Screen of Nikozi Episcopal Church

2016

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe VII (52-B) Tbilisi 2016 tondo wm. mamais gamosaxulebiT. gelaTi, XI s. Tondo with representation of Saint Mamas. Gelati, 11th c. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe VILLI (52-B) sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria gamodis 1920 wlidan BULLETIN of the Georgian National Museum VII (52-B) Series of Social Science Issued since 1920 Tbilisi 2016 Tbilisi uak(UDC)069(479.22)(051.2) 902+903+737+736.2+39+904+93/94+930.27+7 s-323 G-37 saredaqcio kolegia: daviT lorTqifaniZe, zurab TvalWreliZe, nodar baxtaZe, nana burWulaZe, iulon gagoSiZe, darejan kaWarava, daviT lomitaSvili, giorgi marsagiSvili, daviT mindoraSvili, eldar nadiraZe, zaza sxirtlaZe, nodar SoSitaSvili, medea wowelia, oTar jafariZe Editorial Board: David Lordkipanidze, Zurab Tvalchrelidze, Nodar Bakhtadze, Nana Burchuladze, Iulon Gagoshidze, Darejan Kacharava, David Lomitashvili, Giorgi Marsagishvili, David Mindorashvili, Eldar Nadiradze, Zaza Skhirtladze, Nodar Shoshitashvili, Medea Tsotselia, Otar Japaridze sarecenzio sabWo: luiza gvritiSvili, elene kavlelaSvili, nino kalandaZe, guliko kvantiZe, ekaterine kiknaZe, irina koSoriZe, besik lorTqifaniZe, nikoloz murRulia, eldar nadiraZe, leila fancxava, mamuka qafianiZe, ciala RvaberiZe, medea Serozia, nino CixlaZe, vaxtang cincaZe, nino xundaZe, qeTevan javaxiSvili, mindia jalabaZe Review Committee: Nino Chikhladze, Tsiala Ghvaberidze, Luiza Gvritishvili, Mindia Jalabadze, Ketevan Javakhishvili, Nino Kalandadze, Mamuka Kapianidze, Elene Kavlelashvili, Nino Khundadze, Ekaterine Kiknadze, Irina Koshoridze, Guliko Kvantidze, Besik Lortkipanidze, Eldar Nadiradze, Medea Sherozia, Vakhtang Tsintsadze, Nikoloz Murgulia redaqtori: zurab TvalWreliZe Editor-in-chief: Zurab Tvalchrelidze pasuxismgebeli mdivani: medea wowelia Executive secretary: Medea Tsotselia ISSN 1512-1895 © saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, 2016 Georgian National Museum, 2016 saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambis winamdebare tomi warmoadgens saqarTvelos muzeumis moambis (1920-1935 ww), saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambis (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria – B, 1936-1944 ww) da simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambis (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria – B, 1947-2004 ww) tradiciuli, seriuli gamocemebis gagrZelebas – sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis mimarTulebiT. tomSi warmodgenilia naSromebi istoriis, arqeologiis, numizmatikis, gliptikis, eTnografia/eTnologiis, xelovnebis istoriisa da samuzeumo saqmis Sesaxeb, romlebSic qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia ganxiluli. toms erTvis saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis 2016 wlis qronika. The present volume of the Bulletin of the Georgian National Museum is continuation of the traditional, social sciences serial, publications of the Bulletin of the Georgian Museum (1920-1935), the Bulletin of the Georgian State Museum (series of social sciences – B, 1936-1944) and the Bulletin of the Simon Janashia Georgian State Museum (series of social sciences – B, 1947-2004). The volume presents papers dealing with history, archaeology, numismatics, gliptics, ethnography/ethnology, art history and about Museum activities issues in which the main aspects of Georgian cultural heritage are discussed. The issue is supplied with 2016 year chronicle of the Georgian National Museum. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria VIILL (52-B), 2016, 318-328 Bulletin of the Georgian national Museum. Series of Social Sciences VLLII (52-B), 2016, 318-328 xelovnebaTmcodneoba giorgi gagoSiZe*, sofio gagoSiZe* *saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi lado gudiaSvilis q. 1, 0105, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo elfosta: g–gagoshidze@yahoo.com sofo–gagoshidze@hotmail.com niqozis saepiskoposo saydris Zveli kankeli sofel zemo niqozis (goris r-ni) centrSi mdebare RvTaebis saepiskoposo gumbaTiani taZris (V s-is dasasruli - VI s-is dasawyisi – XIV-XV ss.) dasavleTi fasadis (sur. 1) sarkmlis Tavze, miwidan daaxloebiT eqvsi metris simaRleze, kedelSi Cadgmulia Ria mwvane feris ornamentirebuli qvis ori fragmenti (sur. 2), romlebic taZris ezoSi SesvlisTanave ipyrobs yuradRebas. es qvebi - Zveli kankelis filis nawilebi specialurad aravis Seuswavlia, Tumca ki maTze saubaria im gamokvlevebSi, romlebic niqozis taZars exeba. p.uvarovas Sida qarTlSi mogzaurobisas niqozis eklesiis dasavleTi karis Tavze (Sic) SeuniSnavs mwvane qvaze nakveTi `lamazi da faqizi sparsul-qarTuli ornamenti”, romelic man md. liaxvisave xeobaSi mdebare