saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
moambe
VII
(52-B)
Tbilisi
2016
tondo wm. mamais gamosaxulebiT. gelaTi, XI s.
Tondo with representation of Saint Mamas. Gelati, 11th c.
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
moambe
VILLI
(52-B)
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria
gamodis 1920 wlidan
BULLETIN
of the
Georgian National Museum
VII
(52-B)
Series of Social Science
Issued since 1920
Tbilisi 2016 Tbilisi
uak(UDC)069(479.22)(051.2)
902+903+737+736.2+39+904+93/94+930.27+7
s-323
G-37
saredaqcio kolegia: daviT lorTqifaniZe, zurab TvalWreliZe,
nodar baxtaZe, nana burWulaZe, iulon gagoSiZe, darejan kaWarava,
daviT lomitaSvili, giorgi marsagiSvili, daviT mindoraSvili,
eldar nadiraZe, zaza sxirtlaZe, nodar SoSitaSvili, medea
wowelia, oTar jafariZe
Editorial Board: David Lordkipanidze, Zurab Tvalchrelidze, Nodar Bakhtadze,
Nana Burchuladze, Iulon Gagoshidze, Darejan Kacharava, David Lomitashvili,
Giorgi Marsagishvili, David Mindorashvili, Eldar Nadiradze, Zaza Skhirtladze,
Nodar Shoshitashvili, Medea Tsotselia, Otar Japaridze
sarecenzio sabWo: luiza gvritiSvili, elene kavlelaSvili, nino
kalandaZe, guliko kvantiZe, ekaterine kiknaZe, irina koSoriZe,
besik lorTqifaniZe, nikoloz murRulia, eldar nadiraZe, leila
fancxava, mamuka qafianiZe, ciala RvaberiZe, medea Serozia, nino
CixlaZe, vaxtang cincaZe, nino xundaZe, qeTevan javaxiSvili, mindia
jalabaZe
Review Committee: Nino Chikhladze, Tsiala Ghvaberidze, Luiza Gvritishvili, Mindia
Jalabadze, Ketevan Javakhishvili, Nino Kalandadze, Mamuka Kapianidze, Elene
Kavlelashvili, Nino Khundadze, Ekaterine Kiknadze, Irina Koshoridze, Guliko
Kvantidze, Besik Lortkipanidze, Eldar Nadiradze, Medea Sherozia, Vakhtang
Tsintsadze, Nikoloz Murgulia
redaqtori: zurab TvalWreliZe
Editor-in-chief: Zurab Tvalchrelidze
pasuxismgebeli mdivani: medea wowelia
Executive secretary: Medea Tsotselia
ISSN 1512-1895
© saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, 2016
Georgian National Museum, 2016
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambis winamdebare tomi warmoadgens saqarTvelos muzeumis moambis (1920-1935 ww), saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambis (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa
seria – B, 1936-1944 ww) da simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo muzeumis moambis (sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria – B,
1947-2004 ww) tradiciuli, seriuli gamocemebis gagrZelebas –
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis mimarTulebiT.
tomSi warmodgenilia naSromebi istoriis, arqeologiis,
numizmatikis, gliptikis, eTnografia/eTnologiis, xelovnebis
istoriisa da samuzeumo saqmis Sesaxeb, romlebSic qarTuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia ganxiluli.
toms erTvis saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis 2016 wlis qronika.
The present volume of the Bulletin of the Georgian National Museum is
continuation of the traditional, social sciences serial, publications of the Bulletin
of the Georgian Museum (1920-1935), the Bulletin of the Georgian State Museum
(series of social sciences – B, 1936-1944) and the Bulletin of the Simon Janashia
Georgian State Museum (series of social sciences – B, 1947-2004).
The volume presents papers dealing with history, archaeology, numismatics,
gliptics, ethnography/ethnology, art history and about Museum activities issues
in which the main aspects of Georgian cultural heritage are discussed.
The issue is supplied with 2016 year chronicle of the Georgian National
Museum.
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa seria VIILL (52-B), 2016, 318-328
Bulletin of the Georgian national Museum. Series of Social Sciences VLLII (52-B), 2016, 318-328
xelovnebaTmcodneoba
giorgi gagoSiZe*, sofio gagoSiZe*
*saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi
Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi
lado gudiaSvilis q. 1, 0105, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
elfosta: g–gagoshidze@yahoo.com
sofo–gagoshidze@hotmail.com
niqozis saepiskoposo saydris Zveli kankeli
sofel zemo niqozis (goris r-ni) centrSi mdebare RvTaebis
saepiskoposo gumbaTiani taZris (V s-is dasasruli - VI s-is dasawyisi – XIV-XV ss.) dasavleTi fasadis (sur. 1) sarkmlis Tavze, miwidan
daaxloebiT eqvsi metris simaRleze, kedelSi Cadgmulia Ria mwvane
feris ornamentirebuli qvis ori fragmenti (sur. 2), romlebic
taZris ezoSi SesvlisTanave ipyrobs yuradRebas. es qvebi - Zveli
kankelis filis nawilebi specialurad aravis Seuswavlia, Tumca ki
maTze saubaria im gamokvlevebSi, romlebic niqozis taZars exeba.
p.uvarovas Sida qarTlSi mogzaurobisas niqozis eklesiis
dasavleTi karis Tavze (Sic) SeuniSnavs mwvane qvaze nakveTi `lamazi
da faqizi sparsul-qarTuli ornamenti”, romelic man md. liaxvisave xeobaSi mdebare sabawmindis monastris kankels miamsgavsa da
es fragmentebic kankelis nawilebad CaTvala [Уварова П. 1894: 180].
