LORD KRISHNA - PART I I

LORD KRISHNA - PART- II Sagalam Krishnarpanam CHAPTER – 1. KRISHNA IN SANSKRIT TEXTS AND IN FOLK STORIES. To Know about Krishna, whether as a King, or as a Bagavan (GOD), in LORD KRISHNA PART I - Chapter 1: Introduction.; in CHAPTER 2.: SREE MATH BHAGAWATHAM. In VYASA BHARATHAM. I have given the short notes of the incidents and Geographical quotes. The above all texts are written in Sanskrit. Vyasar wrote the Bhagavatham and Vyasa Bharatham. To Bhagavatham and Vyasa Bharatham, itself there are a lot of contrary in facts. Hence, it is sure that both the authors are not same. If it is not agreeable, then Vyasar made Bhagavatham after Vyasa Bharatham as per his words in Bhagavatham could not be believable. Vyasar himself is a Character in his Bharatham. Hence, he was narrating the story as he seen. If it so, Krishnan is a king – this phrase is acceptable. There may be a lot of intrudes in this book. Such like the versions also. Every author who copied it or reproduced it had inserted their ideologies and their theories wherever possible. Because, Lord Krishnan`s story in other ancient languages is entirely different from Vyasa Bharatham and Bhagavatham. We could not analyze with mere Sanskrit books now available. Because supporting Sanskrit literatures have no continuity from 1500 BC to 12th century AD.-- “Yadhavaabhyudhaya” - the story of Krishnaavathaara by VedantaDesika. Bhagavat Geeta itself is an inserted one in 4th century AD or 5TH Century AD. Like Upa Nisha’s` in Rig and other books. Hence, before searching for the questions in Part I- Chapter 1- Introduction- 1) Krishna how did he got the name. 2) Where He lived? 3) Who were His wives? 4) His role as a King? 5) His Country and his Province? 6) How he raised to a God form? 7) Whether Pala Ramar his own brother? What was the relationship? The War activities of Pala Ramar? 8) Both Pala Ramar and Krishna were Kings? Or Gods? 9) How far they ruled? What about their destiny of their country and them? 10) Is Krishna worshiped the ancient Siva lingams in the country? Let Us see the history of Sanskrit In India. Alphabets of Sanskrit. In Deva Nagari script. Deva Nagari script was created from The Nagas Tribes who were said to be uncivilized and had no literature texts? Could any Sanskrit scholar assure the below Sanskrit versions(In stone Inscriptions – Epigrapgika Indica) are with Paninis grammar, or the Sanskrit written in correct form and syllabi. Because even after Panini 700 BC (?), the old manuscripts and writings found from 300 AD to 900 AD have a lot of spelling, grammar mistakes, the libi also. Is this fundamentally acceptable. Even after 1000 years the Sanskrit could not improve while the Sanskrit Scholars believe they were super computers who can memorize and tell four books rik, yazur, Atharvana, musical noted Sama with more than 24000 songs by hereditarily for more than 2.000 years. (1500 BC to 300 AD)??????? A farmer unearthed the Bakhshali manuscript from a field in what is now Pakistan in 1881. It consists of 70 pages of birch bark, a common writing material before the advent of paper. Translations indicate that it may have been used by Silk Road merchants practising arithmetic. In 1902, the manuscript was acquired by the University of Oxford, where it has been housed ever since. Referring: - http://www.indianetzone.com/39/prakrit_language.htm ““For the past century, the manuscript’s date has been the subject of debate. Based on the writing style and mathematical content, scholars argued that it was created sometime between the eighth and twelfth centuries. “The Oxford researchers’ analysis revealed that parts of the manuscript contain birch bark from three different time periods, ranging from the third century to the 10th century.” “The first documented use of zero came from the ancient astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta, said Sautoy.