sabawmindis monastris kankels miamsgavsa da es fragmentebic kankelis nawilebad CaTvala [Уварова П. 1894: 180]. amave dros, mkvlevari amave naSromis sabawmindis monastrisadmi miZRvnil TavSi aRniSnavs, rom safaris kankelic mwvane feris msgavs qvazea nakveTi [Уварова П. 1894: 86, 178]. p.uvarova aSkarad cdeba, rodesac niqozis kankelis fragmentebis adgilmdebareobas dasavleTi karis (“над западною дверью”) da ara sarkmlis Tavze uTiTebs, radgan Sida qarTlSi misi mogzaurobis droisTvis (23.VIII.1890) es namtvrevebi namdvilad dasavleTi sarkmlis Tavze mdebareobda. am naSromSive gamoqveynebul niqozis eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis fotoze moCans, rom sarkmlis sworkuTxa Riobs aseve sworkuTxa sapire evleba [Уварова П. 1894: 179. таб. 158], rac 1888-1891 wlebSi aq Catarebuli remontis Sedegia.1 Tu davakvirdebiT taZris dasavleTi fasadis am monakveTs, SevniSnavT, rom sarkmlis moCarCoebis zeda horizontul nawils uSualod adevs kankelis filis erT-er1 1888-1891 wlebSi niqozis saepiskoposo taZari aRudgeniaT: daviT sulxaniSvils, giorgi saZagliSvils (mogvianebiT kaTolikos-patriarqi kirioni), zaqaria favleniSvilsa da ioane daviTaSvils. 1896 wlis 24 agvistos taZari akurTxes [megreliZe i. 1984: 123,124,141]. saremonto samuSaos dros gaufarToebiaT sarkmlis Riobebi da gamoucvliaT maTi sapireebi, aseve eklesias moxsnes karebis win arsebuli karibWeebi. am remontis Sesaxeb saubrobs p.uvarovac (“увеличены окна, древняя каменная резьба уничтожена”). mis mier gadaRebul fotozec Cans, rom eklesiis dasavleT fasadze sarkmlis sapire ukve gamocvlilia [Уварова П. 1894: 179. таб 158]. niqozis RvTaebis taZris dasavleT kedelSi am dros Cadgmuli sarkmlis sapire uSualod kankelis pirveli fragmentis qveS devs, rac gamoricxavs mogvianebiT kankelis fragmentis aq moxvedras. 318 Ti fragmenti, romelic XIX s-is dasasruls Catarebuli remontis drosaa aq moxvedrili. am viTarebas naTels hfens 1889 wlis gazeT `iveriaSi” dabeWdili cnoba, saidanac vigebT, rom 1889 wlis mkaTaTvis 4-Si (4 ivlisi) zemo niqozis taZris CrdiloeT mxares `gafuWebuli kedlis” dangrevisas `aRmoCnda ramdenime natexi bunebiT lurji qva, mSvenieris CuqurTmebiT aWrelebuli. erTs qvaze, romelic yvelaze ufro didia, warwera aris da zedve etyoba ori suraTi wmindanisa. suraTi mTlad ar moCans, radganac qva gatexilia”. ueWvelia, rom aq saubaria aRniSnuli kankelis fragmentebze. amdenad, swored XIX s-is miwuruls, kerZod ki, 1889-1890 ww-Si, Cadges kankelis es fragmentebi dasavleTi sarkmlis Tavze. r. mefisaSvilisa da v. cincaZis azriT, niqozis Zveli taZari XI s-Si Ria mwvane feris qvis mdidrulad moCuqurTmebuli kankeliT mourTavT, romlis fragmentebi mogvianebiT eklesiis kedlebSi CauSenebiaT [Меписашвили Р., Цинцадзе В. 1975: 70]. uciloblad, mkvlevrebi kankelis swored am fragmentebs gulisxmobdnen. aRniSnuli kankelis fragmentebma daainteresa i. megreliZec. igi Tavisi naSromis, im adgilas, sadac niqozis taZris kedlebze arsebuli warwerebia ganxiluli, erT-erTi moCuqurTmebuli `lurji” qvis warwerazec Cerdeba, romelsac ase kiTxulobs: ... `ZÀ bl ersTs ZÀ”... aqve aRniSnulia, rom am qvaze moCans adamianebis fexTa gamosaxulebebi [megreliZe i. 1984: 147]. 2005 wels, niqozis RvTaebis taZris sareabilitacio samuSaos dros2, saSualeba mogveca, axlodan dagveTvalierebina da Segveswavla kankelis aRniSnuli fragmentebi (sur. 2). pirveli fragmenti (74x43 sm) kankelis filis marjvena qveda kuTxis nawilia. masze SemorCenilia moCarCoebis ornamentirebuli zolisa da Zlier dazianebuli centraluri aris mcire monakveTi, romelzec ganirCeva ori figuris fexebis qveda nawilebi. centralur aresa da am zols aCarCoebs moCuqurTmebuli lilvi da damreci, sada are. masze asomTavruli warweris (45,8x5 sm) nawilia (sur. 3) SemorCenili (udidesi aso-niSani – 4,5 sm, umciresi aso-niSani – 3,5 sm). kankelis pirveli fragmentis marjvniv, xelis gawvdenaze, amave jiSis qvis meore, ufro mcire, sworkuTxa namtvrevi kedelSia Casmuli. misi zedapiri gadajaWvul wreebSi Cawerili foTlovani ornamentiTaa gaformebuli da, rogorc Cans, igi kankelis filis moCarCoebis nawilia (sur.4). pirveli fragmentis damrec zedapirze arsebuli warweris (sur. 5,6, 7) daqaragmebuli bolo aTi grafema garkveviT Cans da igi ase ikiTxeba:`m,kthcscvy”–`..q(o)b(u)ler(i)sT(avi)s(a)m(a)n..”.kidura aso-niSani `n” marjvniv gaSverili `cxviriT” exeba damreci horizontuli da vertikaluri zolebis gammijnav wibos. Znelia imis varaudi, grZeldeboda Tu ara warwera damreci aris vertikalur 2 2005 wels kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saministros dafinansebiT niqozis RvTaebis eklesiaSi Catarda sareabilitacio samuSao (xelmZRvaneli - arqiteqtor-restavratori T.gabunia). 