Legal Morality in Islam (power point)

The endeavor to understand the origins and evolution of Islamic law can be daunting. This subject -whether from the standpoint of a historian or theologian -is largely fraught with complexities and inconsistencies. Many traditions and opinions exist as to how and when Islamic law actually developed in its entirety. It should be noted that the intention is not to blaspheme Islam as a religion, but rather analyze some of Islamic law's possible origins. This history of law spans over thirteen centuries and much could be said on the matter. However, in order to focus on the early origins of Islamic law, our scope of interest will not extend beyond the 9 th century CE. Therefore, a necessary cross-examination of a variety of early sources, coupled with an elaboration on the traditional historicity of Islamic code, will provide for a thorough exploration of Islamic legal theory and its origins.

Pre-Muḥammadan Law and the Muḥammadan Sharī‘ah: Muslim Theories and Implementation of Biblical Law and the Laws of Prior Religious Communities, 2020

In this chapter I explore discussions of pre-Muḥammadan law [shar‘ man qablanā] among the Muslim legal theorists. The theorists discuss whether it was the nature of religious laws that they transfer from one prophet to the next, and whether this was the case with regards to pre-Muḥammadan laws and the Muḥammadan sharī‘ah. I note that a majority of jurists upheld the utility of pre-Muḥammadan law, and while most seemed to restrict its acceptable cases to instances noted in the Qur’ān and ḥadīth, they also address the possibility of these laws being derived from the Torah itself. Among a large number of the surveyed jurists, the Torah was seen as a theoretically legitimate source of pre-Muḥammadan law, but it could not be referred to for law because of concerns over its authenticity. This having been said, a few jurists did suggest that testimony from converts or mass-transmission may have been acceptable means of accessing the scripture. The second half of the chapter deals with textual evidence the jurists cited from the Qur’ān and ḥadīth that either supported the utility of pre-Muḥammadan law or were evidence against it.

Pre-Muḥammadan Law and the Muḥammadan Sharī‘ah: Muslim Theories and Implementation of Biblical Law and the Laws of Prior Religious Communities, 2020

Conclusion to the dissertation with some summarizing comments and ideas for future research.

Pre-Muḥammadan Law and the Muḥammadan Sharī‘ah: Muslim Theories and Implementation of Biblical Law and the Laws of Prior Religious Communities | shar‘ man qablanā, 2020

Use this as a short guide to access the chapters of the dissertation.

Like secular law, Islamic law (Shari'a) also deals with matters of social, political, and economic interactions. This includes marriage, divorce, inheritance, criminal offenses, contracts, commercial transactions, constitutional law, and international law, basically, paralleling secular law. But, unlike secular law, Islamic law also deals with matters of the individuals' relations to God, such as praying, fasting, giving alms, pilgrimage, and other issues between the individual and God. Matters related to what we would now refer to as ethics, etiquette, and spirituality are also covered by Shari'a. Although Shari'a, to an extent, is enforced by the state and judges, it is fundamentally enforced by the notion of sanctions in the hereafter, making it markedly different to the secular law. Another critical distinction is that the Islamic law is not framed by the state; rather it was developed at the hands of religious scholars and jurists (ulama) without any central authority that unifies the legal doctrine. This study gives a brief account of the most basic concepts of Shari'a and Islam, with a view to understanding the basis for Islamic law. It then briefly explains some of the differences in Muslim interpretations of Shari'a and the reasons for the emergence of these differences. The study also looks at how Islamic laws have always accommodated a wide degree of pluralism from the beginning and how numerous factors played a role in diversity in interpretations. Muslims' reactions to modernity and Muslims' different perspectives on living in the West, under Western non-Muslim polities, are also examined in this chapter.

Introduction to Islamic Jurisprudence: History, Sources, and Its General Theories | Edited By Dr. Hussein Madkour Mohammed Sallam , 2024

Thanks be to Allah, who used us to serve this great and venerated Sharia. Glory be to Him who sent His Messenger Mohammed with this eternal venerated and tolerant Islamic Sharia, abrogating all others, and valid for all times and places. It deals with everything people need in this life and the one after. It provides human beings with all their worldly and afterlife needs. This Sharia, or divine law, does not confine itself to putting right the spiritual aspects of life at the cost of the physical and moral aspects. Neither is it assigned to one nation or one race specifically. Instead, it dealt with life’s spiritual and physical aspects. Both sides of life complemented the other to produce the desired end. Previous laws have prepared the way for its all-inclusiveness and dominance. It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad after human minds had matured and become ready to follow an everlasting statute that ensures happiness in all aspects of life. The following verse from the Qur’an instructs Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) to: “Say O men, I am sent unto you all, as the Messenger of Allah.”.