“Brahmagupta’s text Brahmasphutasiddhanta, written in 628 A.D., is the first text to talk of zero as a number in its own right and to include a discussion of the arithmetic of zero, including the dangerous act of dividing by zero,” he said.” “Prakrit language, according to one interpretation is variously translated as being "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", and is also interpreted as indicating the "vernacular". With advancement, the Prakrit became literary languages, principally patronized by kings delineating the Kshatriya caste, but were regarded as out-and-out illegitimate by the Brahmin dogmatism and orthodoxy. The earliest surviving usage of Prakrit is the corpus of inscriptions of emperor Ashoka. Instances like Gunadhya's Baddakaha or Brhatkatha (possibly 1st or 2nd century A.D.), Hal's Gahasattasai or Gathasaptashati (possibly 2nd or 3rd century A.D.) and Bakpatiraj's Gaudbaho or Gaudabadh (8th century), serve as the best and most intellectual sections for Prakrit language. The period of the tremendous rise, further rise and predominance of Prakrit is generally acknowledged as being from the 6th - 5th centuries B.C. to the 11th century A.D”. “There were three stages in the evolution of Prakrit: ancient or oral Prakrit, literary Prakrit and Apabhramsa-Abahattha. The first stage existed from the 5th-6th century B.C. to the 1st century A.D. The second stage lasted from the 1st to the 6th century A.D. During this period, different forms of Prakrit Language were used to write books as well as the dialogues of low characters in Sanskrit plays. The third stage flourished from the 6th to the 11th century A.D. This was followed by the appearance of various modern languages. But Prakrit continued to be used alongside the newer languages until the 15th century”. “The utilization of Prakrit language for purposes of penning significant texts can be identified by the 5th century, when secular books as well works associated with the Jain religion were composed. The cardinal scripture of the Jains, Agamshastra or Siddhanta (Ayarangasutta, Suyakadangasutta etc), bearing the words of the Jain sage, Lord Mahavira, was composed before the termination of the 5th century. Commentaries on Agamshastra such as Nijjutti, Chunni, Paumchariam (Jain Ramayana) and Harivangshapurana (Jain Mahabharata), as well as miscellaneous biographies of Jain acharyas (preceptors) and tirthankars (monks) were also scripted approximately around this time. Noteworthy amongst epics in Prakrit language comprise: Prabar Sen's Ravanbaho or Ravanbadh (5th-6th century), Bakpatiraj's Gaudbaho or Gaudabadh (8th century), Puspadanta's (10th century) Jasaharchariu and Naykumarchariu or Nagkumarcharita, Gunchandra Gani's Mahavirchariya or Mahavircharita (11th century), Kouhal's Lilavaikaha or Lilavatikatha and Hemchandra's Kumarpalchariya or Kumarpalcharita (12th century). “” ““Linguists generally assign the Indo-Aryan languages to three major periods: Old, Middle, and New Indo-Aryan. These periods are linguistic, not strictly chronological. Old Indo-Aryan includes different dialects and linguistic states referred to in common as Sanskrit. The most archaic Old Indo-Aryan is that of sacred texts called Vedas (Veda). Classical Sanskrit is the name given to the literary language that represents a polished form of various dialects. The late Vedic dialect described by the grammarian Panini (c. 6th century BC) is also commonly called Classical Sanskrit. Middle Indo-Aryan includes both the dialects of inscriptions from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD and literary languages. Apabhraṃśa dialects represent the latest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan development. Though all Middle Indo-Aryan languages are included under the name Prakrit, it is customary to speak of the Prakrits as excluding Apabhraṃśa. Epic Sanskrit is so called because it is represented principally in the two epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana. In the latter the term saṃskṛta “formed, polished” is encountered, probably for the first time with reference to the language. The date of composition for the core of early Epic Sanskrit is considered to be in the centuries just preceding the Christian era.”” Referring:http://universalium.academic.ru/240829/Indo-Aryan_languages {The following article is very superior in analyzing and very much interesting also. The research done in a high intellectual process and noteworthy. The comments and dialects within {} brackets are mine. hence, if any contrary found in this it’s my work}  “ “Linguistic developments can be traced from the early Vedic of the Rigveda through the later Saṃhitās on to the late Vedic of Brāhmaṇa prose and sūtras, culminating in the language described by Pāṇini, which is tantamount to Classical Sanskrit. For example, the nominative plural form ending in -āsas (devāsas “gods”) was already less frequent than -ās in the Rigveda and continued to lose ground later; in Brāhmaṇa, -ās (e.g., devās) is the normal form.” { In Tamil Deivam, devar, not extracted from Sanskrit as Sanskrit scholars believe -Scholar Devaneya Paavaanar }. There are numerous other changes evident. For example, the instrumental singular form of -a-stems ends both in -ā and -ena (a pronoun ending) in the Rigveda, with the latter form predominating; thus, vīryā “heroic might” appears once, and vīryeṇa occurs ten times (from vīrya- “heroic might, act”). { In Tamil VA—IS A ROOT WORD FOR HEAVY, SUPERIOR, WEIGHT, SKILL, SPRIT, ENERGEY , TO COME, ETC; VA- ‘L’- VAL’I- MIGHTY, VALI- PAIN, VAL’I- AIR WHICH BLOWS, VALIYAN- ONE WHO IS HARD AND TOUGH., VAA- TO EXPRESS THE SUPERIORITY IN WORDS WHICH DEFINED IN “ VA”. VAALI- A MIGHTY PERSON, VAAL’I- A VESSEL USED FOR DEWATERING WATER FROM WELLS AND USED IN IRRIGATION – a bucket-. VAAL`l- A WEAPON – SWORD. Kuru vaal’- knife which positioned in hip belts. VI-L’- A BOW, VILLAL- A SMALL BITE OF FOOD, A PIECE OF ONE THING, VILAA- BODY PART – sides of skeleton, vil – as a preposition gives a meanig ‘posses’- or- noting a a place, or a thing. VIR- EXPANDING THE WORDS CAUSED BY “VA”. VARUTHTHAM- SORROW ( Pain), viruththam- expanded one- mighty, energy, wealth, health, intelligent. Viral- finger, viR`al, viR`ali, viRan = a citizen lives upon his skill for food, -vieran- a soldier who serves under one using his martial arts. Veeram- boldness, veeraiyan – father of Veeran (soldier), veerannan – brother of Veeran (soldier). Veera chamy- a family deity -if the Veeran (soldier) died in a fight, then the family and their heirs adorn him as their savior god. } “In later Vedic -ena is the usual ending. All the early Vedic forms are expressly classed as belonging to the sacred language (chandas) by Pāṇini.”       “The verb also shows chronological differences. For example, the 1st person plural ending -masi (e.g., bharāmasi “we bear”) predominates over -mas in Rigvedic but not in the Atharvaveda; -mas becomes the normal ending later. Early Vedic distinguishes between the aorist, imperfect, and perfect tenses. The aorist is commonly used to refer to an action that has recently taken place; the imperfect is a narrative tense referring to actions accomplished in the distant past. The perfect form of the verb originally denoted, as in Greek, a state reached; e.g., bi-bhāy-a “is afraid” (root bhī).” [ In Tamil – bhayam- afraid, bahayaru- a grain, seed, bhayaththal- to wet or wetted, bhaiya- softly, bhaiya- small boy,} “From earliest Vedic, however, this was not always the use of the perfect. Although the grammarian Pāṇini distinguished between the three tenses noted (he said the perfect is used to denote an action beyond one's ken), the perfect and imperfect both came to be used as narrative tenses.”       “There are also future forms of Vedic, formed with suffixes (-iṣya and -sya) and used from earliest times. A future form, composed of an agent noun of the type kartṛ- “doer” and followed, except in the 3rd person, by forms of the verb as “be” (e.g., kartāsmi [kartā asmi] “I will do”), was recognized as in common use by Pāṇini but is rare in early Vedic.” {In Tamil, Karam- hand, arm, Karavu- beg, Karanai- the knots of hands, fingers, elbow joints, karathal- doing, Kaarththa- one who does, karththaa- one who created. Karavan- one who receives by hand by begging or requesting}       “Early Vedic had a category that went out of use by the late Vedic period of Brāhmaṇas—the injunctive, which was formally a form with secondary endings lacking the augment, a prefixed vowel. The injunctive could be used to denote a general truth. A general truth can also be signified by the subjunctive, which is characterized by the vowel a affixed to the present, aorist, or perfect stem. Later Vedic retained the injunctive only in negative commands of the type mā vadhīs “do not slay.” { In