319 nawilzec. mis SemorCenil mcire nawils aso-niSnis kvali ar atyvia. warweris fragmentis TavSi ganirCeva sami grafemis konturi. pirveli, Zlier dazianebuli, grafemisgan SemorCenilia marcxniv mimarTuli naxevarrkali, zeviT ki - samkuTxad dasrulebuli horizontuli xazis nawili. es aso-niSani `y”- `n” unda iyos. mis Semdgom gankveTilobis aRmniSvneli sami wertili zis, rac sityvis dasrulebis niSania. amis Semdgom `modis” vertikaluri buni qveviT da marcxniv mimarTuli Sekruli rkaliT. am grafemis zeda nawilis dazianebis gamo gviWirs ueWvelobiT vamtkicoT, igi grafema `C” - `Z” aris Tu `v” - `m”, magram mainc ufro savaraudoa `Z”. Semdgom naTlad Cans vertikaluri buni da mis Sua nawils mcired acilebuli adgilidan marjvniv gaweuli naxevarwriuli kauWi. es `T” `À”- aris, romelsac gankveTilobis niSani - sami wertili da daqaragmebuli (qaragma - or wertils Soris gavlebuli horizontuli xazia) saxeli `qobuli” mohyveba. amgvarad, qobulis win erTi sityvis dasasruli da mTeli erTi sityvaa SemorCenili: `...n ZÀ”. mTlianad warwera aseTia: `..n ZÀ qbl ersTsmn...” aSkaraa, rom saxelobiT brunvaSi naxmari sityva `ZÀ” ver eTanxmeba naTesaobiT brunvaSi naxmar `erisTavisaman”-s. savaraudod, aq warweris amomkveTis SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme. mas grafema `À”-is nacvlad `n” unda amoekveTa. kerZod, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mas horizontuli xazis amokveTa daaviwyda. Tu warweris bolos gamoyvanil grafema `n”-s davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom misi fexi garkveulad hgavs kidec `À”-is fexs. am Secdomis gaTvaliswinebiT warwera gaimarTeba da aseT saxes miiRebs: `...n Z(ema)n q(o)b(u)l er(i)sT(avi)s(a)m(a)n..” niqozis kankelis filis warwera dekoratiuli, gamSvenebuli aso-niSnebiTaa Sesrulebuli. isini SedarebiT dabali duqtusiT xasiaTdeba da boloebi samkuTxedebiTa da yvavilovani motivebiTaa gaformebuli. grafemaTa vertikaluri bunebi da morkaluri nawilebi ori xaziTaa moniSnuli da meti gamomsaxvelobisTvis konturis gayolebaze zogierT maTgans mesame xazic dauyveba. aso-niSanTa morkalur nawilTa Suagulebi gaganierebulia, riTic grafemebs meti sisavse da sikoxtave eZleva. amgvarad gaformebuli aso-niSnebi, romlebsac pirobiTad kidurwaisruli [silogava v. 2005: 434479] ewodeba, X-XI s-is mijnisa da XI s-is Zeglebze gvxvdeba. niqozis warweris grafemaTa Tavisebureba gaformebis mravalferovnebaa, kerZod, yoveli aso-niSnis horizontuli Sverili tolferda samkuTxediT bolovdeba, morkaluri nawilebi ki - yvavilovani morCebiT. amgvari mcenareuli motivebiTaa Semkuli samTavisis (1030 w.) [silogava v. 2005: 447. sur.6-8], ruisis CrdiloeTi ekvderis giorgi episkoposis (XI s-is pirveli naxevari) [CubinaSvili g. 1940: 447. sur. 12; silogava v. 2005: 470. sur. 53, 54] da antioqiasTan lerwmisxevis monastris warwerebi (XIs.) [silogava v. 2005: 470. sur. 58, 59]. tolferda samkuTxedebiT dasrulebuli horizontuli Sverilebi aqvs zedaznis kankelis (1014-1031 ww.)3 warwerebis `a”, `T”, `i”, `l”, `m”, `q”, `x” grafemebs [barnaveli T. 1962: 67-72, 74. sur. 19, 23-25, 28-30, 33.], 3 viziarebT am kankelis ir. nikoleiSviliseul daTariRebas [nikoleiSvili ir. 1991: 206]. 320 SiomRvimis kankelis svetis sadgaris warweris dasawyissa da boloSi dasmul `a” grafemas, aseve sveticxovlis karibWis imave grafemas. bolo or warweraSi melqisedek kaTalikosi (1010-1033 ww.) ixsenieba [silogava v. 2005: 448, 449, 479. sur. 11, 12]. msgavsi boloebi aqvs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis xelovnebis muzeumis qvis fondSi daculi samTavros kankelis fragmentis (sxsm `d” sainv. # 1062. 40x30 sm) `q” aso-niSans (XI s-is pirveli mesamedi). amgvarad, niqozis kankelis warwera paleografiuli maxasiaTeblebiTa da moxmobili paralelebis safuZvelze XI s-is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba. kankelis es fragmentebi ori sxvadasxva filis nawilebia. pirveli fragmentis monacemebiT SesaZlebelia am filis sigrZis zusti zomis dadgena. rogorc aRiniSna, filis centrSi arsebuli reliefuri kompoziciisgan SemorCenilia mxolod ori piris fexTa gamosaxulebebi (sur. 8), marcxniv mdgomi figuris frontalurad warmodgenil terfebs qveS ganirCeva ferxTsadgamis gamosaxuleba, marjvniv mdgomi figuris fexis terfebi ki marcxniv mdgomiskenaa mitrialebuli. rogorc Cans, aq, `vedrebis” kompoziciaa gamosaxuli. SemorCenilia macxovrisa da ioane naTlismcemlis fexTa gamosaxulebebi. RmrTismSoblis figura mTlianad daRupulia. am scenis kompoziciis centri macxovris figuraa, romelic aseve kankelis filis centrSi unda yofiliyo (sur. 3). amis gaTvaliswinebiT advili gasarkvevia mTeli filis sigrZe, radgan viciT macxovris marjvniv arsebuli monakveTis sigrZe - 65 sm, e.i. kankelis am filis sigrZe iqneboda (65x2=130 sm) - 130 sm. `vedrebis” kompoziciis ideuri Sinaarsi meoxebaa. es scenaa gamosaxuli XI s-is pirveli naxevriT daTariRebuli xovlesa da safaris kankelis filebze [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: 120. таб. 32, 37]. niqozis kankelis `vedrebis” scenis figuraTa fragmentebi naTel