amave dros, mkvlevari amave naSromis sabawmindis monastrisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi aRniSnavs, rom safaris kankelic mwvane feris msgavs qvazea nakveTi [Уварова П. 1894: 86, 178]. p.uvarova aSkarad cdeba,
rodesac niqozis kankelis fragmentebis adgilmdebareobas dasavleTi karis (“над западною дверью”) da ara sarkmlis Tavze uTiTebs,
radgan Sida qarTlSi misi mogzaurobis droisTvis (23.VIII.1890) es
namtvrevebi namdvilad dasavleTi sarkmlis Tavze mdebareobda.
am naSromSive gamoqveynebul niqozis eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis
fotoze moCans, rom sarkmlis sworkuTxa Riobs aseve sworkuTxa
sapire evleba [Уварова П. 1894: 179. таб. 158], rac 1888-1891 wlebSi aq
Catarebuli remontis Sedegia.1 Tu davakvirdebiT taZris dasavleTi fasadis am monakveTs, SevniSnavT, rom sarkmlis moCarCoebis
zeda horizontul nawils uSualod adevs kankelis filis erT-er1 1888-1891 wlebSi niqozis saepiskoposo taZari aRudgeniaT: daviT sulxaniSvils, giorgi
saZagliSvils (mogvianebiT kaTolikos-patriarqi kirioni), zaqaria favleniSvilsa da ioane
daviTaSvils. 1896 wlis 24 agvistos taZari akurTxes [megreliZe i. 1984: 123,124,141]. saremonto samuSaos dros gaufarToebiaT sarkmlis Riobebi da gamoucvliaT maTi sapireebi, aseve
eklesias moxsnes karebis win arsebuli karibWeebi. am remontis Sesaxeb saubrobs p.uvarovac
(“увеличены окна, древняя каменная резьба уничтожена”). mis mier gadaRebul fotozec Cans, rom
eklesiis dasavleT fasadze sarkmlis sapire ukve gamocvlilia [Уварова П. 1894: 179. таб 158].
niqozis RvTaebis taZris dasavleT kedelSi am dros Cadgmuli sarkmlis sapire uSualod
kankelis pirveli fragmentis qveS devs, rac gamoricxavs mogvianebiT kankelis fragmentis
aq moxvedras.
318
Ti fragmenti, romelic XIX s-is dasasruls Catarebuli remontis
drosaa aq moxvedrili. am viTarebas naTels hfens 1889 wlis gazeT
`iveriaSi” dabeWdili cnoba, saidanac vigebT, rom 1889 wlis mkaTaTvis 4-Si (4 ivlisi) zemo niqozis taZris CrdiloeT mxares `gafuWebuli kedlis” dangrevisas `aRmoCnda ramdenime natexi bunebiT
lurji qva, mSvenieris CuqurTmebiT aWrelebuli. erTs qvaze, romelic yvelaze ufro didia, warwera aris da zedve etyoba ori suraTi wmindanisa. suraTi mTlad ar moCans, radganac qva gatexilia”.
ueWvelia, rom aq saubaria aRniSnuli kankelis fragmentebze. amdenad, swored XIX s-is miwuruls, kerZod ki, 1889-1890 ww-Si, Cadges
kankelis es fragmentebi dasavleTi sarkmlis Tavze.
r. mefisaSvilisa da v. cincaZis azriT, niqozis Zveli taZari XI
s-Si Ria mwvane feris qvis mdidrulad moCuqurTmebuli kankeliT
mourTavT, romlis fragmentebi mogvianebiT eklesiis kedlebSi
CauSenebiaT [Меписашвили Р., Цинцадзе В. 1975: 70]. uciloblad, mkvlevrebi kankelis swored am fragmentebs gulisxmobdnen.
aRniSnuli kankelis fragmentebma daainteresa i. megreliZec. igi
Tavisi naSromis, im adgilas, sadac niqozis taZris kedlebze arsebuli warwerebia ganxiluli, erT-erTi moCuqurTmebuli `lurji”
qvis warwerazec Cerdeba, romelsac ase kiTxulobs: ... `ZÀ bl ersTs
ZÀ”... aqve aRniSnulia, rom am qvaze moCans adamianebis fexTa gamosaxulebebi [megreliZe i. 1984: 147].
2005 wels, niqozis RvTaebis taZris sareabilitacio samuSaos
dros2, saSualeba mogveca, axlodan dagveTvalierebina da Segveswavla kankelis aRniSnuli fragmentebi (sur. 2).
pirveli fragmenti (74x43 sm) kankelis filis marjvena qveda
kuTxis nawilia. masze SemorCenilia moCarCoebis ornamentirebuli
zolisa da Zlier dazianebuli centraluri aris mcire monakveTi,
romelzec ganirCeva ori figuris fexebis qveda nawilebi. centralur aresa da am zols aCarCoebs moCuqurTmebuli lilvi da damreci, sada are. masze asomTavruli warweris (45,8x5 sm) nawilia (sur. 3)
SemorCenili (udidesi aso-niSani – 4,5 sm, umciresi aso-niSani – 3,5 sm).
kankelis pirveli fragmentis marjvniv, xelis gawvdenaze, amave
jiSis qvis meore, ufro mcire, sworkuTxa namtvrevi kedelSia Casmuli. misi zedapiri gadajaWvul wreebSi Cawerili foTlovani ornamentiTaa gaformebuli da, rogorc Cans, igi kankelis filis moCarCoebis nawilia (sur.4).
pirveli fragmentis damrec zedapirze arsebuli warweris (sur.