Tamil- Baram- Oli-Brightness: Baran-Oli, Bright:Baraman- Olian-the divine brightness-the God,-one who is (ANATHI) separate, (ALATHI) one and which cannot be controlled but controls all the things / ( AVATHI) one who creates but one which could not be created. – Lord Siva. - “Sivanthavan”-reddish- “Saeyon”- reddish- Kanthan- Kanthu-Fire-red- Ancient dravidians had a habit of adoring fire as god. Hence at every inhabited place at a common floor there is a “KANTHU”, a small bundle of plants which is burning continuously. Around that burning plant bundle they made a small channel where the flowers was put on it and the KANTHU, God was adorned, garlanded with flowers. In a habit, the dravidian fond of took bath, and fond os anointing, fond of sandal, . they want to do the same for Their God, hence, Rock stones established and a channel was formed around the stone for draining the holy bath milk pouring, sandal bathing etc. It formed the Linga worship.} { in Tamil- Vathai- to slay, sorrow, to make one pain, to disturb and to torture one: Pain, Vathu- young,, to make one part, to divide, Vaathu- a branch, a conversation to establish one’s theory, good, innocent, VAATHAm_- arguing, VAGU- divide, Vattral- dried, VAADAL,Vathanguthal- fainted, , the boiled rice getting odour under hot temperature, the flowers dries in temperature variation,VADU- a scar mark after cured (wound made by fire), Vadu- small, VAADU-to dry, } “The subjunctive also diminished slowly until it was no longer used; for Pāṇini the subjunctive belonged to sacred literature. The functions of the subjunctive were taken over by the form called optative (and the future form)”.       “Noun forms incorporated into the verb system are numerous in early Vedic. Rigvedic has forms with affixes ya and tva functioning as future passive participles (gerundives); e.g., vāc-ya- “to be said,” kar-tva- “to be performed, done.” The Atharvaveda has, additionally, forms with -(i)tavya (hiṃs-itavya- “to be injured”) and -anīya (upa-jīv-anīya- “to be subsisted upon”). By late Vedic, the type with tva had been eliminated; Pāṇini recognized as normal the types kārya-, kartavya-, karaṇīya- “to be done.” In Indo-Aryan, from earliest Vedic down to New Indo-Aryan, forms called absolutives (or gerunds) are used to denote the previous of two or more actions performed (usually) by one agent: “having done . . . he did”; for example, pibā niṣadya “sit down (niṣadya “having sat down”) and drink.” Rigvedic uses tvī, tvā, tvāya, (t)ya to form absolutives, but these were later reduced to two: tvā with a simple verb or one compounded with the negative particle, and ya with a verb compounded with a preverb (a preposition-like form”). { In Tamil- vac- spell; Vakku- a promise, speech, a saying; Vakkiam- a sentence;Varththai- a word; Varal-scratch; Varaithal- to draw,……….. Karam-hand, Karanthu- by doing, Karanthai- a field or village where artisans living, Karanam- doubling up upside down by stretching hand with land.}       “Early Vedic also uses various case forms of action nouns in the capacity of infinitives; e.g., dative singular -tave (dā-tave “to give”), genitive singular -tos (dā-tos), both from a noun in -tu, which also supplies the accusative ending -tum (dā-tum). There are other types in early Vedic, but the nouns in -tu are important; in late Vedic the accusative -tum and the genitive -tos (construed with īś or śak “be able, can”) became the norm. According to Pāṇini, forms in -tum and dative singular forms of action nouns are equivalent variants: bhok-tuṃ gacchati/ bhojanāya gacchati “He is going out to eat.” { In Tamil- Tha- give: Tharum- will give; Thagum- worthy; Thakkam- able, can; Thakkaan-one who able to do this, one who can do, a wise person, a tripulant; Bho- go; Bhoguthum- going,}       “That some forms fell into disuse in the course of Indo-Aryan is natural; the above represent both chronological and dialectal modifications. Such change was recognized by Indian grammarians; e.g., Patañjali, of the mid-2nd century BC, noted that perfect forms of the type ca-kr-a “you did, have done” (2nd person plural) were not in use at his time; instead, a nominal (adjective) form kṛ-ta-vant-as was used, consisting of the past passive participle kṛ-ta- and an adjectival suffix -vant. Indian grammarians also recognized the existence of different dialects. Pāṇini noted forms used by northerners (udīcya) and easterners (prācya), as well as various dialectal uses described by grammarians who preceded him.”       “Earlier documents also afford evidence for dialect variation; e.g., the early Vedic of the Rigveda is a dialect in which the Indo-European l sound was for the most part replaced by r—prā “fill,” pūr-ṇa- “full.” This change accords with Iranian; e.g., Avestan pərəna “full.” These forms contrast with Latin plenus and Gothic fulls, with l. Other dialects kept l and r distinct. There are also doublets that have both r and l in words with Indo-European r: rohita-/lohita- “red.” The variant with l can be assumed to belong to an eastern dialect. This variance accords with Middle Indo-Aryan evidence and the fact that such l forms become more numerous in the tenth book (maṇḍala) of the Rigveda, which is demonstrably more recent than the most ancient parts of the Rigveda and dates from a time when the Indo-Aryans had progressed farther east than their original location on the subcontinent. The development of retroflex ḷ- and ḷh- sounds (produced by curling the tip of the tongue upward toward the hard palate) from the retroflex sounds of ḍ (nīḷa- “nest” from nīḍa-) and ḍh when occurring between vowels is another feature characteristic of some dialects, including the major dialect of the Rigveda.””.``~~~       “Classical Sanskrit represents a development of one or more such early Old Indo-Aryan dialects. At this state, the archaisms noted above have been eliminated. Moreover, the accentual system of Classical Sanskrit is not the same as that of Vedic, which had a system of pitches; vowels had low, high, or circumflex (first rising, then falling) pitch, and the particular vowel of a word that received high pitch could not be predicted. In Classical Sanskrit, on the other hand, the accent was probably predictable. If the next to the last vowel was long, it received the accent; if not, the vowel preceding it was accented. The Vedic system survived at least to the time of Pāṇini, who described it fully and did not restrict it to sacred language.”       “For all this simplification, Classical Sanskrit is considerably more complex than Middle Indo-Aryan. In addition to the vowels a, i, and u (in both long and short varieties), it has ṛ and ḷ used as vowels. Consonant clusters occur freely, except in word final position, and the system of sound modification conditioned by the context, called sandhi, is fully operative. Moreover, in its grammatical system Classical Sanskrit maintains the dual number, seven cases in addition to the vocative form (which marks the one addressed), and a complex set of alternations. For example, to the nominative singular form agni-s “fire,” correspond the genitive singular agne-s “of fire” the nominative plural agnay-as “fires,” and the instrumental plural agni-bhis “with fires,” with differing vowels in the second syllable. There are also separate sets of nominal (noun) and pronominal (pronoun) endings. Some nouns and adjectives inflect as pronouns; e.g., ekasmai, dative singular masculine-neuter of eka- “one.” { In Tamil- Akki- heat; Akkini- fire, Akkiram- red, Arukkan- red, sun, sakkia muni, Arakkan- rude man, Arakkam – a material which burns easily (arakku), blood.}       “The verb system of Classical Sanskrit also maintains complex alternations. In the present tense of the type bhav-a-ti “becomes, is,” the stem (bhav-a-) remains unchanged throughout the paradigm except for lengthening of the -a- to -ā- before v and m. But other verbs have vowel alternation; e.g., as-mi “I am,” s-mas “we are”; e-mi “I go,” i-mas “we go”; juhomi “I pour,” juhumas “we pour.” A distinction is observed between active and mediopassive endings: jan-ay-a-ti “engenders” with the active ending -ti, but jā-ya-te “is born” with the mediopassive ending -te. (Mediopassive verb forms are used for the passive, reflexive, and other meanings.)” { In Tamil- Na- NAAn- me; NAAngal- we; NEE- you; NEEngal- you (plural); EN-mine; EN gal- ours; Ungal-yours, oottru- pour; ooral-to dipped under water.