Journal of Religion, 2007

By reevaluating modernist assumptions in Islamicist scholarship and in Western moral and legal philosophy, I arrive at the conclusion that the Qurʾān was a source of Islamic law since the early Meccan period, when the Prophet Muḥammad began to receive the Revelation. is conclusion, supported by extensive evidence from the Qurʾān itself, compels a modification in the standard narrative about the genesis of Islamic law.

Theories of law are evolution of historical process which has reached us in developed forms. The principles of law have reached us after centuries ponder and observation. The fact is that still there exists in these principles of law a state of conflict and confrontation. To show that conflict and confrontation the experts in law have out forward a dozen theories of which the most popular are the following: 1. Natural Theory of Law; 2. Imperative Theory of Law; 3. Evolution Theory of Law; 4. Advantage Theory of Law. Kinds of Western Laws Kinds of Western Law with regard to its different references are as under: (A) With reference to Legislation laws are; 1. Constitutional Law; 2. Written law; 3. Ordinances promulgated during emergency; 4. Customary laws; 5. Judicial precedents or Judge made law; and 6. International Law. (B) With reference to geography laws are: 1. National law; and 2. International law. (C) With reference to function laws are: 1. Personal law, 2. Common law, 3. Administrative law. (D) With reference to crime laws are: 1. Criminal law, 2. Civil Law 3. International law. (E) With reference to Memory are: 1. Written law 2. Unwritten Law (F) With reference to legislation laws are: 1. Ordinance. 2. Act. Kinds of Law as stated by Salmond 1. Commanding Law, 2. Natural or Moral Law, 3. International law 4. Domestic law or the law of the land, 5. Physical or scientific law, 6. Contractual law, 7. Customary law, 8. Law of Art; 9. General law, 10. Special Law, 11. Martial law. Islamic Concept of Law In Islam for law the word used is Shari`at. Shari`at means “the Straight Path/الصراط المستقیم”. All Muslims in all their prayers recite the first chapter of the Holy Qur’an called Surah al-Fatihah. It contains seven oft-repeated verses. It is also called Surah Al-Hamd. In it they all pray :“Show us the Straight Path”. What is the Straight Path? The Holy Qur’an has mentioned the Straight Path in the following words: All who obey Allah and the apostle are In the company of those on whom is the Grace of Allah, - of the prophets (Who teach), the sincere (lovers of Truth), the witnesses (Who testify), and the righteous (Who do good): Ah! What a beautiful fellowship! [4:69] Its source is Divine Guidance. It originated when first man on earth i.e. Hadrat Adam (peace be upon him) was sent. Adam was creation of God Almighty. He was guided concerning all such affairs that were necessary by God Almighty by means of revelation. It covered all walks of human life. The event is mentioned in the Holy Qur’an at various places: Behold, Thy Lord said to the angels: "I will create a vicegerent on earth." They said: "Wilt Thou place therein one who will make mischief therein and shed blood? - whilst we do celebrate Thy praises and glorify Thy holy (name)?" He said: "I know what ye know not." And He taught Adam the nature of all things; then He placed them before the angels, and said: "Tell me the nature of these if ye are right." They said: "Glory to thee, of knowledge we have none, save what Thou hast taught us: In truth it is Thou who art perfect in knowledge and wisdom." He said: "O Adam! Tell them their natures." when He had told them, Allah said: "Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what ye reveal and what ye conceal?" And Behold, we said to the angels: "Bow down to Adam" and they bowed down. Not so Iblis: He refused and was haughty: He was of those who reject Faith. We said: "O Adam! Dwell Thou and Thy wife In the Garden; and eat of the bountiful things therein as (where and when) ye will; but approach not this tree, or ye run into harm and transgression." Then did Satan make them slip from the (garden), and get them out of the state (of felicity) in which they had been. We said: "Get you down, all (ye people), with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood - for a time." Then learnt Adam from His Lord words of inspiration, and His Lord turned towards him; for He is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. We said: "Get you down all from here; and if, As is sure, there comes to you guidance from me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall They grieve. "But those who reject Faith and belie Our Signs, they shall be companions of the fire; they shall abide therein." [2: 30 to 39] The last of the Prophets was Hadrat Muhammad (Peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) on whom was revealed the Holy Qur’an, the last message of God to mankind. Earlier to it were revealed the Taurat on Hadrat Musa (peace be upon him), the Injil on Hadrat `Isa (peace be upon him), and Zabur on Hadrat Da`ud (peace