suraTs gvixatavs am reliefis Sesaxeb. ioane naTlismcemlis fexis natifi terfebi warmogvidgens, Tu rogori iqneboda figurebi. aSkaraa, rom am mxriv niqozis kankelis reliefebi unda ganvixiloT iseT maRalmxatvrul ZeglebTan erTad, rogorebicaa SiomRvimis, safaris, urTxvis, xovles, werovnis, sveticxovlis, alaverdis kankelebi, Cukulis eklesiis xis kari da sxv. es Zeglebi XI s-is pirveli naxevris nimuSebia da niqozis kankelic amave droiT unda daTariRdes. niqozis kankelis am filis fragmentze gamokveTilia mcenareuli ornamenti – oTxZarRva ReroebiT erTmaneTSi Cawnuli, simetriulad Sepirispirebuli da wveroebiT dakavSirebuli foTlebi, romelTa Soris `aqoCrili” mcenarea `amozrdili”. es natifi CuqurTma XI s-is pirveli naxevris an ufro am saukunis pirveli mesamediT daTariRebul kankelis filebs amkobs: safara, SiomRvime, urTxvi, kacxi, sveticxoveli, iyalTo [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: таб. 36, 45, 50, 53, 55, 56], alaverdi [gagoSiZe g. 2007: 30. sur 1]. niqozis kankelis filis moCarCoebis kuTxeSi ornamentis raportebis xisti bmaa ganxorcielebuli. CarCos horizontulsa da vertikalur areze arsebuli ornamentis raportebi erTmaneTs ori lentiTaa gadabmuli. msgavsi midgomaa samTavros kankelis SemTxvevaSic. `yulfebiTa” 321 da `kvanZebiT” metadaa `dakavSirebuli” safaris kankelis `Sobis” kompoziciis moCarCoebis kuTxeSi nakveTi aRniSnuli ornamentuli saxe, Tumca am motivis kuTxeze `ganTavsebis” yvelaze warmatebuli magaliTi samTavisis taZris sakurTxevlis sarkmlis moCarCoebaa. aq `Sepirispirebuli foTlebis” ornamentis raporti diagonalzea ganTavsebuli, riTic CuqurTmis kuTxeSi `motrialebis” uxerxuli sakiTxi marjvedaa gadawyvetili. niqozis kankelis meore filis fragmentze gamosaxuli ornamenti gadajaWvul wreebSi Cawerili foTlovani motivia. savaraudod, es namtvrevic kankelis filis moCarCoebis marjvena qveda kuTxis nawilia. am ornamentuli saxis zust paralels ver mivakvlieT, magram xovles, safaris, SiomRvimis kankelebze gvxvdeba gadajaWvul wreebSi moqceuli foTlovani ornamenti [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: таб. 32, 38, 45], romelic, garkveulwilad, niqozisas mogvagonebs. niqozis kankeli, iseve, rogorc misi magvari kankelebi safaridan, xovledan, werovnidan, sveticxovlidan, SiomRvimidan, samTavrodan, alaverdidan, urTxvidan, kacxidan, iyalTodan, Ria mwvane feris qvazea nakveTi. XI s-is saqarTveloSi kankelebis Sesaqmnelad umetesad swored am ferisa da jiSis qvas xmarobdnen, rac aRniSnuli aqvs kidec r. Smerlings [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: 117]. es qva e.w. TeZmis tufia, romlis sabadoebi TrialeTis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze, md. TeZmis xeobaSi, mdebareobs, md. TeZami ki sof. metexTan (kaspis municipaliteti) uerTdeba md. mtkvars, swored aq, Sida qarTlis centralur raionSi, q. mcxeTis siaxloves, lokalizdeba XI s-is pirveli mesamedis mdidrulad Semkul kankelTa ramdenime nimuSi: xovle, SiomRvime, werovani, sveticxoveli, samTavro. vfiqrobT, rom am regionsa da, savaraudod, mcxeTaSi an mis siaxloves funqcionirebda moqandakeTa maRalprofesiuli saxelosnoebi, sadac iqmneboda aRniSnuli kankelebi [gagoSiZe g. 2007]. rogorc wesi, Sua saukuneebSi qvis karierebis siaxloves xSirad fuZndeboda samkveTlo saxelosnoebi: ase magaliTad, konstantinopolis maxloblad, marmarilos sabadoebiT mdidar kunZul prokonesze, adreul Sua saukuneebSi keTdeboda interierTa gamamSvenebeli mcire arqiteqturuli formebi – kankelebi, ambionebi, trapezebi, svetebi, kapitelebi da sxv. iqauri nawarmi saqarTvelos eklesiaTa interierebsac amkobda. prokonesuli marmarilos svetebi, kapitelebi, dekorirebuli filebi dasturdeba mcxeTaSi [Чубинашвили Г. 1948: таб. 29], atenSi [abramiSvili g. 2012: 37–40. tab. XXI–XXIV], wromSi [Чубинашвили Г. 1969: ил.80, 81, 87, 92], xobSi, caiSSi, moqvSi, biWvinTaSi, adlerSi [Хрушкова Л. 1980: таб. i-XV]. savaraudod, niqozis kankeli mcxeTis siaxloves moqmed romeliRac saxelosnoSia damzadebuli, radgan misi kveTis Taviseburebebi da ornamentuli repertuari mwvane qvaze nakveT zemoT CamoTvlil kankelebs Zalian hgavs. yoveli saxelosnosTvis ki damaxasiaTebeli iyo kveTis Taviseburi profesiuli Cvevebi da ornamentul saxeTa 322 SezRuduli repertuari. niqozis saepiskoposo saydari Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiaa. gumbaTi oTx Tavisuflad mdgom svets eyrdnoba. kvleviT dadginda, rom aq arsebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebis samnaviani bazilika gumbaTian eklesiad mxolod XIV-XV ss-Si gadakeTda [Меписашвили Р., Цинцадзе В. 1975: 70]. gumbaTiani eklesiis gumbaTis proporciebi da nawilobriv dekoric am taZris maxloblad mdgomi mTavarangelozis gumbaTiani eklesiis (X s.) mibaZviTaa gakeTebuli [gagoSiZe s. 2014: 78]. XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi TeZmis tufis kankeliT samnaviani bazilikis sakurTxeveli