5,6, 7) daqaragmebuli bolo aTi grafema garkveviT Cans da igi ase
ikiTxeba:`m,kthcscvy”–`..q(o)b(u)ler(i)sT(avi)s(a)m(a)n..”.kidura
aso-niSani `n” marjvniv gaSverili `cxviriT” exeba damreci horizontuli da vertikaluri zolebis gammijnav wibos. Znelia imis
varaudi, grZeldeboda Tu ara warwera damreci aris vertikalur
2 2005 wels kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saministros dafinansebiT niqozis RvTaebis eklesiaSi Catarda sareabilitacio samuSao (xelmZRvaneli - arqiteqtor-restavratori T.gabunia).
319
nawilzec. mis SemorCenil mcire nawils aso-niSnis kvali ar atyvia.
warweris fragmentis TavSi ganirCeva sami grafemis konturi. pirveli, Zlier dazianebuli, grafemisgan SemorCenilia marcxniv
mimarTuli naxevarrkali, zeviT ki - samkuTxad dasrulebuli horizontuli xazis nawili. es aso-niSani `y”- `n” unda iyos. mis Semdgom gankveTilobis aRmniSvneli sami wertili zis, rac sityvis dasrulebis niSania. amis Semdgom `modis” vertikaluri buni qveviT da
marcxniv mimarTuli Sekruli rkaliT. am grafemis zeda nawilis dazianebis gamo gviWirs ueWvelobiT vamtkicoT, igi grafema `C” - `Z”
aris Tu `v” - `m”, magram mainc ufro savaraudoa `Z”. Semdgom naTlad Cans vertikaluri buni da mis Sua nawils mcired acilebuli
adgilidan marjvniv gaweuli naxevarwriuli kauWi. es `T” `À”- aris,
romelsac gankveTilobis niSani - sami wertili da daqaragmebuli
(qaragma - or wertils Soris gavlebuli horizontuli xazia) saxeli `qobuli” mohyveba. amgvarad, qobulis win erTi sityvis dasasruli da mTeli erTi sityvaa SemorCenili: `...n ZÀ”. mTlianad warwera aseTia: `..n ZÀ qbl ersTsmn...” aSkaraa, rom saxelobiT brunvaSi
naxmari sityva `ZÀ” ver eTanxmeba naTesaobiT brunvaSi naxmar `erisTavisaman”-s. savaraudod, aq warweris amomkveTis SecdomasTan
gvaqvs saqme. mas grafema `À”-is nacvlad `n” unda amoekveTa. kerZod,
am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mas horizontuli xazis
amokveTa daaviwyda. Tu warweris bolos gamoyvanil grafema `n”-s
davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom misi fexi garkveulad hgavs kidec
`À”-is fexs. am Secdomis gaTvaliswinebiT warwera gaimarTeba da
aseT saxes miiRebs: `...n Z(ema)n q(o)b(u)l er(i)sT(avi)s(a)m(a)n..”
niqozis kankelis filis warwera dekoratiuli, gamSvenebuli
aso-niSnebiTaa Sesrulebuli. isini SedarebiT dabali duqtusiT xasiaTdeba da boloebi samkuTxedebiTa da yvavilovani motivebiTaa
gaformebuli. grafemaTa vertikaluri bunebi da morkaluri nawilebi ori xaziTaa moniSnuli da meti gamomsaxvelobisTvis konturis gayolebaze zogierT maTgans mesame xazic dauyveba. aso-niSanTa
morkalur nawilTa Suagulebi gaganierebulia, riTic grafemebs
meti sisavse da sikoxtave eZleva. amgvarad gaformebuli aso-niSnebi, romlebsac pirobiTad kidurwaisruli [silogava v. 2005: 434479] ewodeba, X-XI s-is mijnisa da XI s-is Zeglebze gvxvdeba. niqozis
warweris grafemaTa Tavisebureba gaformebis mravalferovnebaa,
kerZod, yoveli aso-niSnis horizontuli Sverili tolferda samkuTxediT bolovdeba, morkaluri nawilebi ki - yvavilovani morCebiT. amgvari mcenareuli motivebiTaa Semkuli samTavisis (1030 w.)
[silogava v. 2005: 447. sur.6-8], ruisis CrdiloeTi ekvderis giorgi
episkoposis (XI s-is pirveli naxevari) [CubinaSvili g. 1940: 447. sur.
12; silogava v. 2005: 470. sur. 53, 54] da antioqiasTan lerwmisxevis
monastris warwerebi (XIs.) [silogava v. 2005: 470. sur. 58, 59]. tolferda samkuTxedebiT dasrulebuli horizontuli Sverilebi aqvs
zedaznis kankelis (1014-1031 ww.)3 warwerebis `a”, `T”, `i”, `l”, `m”, `q”,
`x” grafemebs [barnaveli T. 1962: 67-72, 74. sur. 19, 23-25, 28-30, 33.],
3 viziarebT am kankelis ir. nikoleiSviliseul daTariRebas [nikoleiSvili ir. 1991: 206].
320
SiomRvimis kankelis svetis sadgaris warweris dasawyissa da boloSi dasmul `a” grafemas, aseve sveticxovlis karibWis imave grafemas. bolo or warweraSi melqisedek kaTalikosi (1010-1033 ww.) ixsenieba [silogava v. 2005: 448, 449, 479. sur. 11, 12]. msgavsi boloebi aqvs
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis xelovnebis muzeumis qvis fondSi daculi samTavros kankelis fragmentis (sxsm `d” sainv. # 1062.