be upon him). They all contained guidance and mercy. Muslims believe all the past books and Divine Scriptures as truly sent by Allah Almighty and that they contained guidance, light and mercy in them. Thus in Islam Law means Al-Din/الدین. What is Islam? The Holy Qur’an says: The Religion before Allah is Islam (submission to His Will): nor did the people of the Book dissent there from except through envy of Each other, after knowledge had come to them. But if any deny the Signs of Allah, Allah is swift in calling to account. [3:19] The Holy Qur’an has warned beforehand to the whole mankind: If anyone desires a Religion other than Islam (submission to Allah) never will it be accepted of him; and In the Hereafter He will be in the ranks of those who have lost (All spiritual good). [3:85] DOMINANCE OF ISLAM PREDICTED It is He who hath sent His Messenger with guidance and the Religion of truth, to proclaim it over all religion, Even though the Pagans may detest (it). [9:33] Why at present Muslims are subjugated every where? The simple answer is that they are not conducting in the manner the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah has guided. Islam is a way of life for all mankind. Whoso will believe and do righteous deeds will get its fruits. The glory in the past of the earlier Muslims was due to their committed to the cause of Islam and truthfulness and sincerity of their action and conduct. Time and Tide care for none. Nations have their rise and fall. The law of cause and effect is applicable in all affairs except when there is Divine Command otherwise. The history has in its memory fresh even today the burning fire lit by Namrud and his people for Ibrahim had become cool and full of peace for Ibrahim by the Divine Command. The Nile split into two to give way to Moses and those who believed in him and drowned the army of Fir`aun. Hadrat Adam was born without parents. Hadrat `Isa was born to Virgin Mary without father. Hadrat `Isa made the dead alive by the leave of God, healed the lepers, informed as to what food was digested by a person and what left behind. Raised up to the heavens alive despite all plots of the enemies. Hadrat Muhammad (صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ وسلم) was blessed with hundreds of miracles. The most apparent was the Split into two of the moon, the peaking of the trees, stones, animals and believing in him of the Jinns. All and real sovereignty over the entire universe is thus of Allah Almighty and He is all powerful to do any thing He wills. Generally, this world is the world of cause and effect. Everything is creation of Allah Almighty. Hence to submit before him in words and conduct is Islam. WHERE TO FIND ISLAM? It is to be found in the injunctions of Islam. What are injunctions of Islam? Injunctions of Islam are contained in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah. ROLE OF TADABBUR, TAFAKKUR AND TA`AQQUL Allah Almighty has blessed mankind with many favours for which thanks to God are due but most people either deny of any favour on them or knowingly ignore and bypass. This is serious. Heart and mind both are the most high faculties and favours of Allah Almighty upon human beings to make understand of man himself. It is the fairness that attracts. Attraction creates attachment and much mention of the beloved and also a sense of obeying the beloved. Same is true in the case of our love towards Allah Almighty. How to test our love towards our Creator? The Holy Qur’an says: Say: "If ye do love Allah, follow Me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful." [3:31] Tadabbur is going deep into the Holy Qur’an. Tafakkur means contemplation. Ta`aqqul means to stop, to restrain and make all possible effort to visualize what has been the past, what is our present state of affairs, what we have to do to have access the goal in future. This process must continue with ever breath. Muhasaba-i-Nafs is to be made every moment. Self accountability is thus a great favour for human beings. Fairness in character is generated by this process. What you owe to others have you paid it to them punctually, properly, correctly and legitimately. If not what was the reason? Why not to explain him the circumstances and get grace period? Why not to reassess the economic priorities and start making the payment how small it may be. To postpone the due creates further problems. Why not to forgive or give more time to the brother who had taken a lone but is now hard hit by economic constraints. A little thinking will cause much ease and convenience. There should be no falsehood, no hypocrisy, no plotting, and no dishonesty. We must remain fair whether we are having upper hand or lower hand. Half of the way in the process of law is thus covered and the wrongs start becoming fair. Sources of Islamic Law There are four sources of Islamic law, namely, 1. The Holy Qur’an ; 2. The Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah (صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ وسلم); 3. The Ijma`/اجماع and 4. The Qiyas/قیاس .