} “According to Prākrit grammarians, Mahārāṣṭrī (“From the Mahārāshtra Country”) is the Prākrit par excellence. It is the language of kāvyas (epic poems) such as the Rāvaṇavaha (also called Setubandha) from no later than the 6th century AD. Mahārāṣṭrī is also the language of lyrics in Rājaśekhara's Karpūra-mañjarī (c. 900), the only extant drama written completely in Prākrit, and of verses recited by women in the classical drama of Kālidāsa and his successors, though not earlier. The literary dialect used for conversation among higher personages other than the king and his captains in the drama is Śaurasenī, while Māgadhī is used by lower personages.””       The language of the early Jaina canon, the final version of which was made in the 5th or 6th century AD, is called Ardhamāgadhī (“Half Māgadhī”); Jaina also used another literary dialect, called Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī in non-canonical works. The oldest poetic work in this is Vimala Sūri's Paumacariya (c. 3rd century). Of other Prākrit dialects mentioned by grammarians, Paiśācī (or Bhūta-Bhāṣā, both meaning “Language of Demons”) is noteworthy; it is said to be the language of the original Bṛhatkathā of Guṇāḍhya, source of the Sanskrit book of stories Kathā-saritsāgara. Brahmi Asoka 300 BC. Sanskrit wordings in Stone inscriptions. Sanskrit in Gupta Brahmi 36 letters. Porunthal Pottery 790 BC with Tamil Brahmi letters. Naga Karavelah. Naga Chandra Gupta Naga Samudra Gupta. Naga Gupta. Samudra Gupta in his court. Nagas Ceylon. Ancient Map of Malabar- 18th century. Kudurru of Melishihu - stone records from the Kassite Dynasty in Babylonia. On the front of the Kudurru, there is a depiction of the entire pantheon of gods who preserve the order of the world. A temple and moon and sun. Trishul with a Vagana- vechile. Maankulam Stone inscription 300 BC Tamil Brahmi.300 BC. Referring: LYING SERPENTS AND DRAGONS: By R. A. Boulay 1990 Editorial Comments by Roberto Solàrion 1997: Chapter 7 “ “DRAGONS AND SERPENT-GODS IN WORLD MYTHOLOGY THE NAGAS, THE SERPENT-RACE OF ANCIENT INDIA The Ancient Book of Dzyan, probably the oldest of Sanskrit sources, speaks of a serpent race which descended from the skies and taught mankind. Madame H. P. Blavatsky spent three years in Tibet, Bhutan, andSikkim, accumulating thousands of Sanskrit sources which were compiled into the Book of Dzyan. These sources concern the ancient people called the Nagas or Sarpa which were semi-divine beings with a human face and the tail of a dragon. Blavatsky believed that these Sarpa are undoubtedly the Seraphim of the Old Testament; the Seraphim would thus have the same etymological roots as the Sarpa of ancient India. Hindu mythology and literature in also replete with the sexual liaisons of gods and mankind, and of the procreation of numerous strange beings called Dravidian and Dasyus. This race reportedly lived in large walled cities. They were a coarse, cannibalistic people, dark-skinned and flat-nosed. The Aryans who came later ran into the remnants of these serpent people; they are vividly described in the Ramayana :"Near Bhogavata stands the place where dwell the hosts of the serpent race, a broad-wayed city, walled and barred, which watchful legions keep and guard. The fiercest of the serpent youth, each awful for his venomed tooth, and throned in his imperial hall is Vasuki who rules them all." Much of the evidence that Dravidian, Dasyus, and Nagas were all different names for these people can be found in the great epics of India, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Both epics concern the early Aryan contacts with these serpent people, some which were friendly, others hostile. Due to the intermarriage of the Aryans with these people, a sort of ambiance, a love-hate relationship, seems to permeate these two great epics. These Nagas intermarried with Aryans, producing kings and heroes. For example, in the Rig Veda there are names like Divodasa which indicate that there was some cross-breeding between Dasyus and Aryans soon after 1500 BC.