40x30 sm) `q” aso-niSans (XI s-is pirveli mesamedi). amgvarad, niqozis
kankelis warwera paleografiuli maxasiaTeblebiTa da moxmobili
paralelebis safuZvelze XI s-is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba.
kankelis es fragmentebi ori sxvadasxva filis nawilebia. pirveli fragmentis monacemebiT SesaZlebelia am filis sigrZis zusti zomis dadgena. rogorc aRiniSna, filis centrSi arsebuli reliefuri kompoziciisgan SemorCenilia mxolod ori piris fexTa
gamosaxulebebi (sur. 8), marcxniv mdgomi figuris frontalurad
warmodgenil terfebs qveS ganirCeva ferxTsadgamis gamosaxuleba,
marjvniv mdgomi figuris fexis terfebi ki marcxniv mdgomiskenaa
mitrialebuli. rogorc Cans, aq, `vedrebis” kompoziciaa gamosaxuli. SemorCenilia macxovrisa da ioane naTlismcemlis fexTa gamosaxulebebi. RmrTismSoblis figura mTlianad daRupulia. am
scenis kompoziciis centri macxovris figuraa, romelic aseve kankelis filis centrSi unda yofiliyo (sur. 3). amis gaTvaliswinebiT
advili gasarkvevia mTeli filis sigrZe, radgan viciT macxovris
marjvniv arsebuli monakveTis sigrZe - 65 sm, e.i. kankelis am filis
sigrZe iqneboda (65x2=130 sm) - 130 sm.
`vedrebis” kompoziciis ideuri Sinaarsi meoxebaa. es scenaa gamosaxuli XI s-is pirveli naxevriT daTariRebuli xovlesa da safaris kankelis filebze [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: 120. таб. 32, 37]. niqozis
kankelis `vedrebis” scenis figuraTa fragmentebi naTel suraTs
gvixatavs am reliefis Sesaxeb. ioane naTlismcemlis fexis natifi
terfebi warmogvidgens, Tu rogori iqneboda figurebi. aSkaraa,
rom am mxriv niqozis kankelis reliefebi unda ganvixiloT iseT
maRalmxatvrul ZeglebTan erTad, rogorebicaa SiomRvimis, safaris, urTxvis, xovles, werovnis, sveticxovlis, alaverdis kankelebi, Cukulis eklesiis xis kari da sxv. es Zeglebi XI s-is pirveli naxevris nimuSebia da niqozis kankelic amave droiT unda daTariRdes.
niqozis kankelis am filis fragmentze gamokveTilia mcenareuli ornamenti – oTxZarRva ReroebiT erTmaneTSi Cawnuli, simetriulad Sepirispirebuli da wveroebiT dakavSirebuli foTlebi, romelTa Soris `aqoCrili” mcenarea `amozrdili”. es natifi
CuqurTma XI s-is pirveli naxevris an ufro am saukunis pirveli mesamediT daTariRebul kankelis filebs amkobs: safara, SiomRvime,
urTxvi, kacxi, sveticxoveli, iyalTo [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: таб. 36, 45, 50,
53, 55, 56], alaverdi [gagoSiZe g. 2007: 30. sur 1]. niqozis kankelis filis moCarCoebis kuTxeSi ornamentis raportebis xisti bmaa ganxorcielebuli. CarCos horizontulsa da vertikalur areze arsebuli ornamentis raportebi erTmaneTs ori lentiTaa gadabmuli.
msgavsi midgomaa samTavros kankelis SemTxvevaSic. `yulfebiTa”
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da `kvanZebiT” metadaa `dakavSirebuli” safaris kankelis `Sobis”
kompoziciis moCarCoebis kuTxeSi nakveTi aRniSnuli ornamentuli
saxe, Tumca am motivis kuTxeze `ganTavsebis” yvelaze warmatebuli
magaliTi samTavisis taZris sakurTxevlis sarkmlis moCarCoebaa.
aq `Sepirispirebuli foTlebis” ornamentis raporti diagonalzea
ganTavsebuli, riTic CuqurTmis kuTxeSi `motrialebis” uxerxuli
sakiTxi marjvedaa gadawyvetili.
niqozis kankelis meore filis fragmentze gamosaxuli ornamenti gadajaWvul wreebSi Cawerili foTlovani motivia.
savaraudod, es namtvrevic kankelis filis moCarCoebis marjvena qveda kuTxis nawilia. am ornamentuli saxis zust paralels ver mivakvlieT, magram xovles, safaris, SiomRvimis kankelebze gvxvdeba gadajaWvul wreebSi moqceuli foTlovani
ornamenti [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: таб. 32, 38, 45], romelic, garkveulwilad, niqozisas mogvagonebs.