Seamkes. kankelis pirveli fila daaxloebiT 130 sm sigrZis unda yofiliyo, savaraudod, amxela iqneboda kankelis meore filac. vfiqrobT, rom niqozis kankeli ori filisgan Sedgeboda. filebi svetebiT iseve iqneboda gamagrebuli, rogorc amas SiomRvimis kankelze vxvdebiT [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: таб. 39, 42]. kankeli eklesiaSi imave adgilas iqneboda CamontaJebuli, sadac dRes axali xis kankeli dgas – Crdilo-aRmosavleTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleT svetebs Soris (svetebs Soris manZili - 447 sm) da mas mxolod erTi – aRsavlis kari eqneboda. gverdiTa karis funqcias svetebsa da kedlebs Soris darCenili Riobebi Seasrulebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom niqozis eklesiis aRmosavleT nawilSi SemorCenilia Zveli samnaviani bazilikis naSTi – sakurTxevlis afsida, pastoforiumebi da CrdiloeTi kedlis aRmosavleTi monakveTi amoqolili kariT. svetebis aRmosavleTi wyvili aSkarad mogviano xanisaa, magram isini namdvilad bazilikis Zveli svetebis naadgilevze unda iyos damyarebuli. niqozis kankelis warweris Zlieri fragmentulobis gamo gaurkvevelia misi Sinaarsi, Tumca, aq moxseniebuli qobul erisTavi an misi Ze (?), savaraudod, kankelis damkveTi qtitorebi iyvnen. qobul erisTavTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa niqozis maxloblad, q. cxinvalidan 5 km manZilze, mdebare tbeTis borcvisjvris eklesiis warwerebis ganxilva [SoSiaSvili n. 1980: 183, 184; megreliZe i. 1984: 75]. borcvisjvris taZari dRes aRar arsebobs. misi perangis qvebi 1924 wels SemoucliaT da q. cxinvalSi abanos mSeneblobisTvis gamouyenebiaT [megreliZe i. 1984: 73]. aRniSnuli warwerebi dRes dakargulia. gadarCa mxolod balavris qva vrceli asomTavruli warweriT, romelic daculia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis arqiteqturuli fragmentebis (qvisa da xis) fondSi (ssm. sainv. # 444). tbeTis borcvisjvris eklesiis warwerebSi qarTlis erisTav - tbelebis ramdenime Taoba ixsenieba. tbelebis, IX - X ss-is qarTlis Zlieri feodalebis, sauflo teritoria didi liaxvis xeobas moicavda. es separatistulad ganwyobili didebulebi afxazTa mefeebisa da tao-klarjeli bagrationebis qarTlSi gabatonebisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg mraval qmedebas axorcielebdnen. tbeTis erT-erT warweraSi (X s-is dasasruli) ixsenieba aseve saxeli `abaz”: `j(ua) ro b(o)rc(Â)sao a(di)de ab(a)zai da Z(e)ni m(i)sni: iv(a)ne, q(o)b(u)l”. abaza tbelebis feodaluri saxlis ganStoebis - abazasZeTa sagvareulos fuZemdebelia [SoSiaSvili n. 1980: 60, 183, 184]. xuTi Zma aba- 323 zasZe – Zlieri feodali ixsenieba `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi”. giorgi mcire maT amgvarad amkobs: `...kacni Zlierni da axoanni, simdidresa zeda mklavisa TÂsisa moqadulni da simravlesa zeda erisasa aRzuavebulni xuTni erTobiT...…” [giorgi mcire. 1994: 221]. borcvisjvris warweraSi naxsenebi ivane - xuT ZmaTagan erT-erTi XI s-is Sua xanebSi moRvawe qarTlis erisTavi ivane abazasZea, romelmac liparit baRvaSTan erTad 1032 wels Seipyro Tbilisis amira jafari. 1044-1045 wlebidan, mas Semdgom, rac mefe bagratma qarTlis erisTavoba liparit baRvaSs uboZa, abazasZeebsa da mefes Soris uTanxmoeba Camovarda. abazasZeTa damarcxeba xelmwifem 1060 wels SeZlo [lorTqifaniZe m. 1979: 167, 168]. borcvisjvris warweraSi abazas meore Svili qobulicaa moxseniebuli. vfiqrobT, igi niqozis kankelis filaze damowmebuli qobul erisTavi unda iyos. qobul abazasZis erisTavoba saistorio wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba. am mxriv niqozis kankelis fragmentul warweras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. qobul erisTavma Tu misma Svilma (?) XI s-is pirveli naxevris miwuruls maTsave mamulSi mdebare niqozis saepiskoposo saydars Seswira mdidrulad moCuqurTmebuli da reliefuri kompoziciebiT gamSvenebuli mwvane tufis kankeli. ART CRITICISM Giorgi Gagoshidze*, Sopio Gagoshidze* the Georgian national Museum, Shalva Amiranashili Museum of Fine Arts 1 l. Gudiashvili St., 0105, tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: g–gagoshidze@yahoo.com sofo–gagoshidze@hotmail.com Ancient Altar Screen of Nikozi Episcopal Church Summary the episcopal church of Deity (Ghvtaeba), situated in Village Zemo nikozi. it was built at the end of the 5 th- beginning of the 6 th cc. the construction has been repaired several times since then; however, the basic alteration of the church took place in the 14th -15th cc. Presumably, it was then that the ancient badly damaged three-nave basilica was turned into a cross-dome church. During restoration works in the 19th century, two fragments of a richly carved chancel slab made of green tuff from tedzami were placed above the window of the west façade. One fragment (size: 74 x 43 cm) has feet of two saints and a floral ornament. Only encircled