[Comment: This date falls into the period 1600-700 BCE.] Many of the ancient Hindu gods mated with humans and, like in Sumer, produced a hybrid mammal-reptile, the semi-divine kings which resound throughout the literature of both Sumer and India.”” Referring :-Origin of the Light Sivalensis type Horse from India. (world press.com) October 18, 2012 // “ “The Light Race Horse of Indian Origin ;- Azzaroli (1985:94) noted that the Indian domestic caballus horse recovered from 1200 BCE horse burials at Katelai (Swat, India) belonged to the “eastern” breed which was different “from the Bronze and Iron Age horses of Eastern and Central Europe and recalls some horses from Etruscan tombs: presumably it belongs to some oriental strain. “The “eastern breed” certainly refers to the sivalensis horse (discussed elsewhere in this article). The Etruscan horses from Populonia and Castro from the first millennium BCE resemble the Swat horse and do not resemble the Bronze or Iron Age horse from north Italy and the rest of Europe as well as the Pleistocene horse of the same area (Azzaroli 1985:146). Etruscan terracotta Horse. Note the long neck and downward bent head, the features of Sivalensis type. The sixth century BCE horse burials at Padova (Padua, north Italy) resemble the Swat burial in style (Azzaroli:137). This horse breed must have been brought by the Etruscans arriving to Italy from West Asia where it had in all probability arrived with some Indo-Aryan arrival to West Asia like the Mittani. This finding implied that the Indian horse had migrated to southern Europe from India. That this horse and chariot had not arrived to India from West Asia is made explicit by Azzaroli, who found that the Indian chariots were different from the West Asian ones (ibid). The Swat petroglyph chariots are same in style as that of Central Asia and the steppe. Thus it becomes clear that the light horses originated from India and the European horses were heavy, the fact made clear by Azzaroli in his book. This fact accords well with the Burgman’s Rule, which states that the animal’s of colder regions have heavier body size. The only horse depiction detected from BMAC is a seal (below; source David Anthony’s Blog, also cited in Anthony 2009) with a horse-rider. The horse in it is clearly of the Etruscan type, which is no different from the Marwari type (see below).  Fig. 2 A BMAC (Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex; 2100-1750 BCE) horse, the lone horse depiction from the BMAC  Fig. 3. A Marwari Indian Horse. On the other hand, the Kazakh breed of horse is heavy, with shorter legs. Kazakh steppe ancient horse as depicted in the rock art. 1. Southern Route Cognates of aśva (meaning horse): *ekwo- (PIE); Sanskrit ashva; Avestan aspa; Latin equus; Greek hippos; O. Irish ech; Tocharian A yuk, Toch. B yakwe. Welsh ebol means “any young animal”. Although Greek hippos has been derived by citing examples of “k” to “p” mutation. Such a view is no better than the folk-etymology. A more logical explanation would be: Sanskrit aśva > Avestan aspa, and also Persian aqva; Avestan aspa > hippos, epona etc. From Persian aqva > Latin equus. Such a derivation needs a serious consideration. 2. Old English eoh; Gothic aihwa- (in compound word aihwatundi, an herb); OCS ehu-; all meaning “horse”. Also, of note is English “ass” (donkey). Although cognates of Sanskrit aśva have been noted in the Germanic languages, they occur as vestigial words of folk-memory, as compound words in which the meaning “horse” is not often explicit, but has been made out by us as a product of semantic analysis of the words. For example: aihwa- (Goeth.) occurs only as the compound word aihwa-tundi (bramble, prickly bush). Similarly, Old Saxon ehu- is found only as a compound word in ehu-scalc stable-keeper (Lehmann:15). In many languages the meaning has changed. 3. Northern Route Cognates of Horse: *kurs- (PIE, to run), *hursa- (P. Gmc.), hross (O. Norse), hors- (O. Fris.), ors (M. Du), hros (OHG), khura, kharu (Sk. horse), hreS- (Sk. neighing of a horse), hari (Sk. horse), haryaśva (Sk. a bay horse of reddish-brown colour, c.f. E. “horse”, MHG hross, Ger. ross etc), harya (Sk. horse). khara (Sk. donkey). In Sanskrit other words are: harSa “erection of male sex organ”, hrasva. Also important are Sanskrit sartR, sthaura and sthurin and English “stallion”. {In Tamil -Ku thirai= Horse, other Names =BARI=Pu Ravi= Horse}”” (Extracts from ˜The Original Indians "- An Enquiry- by Dr. A. Desai) “How the