niqozis kankeli, iseve, rogorc misi magvari kankelebi safaridan, xovledan, werovnidan, sveticxovlidan, SiomRvimidan, samTavrodan, alaverdidan, urTxvidan, kacxidan, iyalTodan, Ria mwvane
feris qvazea nakveTi. XI s-is saqarTveloSi kankelebis Sesaqmnelad
umetesad swored am ferisa da jiSis qvas xmarobdnen, rac aRniSnuli aqvs kidec r. Smerlings [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: 117]. es qva e.w. TeZmis
tufia, romlis sabadoebi TrialeTis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze,
md. TeZmis xeobaSi, mdebareobs, md. TeZami ki sof. metexTan (kaspis
municipaliteti) uerTdeba md. mtkvars, swored aq, Sida qarTlis
centralur raionSi, q. mcxeTis siaxloves, lokalizdeba XI s-is
pirveli mesamedis mdidrulad Semkul kankelTa ramdenime nimuSi:
xovle, SiomRvime, werovani, sveticxoveli, samTavro. vfiqrobT,
rom am regionsa da, savaraudod, mcxeTaSi an mis siaxloves funqcionirebda moqandakeTa maRalprofesiuli saxelosnoebi, sadac
iqmneboda aRniSnuli kankelebi [gagoSiZe g. 2007]. rogorc wesi, Sua
saukuneebSi qvis karierebis siaxloves xSirad fuZndeboda samkveTlo saxelosnoebi: ase magaliTad, konstantinopolis maxloblad,
marmarilos sabadoebiT mdidar kunZul prokonesze, adreul Sua
saukuneebSi keTdeboda interierTa gamamSvenebeli mcire arqiteqturuli formebi – kankelebi, ambionebi, trapezebi, svetebi, kapitelebi da sxv. iqauri nawarmi saqarTvelos eklesiaTa interierebsac amkobda. prokonesuli marmarilos svetebi, kapitelebi,
dekorirebuli filebi dasturdeba mcxeTaSi [Чубинашвили Г. 1948:
таб. 29], atenSi [abramiSvili g. 2012: 37–40. tab. XXI–XXIV], wromSi
[Чубинашвили Г. 1969: ил.80, 81, 87, 92], xobSi, caiSSi, moqvSi, biWvinTaSi,
adlerSi [Хрушкова Л. 1980: таб. i-XV].
savaraudod, niqozis kankeli mcxeTis siaxloves moqmed romeliRac saxelosnoSia damzadebuli, radgan misi kveTis Taviseburebebi
da ornamentuli repertuari mwvane qvaze nakveT zemoT CamoTvlil
kankelebs Zalian hgavs. yoveli saxelosnosTvis ki damaxasiaTebeli
iyo kveTis Taviseburi profesiuli Cvevebi da ornamentul saxeTa
322
SezRuduli repertuari.
niqozis saepiskoposo saydari Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiaa.
gumbaTi oTx Tavisuflad mdgom svets eyrdnoba. kvleviT dadginda, rom aq arsebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebis samnaviani bazilika
gumbaTian eklesiad mxolod XIV-XV ss-Si gadakeTda [Меписашвили
Р., Цинцадзе В. 1975: 70]. gumbaTiani eklesiis gumbaTis proporciebi
da nawilobriv dekoric am taZris maxloblad mdgomi mTavarangelozis gumbaTiani eklesiis (X s.) mibaZviTaa gakeTebuli [gagoSiZe s.
2014: 78]. XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi TeZmis tufis kankeliT samnaviani
bazilikis sakurTxeveli Seamkes. kankelis pirveli fila daaxloebiT 130 sm sigrZis unda yofiliyo, savaraudod, amxela iqneboda kankelis meore filac. vfiqrobT, rom niqozis kankeli ori filisgan
Sedgeboda. filebi svetebiT iseve iqneboda gamagrebuli, rogorc
amas SiomRvimis kankelze vxvdebiT [Шмерлинг Р. 1962: таб. 39, 42]. kankeli eklesiaSi imave adgilas iqneboda CamontaJebuli, sadac dRes
axali xis kankeli dgas – Crdilo-aRmosavleTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleT svetebs Soris (svetebs Soris manZili - 447 sm) da mas mxolod
erTi – aRsavlis kari eqneboda. gverdiTa karis funqcias svetebsa
da kedlebs Soris darCenili Riobebi Seasrulebda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom niqozis eklesiis aRmosavleT nawilSi SemorCenilia Zveli samnaviani bazilikis naSTi – sakurTxevlis afsida, pastoforiumebi
da CrdiloeTi kedlis aRmosavleTi monakveTi amoqolili kariT.
svetebis aRmosavleTi wyvili aSkarad mogviano xanisaa, magram isini namdvilad bazilikis Zveli svetebis naadgilevze unda iyos damyarebuli.
niqozis kankelis warweris Zlieri fragmentulobis gamo
gaurkvevelia misi Sinaarsi, Tumca, aq moxseniebuli qobul erisTavi
an misi Ze (?), savaraudod, kankelis damkveTi qtitorebi iyvnen. qobul erisTavTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa niqozis maxloblad, q.
cxinvalidan 5 km manZilze, mdebare tbeTis borcvisjvris eklesiis
warwerebis ganxilva [SoSiaSvili n. 1980: 183, 184; megreliZe i. 1984:
75]. borcvisjvris taZari dRes aRar arsebobs. misi perangis qvebi
1924 wels SemoucliaT da q. cxinvalSi abanos mSeneblobisTvis gamouyenebiaT [megreliZe i. 1984: 73]. aRniSnuli warwerebi dRes dakargulia. gadarCa mxolod balavris qva vrceli asomTavruli warweriT, romelic daculia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis simon
janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis arqiteqturuli fragmentebis (qvisa da xis) fondSi (ssm. sainv. # 444). tbeTis borcvisjvris eklesiis warwerebSi qarTlis erisTav - tbelebis ramdenime
Taoba ixsenieba. tbelebis, IX - X ss-is qarTlis Zlieri feodalebis,
sauflo teritoria didi liaxvis xeobas moicavda. es separatistulad ganwyobili didebulebi afxazTa mefeebisa da tao-klarjeli
bagrationebis qarTlSi gabatonebisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebis
winaaRmdeg mraval qmedebas axorcielebdnen. tbeTis erT-erT
warweraSi (X s-is dasasruli) ixsenieba aseve saxeli `abaz”: `j(ua)
ro b(o)rc(Â)sao a(di)de ab(a)zai da Z(e)ni m(i)sni: iv(a)ne, q(o)b(u)l”.