leaf ornaments have survived on the other one. Research and using parallel material led us to the conclusion that the first slab of the chancel screen used to 324 represent a scene of Deesis with the Saviour in the centre flanked by the Virgin on the right and John the Baptist on the left. According to the manner of carving of the relief representations and ornamental patterns, the fragments of the chancel screen are reminiscent of high artistic monuments of the first third of the 11th c. that are preserved at the Georgian national Museum – chancel screens from Shiomghvime, Svetitskhoveli, Samtavro, tserovani, Khovle, urtkhvi and Sapara, which were, presumably, carved by high standard masters who worked in Mtskheta and its environs. A damaged fragment of an embellished Georgian Asomtavruli (capital) inscription carved upon a slanting area confining the relief composition of the Zemo nikozi chancel screen mentions “...Son of Kobul eristavi...”. these persons are Abazasdzes, great feudal lords of Shida Kartli, who are associated with the feudal family of tbelis, governors of Shida Kartli in the 9th-10th cc. Kobuli is mentioned together with his brother ivane on one of the inscriptions of the now destroyed tbetis Bortsvisdjvari Church which is situated near nikozi church, five kilometres from town tskhinvali. Apparently, in the first half of the 11th c, the governor of this region – Duke Kobul Abazasdze or his son (?) donated the richly embellished chancel screen made of tedzami tuff to Zemo nikozi episcopal church. bibliografia abramiSvili g. 2012: atenis sioni. adreuli Sua saukuneebis centralurgumbaTovani xuroTmoZRvruli tipis istoriidan. Tbilisi. barnaveli T. 1962: kaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis warwerebi. Tbilisi. gagoSiZe g. 2007: alaverdis taZris Tavdapirveli kankelis fragmentebi. alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi. 1. samecniero konferenciis masalebi. gv. 24-31. Tbilisi. gagoSiZe s. 2014:zemo niqozis RvTaebis xuroTmoZRvreba. naSromi magistris xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi. giorgi mcire 1994: cxovreba giorgi mTawmindelisa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada i. lolaSvilma. Tbilisi. `iveria”. 1889: gazeTi. #12. gv. 1. tfilisi. lorTqifaniZe m. 1979: saqarTvelos Sina politikuri da sagareo viTareba X s-is 80-iani wlebidan XI s-is 80-ian wlebamde. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tbilisi. megreliZe i. 1984: siZveleebi liaxvis xeobaSi. Tbilisi. nikoleiSvili ir. 1991: istoriuli pirebi zedaznis kankelze. literatura da xelovneba. #3. gv. 187-209. Tbilisi. silogava v. 2005: qarTuli epigrafikuli damwerlobis istoriidan. kidurwaisruli damwerloba. mravalTavi. filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani. XXI. gv. 434-479. Tbilisi (red. m. rafava). SoSiaSvili n. 1980: lapidaruli warwerebi. I. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss.). Tbilisi. red. z. aleqsiZe. CubinaSvili g. 1940: ruisis taZris istoriisaTvis. enimki-s `moambe”. 325 gv. 427-468. Tbilisi. Меписашвили Р., Цинцадзе В. 1975: Архитектура нагорной части исторической провинции Грузии – Шида Картли. Тбилиси. УвароваП. 1894: Материалы по археологии Кавказа. Москва. Хрушкова Л. 1980: Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии. Тбилиси. ЧубинашвилиГ. 1948: Памятники типа Джвари. Тбилиси. Чубинашвили Г. 1969: Цроми. Москва. Шмерлинг Р. 1962: Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии. Тбилиси. ilustraciebis aRweriloba sur. 1. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi sur. 2. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kedlis wyobaSi Catanebuli kankelis filis fragmentebi sur. 3. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis filis pirveli fragmenti sur. 4. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis filis meore fragmenti sur. 5. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis filis pirveli fragmenti. asomTavruli warwera sur. 6. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis filis pirveli fragmenti. asomTavruli warwera sur. 7. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. warweris asli sur. 8. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis filis pirveli fragmenti. `vedrebis” scenis nawili LIST of ILLUSTRATIoNS fig. 1. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. fig. 2. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. Fragments of chancel screen inserted in the masonry. fig. 3. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen. fig. 4. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. Second fragment of the chancel screen. fig. 5. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen. An asomtavruli (capital) inscription. fig. 6. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen. Asomtavruli (capital) inscription. fig. 7. nikozi episcopal Church. Copy of the inscription. fig. 8. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen. Part of the scene of “Deesis”. 326 sur. 2 fig. sur. 1 fig. sur. 3 fig. sur. 4 fig. sur. 5 fig. sur. 7 fig. sur. 6 fig. sur. 8 fig. 327 sarCevi CoNTENTS arqeologia ARCHAEOLOGY revaz kvirkvaia, revaz davlianiZe, nino CxartiSvili arqeologiuri koleqciebi sof. boridan............................................................6 Revaz Kvirkvaia, Revaz Davlianidze, Nino Chkhartishvili. Archaeological Collections from Bori nana gogiberiZe oqrofenili mZivebi dedoflis goridan ...........................................................31 Nana Gogiberidze Beads on Golden lining from Dedoplis Gora nodar baxtaZe, vaJa mamiaSvili, baCana gabexaZe, jimSer Cxvimiani durujispira bazilikis arqeologiuri kvleva naqalaqar nekresSi ......................................................................................39 Nodar Bakhtadze, Vazha Mamiashvili, Bachana Gabekhadze, Jimsher Chkhvimiani Durujispira Basilica Archaeological Research in the nekresi Former City zurab TvalWreliZe, eliso yvavaZe „qvabebis“ samonastro-samosaxlo kompleqsis artefaqtebis interdisciplinaruli kvlevis Sedegebi ..............................63 Zurab Tvalchrelidze, Eliso Kvavadze Results of interdisciplinary Research of Artifacts of the “Qvabebi” Monastic - Settling Complex numizmatika NUMISMATICS medea Serozia axali numizmatikuri masala dedoflis goridan ...................................................................................................87 Medea Sherozia Dedoplis Gora According to numismatic evidences ciala RvaberiZe, mariam qoriZe sofel sionis ganZi ...................................................................................................99 T. Gvaberidze, M. Koridze Hoard from Village Sioni 494 gliptika GLYPTIC qeTevan ramiSvili mefe giorgi XII-is sabeWdavi .................................................................................113 Ketevan Ramishvili King George Xii’s Seal EeTnografia/eTnologia ETHNOGRAPHY/ETHNOLOGY mamuka wurwumia dasartymeli (sacemi) iaraRi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ....................124 Mamuka Tsurtsumia Blunt Weapons in Medieval Georgia gulnara kvantiZe didgvarovani mamakacis Cacmuloba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ...........................................................................................................165 Guliko Kvantidze Clothes of noblemen in the 17th-18th cc. east Georgia cisnami sidamoniZe xomli – gasanaTebeli xelsawyo XVII-XIX ss. saqarTveloSi.........................205 Tsisnami Sidamonidze “Homli’’ - on History of Candle lit in the 17th -19th cc Georgia Tamar gelaZe, nino daTunaSvili daviT gvelesiani .....................................................................................................212 Tamar Geladze, Nino Datunashvili David Gvelesiani marine bokuCava soflis meurneobis dargebi saingiloSi .........................................................248 Marine Bokuchava Agriculture of Saingilo istoria HISTORY nikoloz murRulia, daviT lomitaSvili egrisis samefos erTiani TavdacviTi sistema adgilobriv, regionulsa da globalur konteqstebSi ........................................................262 Nikoloz Murghulia, Davit Lomitashvili Fortification System of egrisi Kingdom in local, Regional and Global Contexts 495 besik lorTqifaniZe qarTlisa da egrisis urTierTobis istoriidan VII saukunis II naxevarsa da VIII saukunis dasawyisSi ..........................................................................................273 Besik Lortkipanidze On History of interrelation of iberia and lazica in the 2nd Half of the 7th c - Beginning of the 8th c AD natalia beruCaSvili mRvdelmTavari mitrofane...................................................................................283 Natalia Beruchashvili Metropolitan Mitrofan xelovnebaTmcodneoba ART CRITICISM Eermile maRraZe modinaxes nekropolSi mikvleuli gvianantikuri xanis poliqromiuli nivTebis teqnologiuri procesebi da maTi kavSiri Sua saukuneebis tixrovani minanqaris teqnologiasTan ............................................................307 Ermile Magradze technological Processes of the Polychromatic Style Objects Found at the late Antique Period necropolis of Modinakhe and their Connection to the Medieval Cloisonné enamel technology giorgi gagoSiZe, sofio gagoSiZe niqozis saepiskoposo saydris Zveli kankeli.................................................318 Giorgi Gagoshidze, Sopio Gagoshidze Ancient Altar Screen of nikozi episcopal Church marina dgebuaZe , naTia demuriSvili Cinuri da iaponuri keramikis WurWlis erTi jgufis atribuciisaTvis .....................................................................................................328 Marina Dgebuadze, Natia Demurishvili Attribution of the Chinese and Japanese Ceramic Ware manana alfeniZe uiliam hogartis portretisaTvis ....................................................................338 Manana Alpenidze to William Hogart’s Portrait irina gugunava XVIII-XIX saukuneebis iranuli ferweruli minanqris nakeTobebi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumidan ...........................................349 Irina Gugunava the 18th-19th cc iranian Painted enameled Metal Ware from the Georgian national Museum lili giorgobiani 496 XIX-XX ss-is mxatvruli esTetikis ganviTarebis fonze ..............................358 Lili Giorgobiani Georgian Woman’s theme in Art marine abramiSvili Tanamedrove qarTuli Weduri xelovneba (saqarTvelos erovnuli galereis safondo masalis mixedviT) ..................................................................................379 Marina Abramishvili Georgian Modern Punchwork Arts (According to Deposifoives of Dimitry Shevardnadze national Picture Gallery) samuzeumo saqme MUSEOLOGY Temur SariqaZe ruseTis imperiis armiis polkebSi momsaxure qarTveli samxedro pirebi da polkebisadmi miZRvnili memorialuri nivTebi .............................................392 Temur Sharikadze to Study of Memoriable exhibits restavracia/konservacia RESToRATIoN/CoNSERVATIoN nino qebulaZe, naTia Zigua, nana goginaSvili arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli spilenZis Senadnobebis kvleva da restavracia-konservaciis meTodebis SedarebiTi analizi ........................429 Nino Kebuladze, Natia Dzigua, Nana Goginashvili Scientific Research of Archaeological and ethnological Copper Alloys and Comparative Analysis of Conservation Methods qronika.......................................................................................................................452 mogonebebi MEMoRIES nodar lomouri .......................................................................................................483 qeTevan muSkudiani .................................................................................................487 nino oqroscvariZe..................................................................................................489 meri gaCeCilaZe- jandieri ....................................................................................491 cira davlianiZe .......................................................................................................492 497 498 SemoklebaTa ganmarteba akcJZ – arqeologiuri kvlevis centris Jurnali `Ziebani~ qmZf - qaRuli monetebis ZiriTadi fondi gam - saqarTvelos erovnuli galereis gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis fondi. cim – cageris istoriuli muzeumi gf - ganZebis fondi Tsu - Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti iiS - istoriis institutis Sromebi АС - Археология СССР ВДИ - Вестник древней истории ВИГИПККР – Вестник Института гуманитарных исследований Правителства КБР и КБНЦ РАН mski - masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis ИКОМАО - Известия Кавказского отделения Московского археологического общества omm - onis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi МАК - Материалы по археологии Кавказа sdsZ - samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi МАР - Материалы по археологии России sem – saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi МИАСК – Материалы и исследования по археологии Северного Кавказа semm - saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis `moambe~ siam - saqarTvelos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi. siem - svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumi smam - saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis `moambe~ smam - saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis „macne“ ssmm - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis `moambe~ ПАИ - Полевые Археологические Исследования СА - Советская археология САИ - Свод Археологических Источников BCMA – the Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art BMGS – Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies MMAB – the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin sxec - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. 499 koordinatori cisnami sidamoniZe Coordinater tsisnami Sidamonidze stilist-redaqtori nino nadaraia Editor nino nadaraia mTargmneli medea wowelia translator Medea tsotselia kompiuteruli grafika da dizaini: irakli xuciSvili, irakli devdariani Computer and graphic design: irakli Khutsishvili, irakli Devdariani teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa: aleqsandre CxaiZe Technical support: Alexsandre Chkhaidze 500