abaza tbelebis feodaluri saxlis ganStoebis - abazasZeTa sagvareulos fuZemdebelia [SoSiaSvili n. 1980: 60, 183, 184]. xuTi Zma aba-
323
zasZe – Zlieri feodali ixsenieba `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi”. giorgi mcire maT amgvarad amkobs: `...kacni Zlierni da axoanni,
simdidresa zeda mklavisa TÂsisa moqadulni da simravlesa zeda
erisasa aRzuavebulni xuTni erTobiT...…” [giorgi mcire. 1994: 221].
borcvisjvris warweraSi naxsenebi ivane - xuT ZmaTagan erT-erTi XI
s-is Sua xanebSi moRvawe qarTlis erisTavi ivane abazasZea, romelmac liparit baRvaSTan erTad 1032 wels Seipyro Tbilisis amira jafari. 1044-1045 wlebidan, mas Semdgom, rac mefe bagratma qarTlis
erisTavoba liparit baRvaSs uboZa, abazasZeebsa da mefes Soris
uTanxmoeba Camovarda. abazasZeTa damarcxeba xelmwifem 1060 wels
SeZlo [lorTqifaniZe m. 1979: 167, 168]. borcvisjvris warweraSi abazas meore Svili qobulicaa moxseniebuli. vfiqrobT, igi niqozis
kankelis filaze damowmebuli qobul erisTavi unda iyos. qobul
abazasZis erisTavoba saistorio wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba. am mxriv niqozis kankelis fragmentul warweras gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.
qobul erisTavma Tu misma Svilma (?) XI s-is pirveli naxevris miwuruls maTsave mamulSi mdebare niqozis saepiskoposo saydars Seswira mdidrulad moCuqurTmebuli da reliefuri kompoziciebiT
gamSvenebuli mwvane tufis kankeli.
ART CRITICISM
Giorgi Gagoshidze*, Sopio Gagoshidze*
the Georgian national Museum, Shalva Amiranashili Museum of Fine Arts
1 l. Gudiashvili St., 0105, tbilisi, Georgia
e-mail: g–gagoshidze@yahoo.com
sofo–gagoshidze@hotmail.com
Ancient Altar Screen of Nikozi Episcopal Church
Summary
the episcopal church of Deity (Ghvtaeba), situated in Village Zemo nikozi. it
was built at the end of the 5 th- beginning of the 6 th cc. the construction has been
repaired several times since then; however, the basic alteration of the church took
place in the 14th -15th cc. Presumably, it was then that the ancient badly damaged
three-nave basilica was turned into a cross-dome church. During restoration
works in the 19th century, two fragments of a richly carved chancel slab made of
green tuff from tedzami were placed above the window of the west façade. One
fragment (size: 74 x 43 cm) has feet of two saints and a floral ornament. Only encircled leaf ornaments have survived on the other one. Research and using parallel
material led us to the conclusion that the first slab of the chancel screen used to
324
represent a scene of Deesis with the Saviour in the centre flanked by the Virgin on
the right and John the Baptist on the left. According to the manner of carving of
the relief representations and ornamental patterns, the fragments of the chancel
screen are reminiscent of high artistic monuments of the first third of the 11th
c. that are preserved at the Georgian national Museum – chancel screens from
Shiomghvime, Svetitskhoveli, Samtavro, tserovani, Khovle, urtkhvi and Sapara,
which were, presumably, carved by high standard masters who worked in Mtskheta and its environs. A damaged fragment of an embellished Georgian Asomtavruli
(capital) inscription carved upon a slanting area confining the relief composition
of the Zemo nikozi chancel screen mentions “...Son of Kobul eristavi...”. these persons are Abazasdzes, great feudal lords of Shida Kartli, who are associated with
the feudal family of tbelis, governors of Shida Kartli in the 9th-10th cc. Kobuli
is mentioned together with his brother ivane on one of the inscriptions of the
now destroyed tbetis Bortsvisdjvari Church which is situated near nikozi church,
five kilometres from town tskhinvali. Apparently, in the first half of the 11th c, the
governor of this region – Duke Kobul Abazasdze or his son (?) donated the richly embellished chancel screen made of tedzami tuff to Zemo nikozi episcopal church.
bibliografia
abramiSvili g. 2012: atenis sioni. adreuli Sua saukuneebis centralurgumbaTovani xuroTmoZRvruli tipis istoriidan. Tbilisi.
barnaveli T. 1962: kaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis warwerebi. Tbilisi.
gagoSiZe g. 2007: alaverdis taZris Tavdapirveli kankelis fragmentebi. alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi. 1. samecniero
konferenciis masalebi. gv. 24-31. Tbilisi.
gagoSiZe s. 2014:zemo niqozis RvTaebis xuroTmoZRvreba. naSromi
magistris xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi.
giorgi mcire 1994: cxovreba giorgi mTawmindelisa. teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada i. lolaSvilma. Tbilisi.
`iveria”. 1889: gazeTi. #12. gv. 1. tfilisi.
lorTqifaniZe m. 1979: saqarTvelos Sina politikuri da sagareo
viTareba X s-is 80-iani wlebidan XI s-is 80-ian wlebamde. saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tbilisi.
megreliZe i. 1984: siZveleebi liaxvis xeobaSi. Tbilisi.
nikoleiSvili ir. 1991: istoriuli pirebi zedaznis kankelze.
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Ziebani. XXI. gv. 434-479. Tbilisi (red. m. rafava).
SoSiaSvili n. 1980: lapidaruli warwerebi. I. aRmosavleT da samxreT
saqarTvelo (V-X ss.). Tbilisi. red. z. aleqsiZe.
CubinaSvili g. 1940: ruisis taZris istoriisaTvis. enimki-s `moambe”.
325
gv. 427-468. Tbilisi.
Меписашвили Р., Цинцадзе В. 1975: Архитектура нагорной части исторической
провинции Грузии – Шида Картли. Тбилиси.
УвароваП. 1894: Материалы по археологии Кавказа. Москва.
Хрушкова Л. 1980: Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии. Тбилиси.
ЧубинашвилиГ. 1948: Памятники типа Джвари. Тбилиси.
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Шмерлинг Р. 1962: Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии.
Тбилиси.
ilustraciebis aRweriloba
sur. 1. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi
sur. 2. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kedlis
wyobaSi Catanebuli kankelis filis fragmentebi
sur. 3. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis
filis pirveli fragmenti
sur. 4. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis
filis meore fragmenti
sur. 5. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis
filis pirveli fragmenti. asomTavruli warwera
sur. 6. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis
filis pirveli fragmenti. asomTavruli warwera
sur. 7. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. warweris asli
sur. 8. niqozis saepiskoposo taZari. dasavleTi fasadi. kankelis
filis pirveli fragmenti. `vedrebis” scenis nawili
LIST of ILLUSTRATIoNS
fig. 1. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade.
fig. 2. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. Fragments of chancel screen inserted
in the masonry.
fig. 3. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen.
fig. 4. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. Second fragment of the chancel
screen.
fig. 5. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen.
An asomtavruli (capital) inscription.
fig. 6. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen.
Asomtavruli (capital) inscription.
fig. 7. nikozi episcopal Church. Copy of the inscription.
fig. 8. nikozi episcopal Church. West façade. First fragment of the chancel screen.
Part of the scene of “Deesis”.
326
sur. 2 fig.
sur. 1 fig.
sur. 3 fig.
sur. 4 fig.
sur. 5 fig.
sur. 7 fig.
sur. 6 fig.
sur. 8 fig.
327
sarCevi
CoNTENTS
arqeologia
ARCHAEOLOGY
revaz kvirkvaia, revaz davlianiZe, nino CxartiSvili
arqeologiuri koleqciebi sof. boridan............................................................6
Revaz Kvirkvaia, Revaz Davlianidze, Nino Chkhartishvili.
Archaeological Collections from Bori
nana gogiberiZe
oqrofenili mZivebi dedoflis goridan ...........................................................31
Nana Gogiberidze
Beads on Golden lining from Dedoplis Gora
nodar baxtaZe, vaJa mamiaSvili, baCana gabexaZe,
jimSer Cxvimiani
durujispira bazilikis arqeologiuri
kvleva naqalaqar nekresSi ......................................................................................39
Nodar Bakhtadze, Vazha Mamiashvili, Bachana Gabekhadze,
Jimsher Chkhvimiani
Durujispira Basilica Archaeological
Research in the nekresi Former City
zurab TvalWreliZe, eliso yvavaZe
„qvabebis“ samonastro-samosaxlo kompleqsis
artefaqtebis interdisciplinaruli kvlevis Sedegebi ..............................63
Zurab Tvalchrelidze, Eliso Kvavadze
Results of interdisciplinary Research of Artifacts of the
“Qvabebi” Monastic - Settling Complex
numizmatika
NUMISMATICS
medea Serozia
axali numizmatikuri masala
dedoflis goridan ...................................................................................................87
Medea Sherozia
Dedoplis Gora According to numismatic evidences
ciala RvaberiZe, mariam qoriZe
sofel sionis ganZi ...................................................................................................99
T. Gvaberidze, M. Koridze
Hoard from Village Sioni
494
gliptika
GLYPTIC
qeTevan ramiSvili
mefe giorgi XII-is sabeWdavi .................................................................................113
Ketevan Ramishvili
King George Xii’s Seal
EeTnografia/eTnologia
ETHNOGRAPHY/ETHNOLOGY
mamuka wurwumia
dasartymeli (sacemi) iaraRi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ....................124
Mamuka Tsurtsumia
Blunt Weapons in Medieval Georgia
gulnara kvantiZe
didgvarovani mamakacis Cacmuloba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi ...........................................................................................................165
Guliko Kvantidze
Clothes of noblemen in the 17th-18th cc. east Georgia
cisnami sidamoniZe
xomli – gasanaTebeli xelsawyo XVII-XIX ss. saqarTveloSi.........................205
Tsisnami Sidamonidze
“Homli’’ - on History of Candle lit in the 17th -19th cc Georgia
Tamar gelaZe, nino daTunaSvili
daviT gvelesiani .....................................................................................................212
Tamar Geladze, Nino Datunashvili
David Gvelesiani
marine bokuCava
soflis meurneobis dargebi saingiloSi .........................................................248
Marine Bokuchava
Agriculture of Saingilo
istoria
HISTORY
nikoloz murRulia, daviT lomitaSvili
egrisis samefos erTiani TavdacviTi sistema adgilobriv,
regionulsa da globalur konteqstebSi ........................................................262
Nikoloz Murghulia, Davit Lomitashvili
Fortification System of egrisi Kingdom in local, Regional and Global Contexts
495
besik lorTqifaniZe
qarTlisa da egrisis urTierTobis istoriidan VII saukunis II naxevarsa da
VIII saukunis dasawyisSi ..........................................................................................273
Besik Lortkipanidze
On History of interrelation of iberia and lazica in the 2nd Half of the 7th c - Beginning of
the 8th c AD
natalia beruCaSvili
mRvdelmTavari mitrofane...................................................................................283
Natalia Beruchashvili
Metropolitan Mitrofan
xelovnebaTmcodneoba
ART CRITICISM
Eermile maRraZe
modinaxes nekropolSi mikvleuli gvianantikuri xanis poliqromiuli
nivTebis teqnologiuri procesebi da maTi kavSiri Sua saukuneebis
tixrovani minanqaris teqnologiasTan ............................................................307
Ermile Magradze
technological Processes of the Polychromatic Style Objects Found at the late Antique
Period necropolis of Modinakhe and their Connection to the
Medieval Cloisonné enamel technology
giorgi gagoSiZe, sofio gagoSiZe
niqozis saepiskoposo saydris Zveli kankeli.................................................318
Giorgi Gagoshidze, Sopio Gagoshidze
Ancient Altar Screen of nikozi episcopal Church
marina dgebuaZe , naTia demuriSvili
Cinuri da iaponuri keramikis WurWlis erTi jgufis
atribuciisaTvis .....................................................................................................328
Marina Dgebuadze, Natia Demurishvili
Attribution of the Chinese and Japanese Ceramic Ware
manana alfeniZe
uiliam hogartis portretisaTvis ....................................................................338
Manana Alpenidze
to William Hogart’s Portrait
irina gugunava
XVIII-XIX saukuneebis iranuli ferweruli minanqris
nakeTobebi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumidan ...........................................349
Irina Gugunava
the 18th-19th cc iranian Painted enameled Metal Ware from the
Georgian national Museum
lili giorgobiani
496
XIX-XX ss-is mxatvruli esTetikis ganviTarebis fonze ..............................358
Lili Giorgobiani
Georgian Woman’s theme in Art
marine abramiSvili
Tanamedrove qarTuli Weduri xelovneba (saqarTvelos erovnuli
galereis
safondo masalis mixedviT) ..................................................................................379
Marina Abramishvili
Georgian Modern Punchwork Arts
(According to Deposifoives of Dimitry Shevardnadze
national Picture Gallery)
samuzeumo saqme
MUSEOLOGY
Temur SariqaZe
ruseTis imperiis armiis polkebSi momsaxure qarTveli samxedro pirebi da
polkebisadmi miZRvnili memorialuri nivTebi .............................................392
Temur Sharikadze
to Study of Memoriable exhibits
restavracia/konservacia
RESToRATIoN/CoNSERVATIoN
nino qebulaZe, naTia Zigua, nana goginaSvili
arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli spilenZis Senadnobebis kvleva da
restavracia-konservaciis meTodebis SedarebiTi analizi ........................429
Nino Kebuladze, Natia Dzigua, Nana Goginashvili
Scientific Research of Archaeological and ethnological Copper Alloys and Comparative
Analysis of Conservation Methods
qronika.......................................................................................................................452
mogonebebi
MEMoRIES
nodar lomouri .......................................................................................................483
qeTevan muSkudiani .................................................................................................487
nino oqroscvariZe..................................................................................................489
meri gaCeCilaZe- jandieri ....................................................................................491
cira davlianiZe .......................................................................................................492
497
498
SemoklebaTa ganmarteba
akcJZ – arqeologiuri kvlevis
centris Jurnali `Ziebani~
qmZf - qaRuli monetebis ZiriTadi fondi
gam - saqarTvelos erovnuli
galereis gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis fondi.
cim – cageris istoriuli muzeumi
gf - ganZebis fondi
Tsu - Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
iiS - istoriis institutis
Sromebi
АС - Археология СССР
ВДИ - Вестник древней истории
ВИГИПККР – Вестник Института гуманитарных исследований
Правителства КБР и КБНЦ РАН
mski - masalebi saqarTvelosa
da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis
ИКОМАО - Известия Кавказского
отделения Московского
археологического общества
omm - onis mxareTmcodneobis
muzeumi
МАК - Материалы по археологии
Кавказа
sdsZ - samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi
МАР - Материалы по археологии
России
sem – saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumi
МИАСК – Материалы и
исследования по археологии
Северного Кавказа
semm - saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumis `moambe~
siam - saqarTvelos istoriis
aRmosavluri masalebi.
siem - svaneTis istoriisa da
eTnografiis muzeumi
smam - saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis `moambe~
smam - saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis „macne“
ssmm - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis `moambe~
ПАИ - Полевые Археологические
Исследования
СА - Советская археология
САИ - Свод Археологических
Источников
BCMA – the Bulletin of the Cleveland
Museum of Art
BMGS – Byzantine and Modern Greek
Studies
MMAB – the Metropolitan Museum of
Art Bulletin
sxec - saqarTvelos xelnawerTa
erovnuli centri.
499
koordinatori cisnami sidamoniZe
Coordinater tsisnami Sidamonidze
stilist-redaqtori nino nadaraia
Editor nino nadaraia
mTargmneli medea wowelia
translator Medea tsotselia
kompiuteruli grafika da dizaini: irakli xuciSvili,
irakli devdariani
Computer and graphic design: irakli Khutsishvili, irakli Devdariani
teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa: aleqsandre CxaiZe
Technical support: Alexsandre Chkhaidze
500