Mediterranean people came to be called Dravidians makes interesting story. The Pre-Hellenistic Lycians of Asia Minor, who were probably the Mediterranean stock called themselves Trimmili. Another tribe of this branch in the island of Crete was known by the name Dr(a)mil or Dr(a)miz. In ancient Sanskrit writings we find the terms Dramili and Dravidi, and then Dravida which referred to the southern portion of India. South India was known to the ancient Greek and Roman geographers as Damirica or Limurike. Periplus Maris Erithroei (Periplus of the Eritrean Sea) in the second or third century AD described the maritime route followed by Greek ships sailing to the South Indian ports: Then follow Naoura and Tundis, the first marts of Limurike and after these Mouziris and Nelkunda, the seats of government.Dramila, Dravida and Damirica indicated the territory. Then it was applied to the people living in the territory and the language they spoke, in the local parlance Tamil and Tamil Nadu or Tamilakam.” Referring :- http://www.crystalinks.com/hittites.html. “The Mediterraneans or Dravidians were associated with the ancient Sumerian civilizations of Mesopotamia and of Elam (southern Iran). Authors have pointed out ethnic, linguistic and cultural affinities between the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and the Dravidians of South India, and concluded that both probably belonged to the same ethnic stock. HR Hall writes: “The ethnic type of the Sumerians, so strongly marked in their statues and relics was as different from those of the races which surrounded them as was their language from those of the Semites, Aryans and others; they were decidedly Indian in type. The face-type of the average Indian today is no doubt much the same as that of the Dravidian race ancestors thousands of years ago...And it is to this Dravidian ethnic type of India that the ancient Sumerian bears most resemblance, so far as we can judge from his monuments. He was very like a Southern Hindu of the Deccan (who still speaks Dravidian languages). And it is by no means improbable that the Sumerians were an Indian tribe which passed, certainly by land, perhaps also by sea, through Persia to the valley of the Two Rivers.” “Hall is of the opinion that Dravidian people must have migrated to Mesopotamia from India, whereas others think Dravidians came from Mediterranean regions, which was their earlier home. KP Padmanabha Menon writes about their close relationship: Orientalists, many of them, are prepared to concede that the Sumerians, the Mediterranean race, are branches of the early Dravidians.” “(The Hittites adopted many of the gods of the Sumerians and Old Babylonians.) The odd thing about the Hittites, though, is that they seemed to have recognized that all gods were legitimate gods. Whenever they conquered a people, they adopted that people's gods into their religious system.” As far as history is concerned, this has tremendous consequences for the history of the Hebrews. The Assyrians seem to have adopted the same tolerance towards other religions, which allowed the Jewish faith to persist after the Jewish state was decimated by the Assyrians. And the Assyrians seem to have adopted the same tendency to adopt the gods of conquered people, so the Assyrian conquerors of Palestine adopted the Hebrew god, Yahweh, into their religion. This eventually led to the only major religious schism in Hebrew history, the schism between Jews and Samaritans. There are still Samaritans alive today. Arjun Gowda said... “Elam = Homeland in Tamil and Hatti = Native Place or Village in Kannada. :-). You should look at basic fundamental words and names to relate proto languages. In 2000BC every one didn't know the writing systems, grammar and all.” The Silappathigaram mentions the war waged by Cheran Senguttavan over Kalingam, (today`s Odissa), and crossed the Ganges , reached Himalayas. While crossing the Ganges, His army resided at the banks of Ganges sometime, The Magatha King SATHA KARNI, came and met Cheran Senkuttuvan. The Magatha king Satha Karni ( Satham -hundread, Karni -ears: spies- one who had hundread spies ) gifted Cheran 1000 elephants and gold , precious stones also. Cheran Senkuttuvan married Adhitha Karikalan`s Daughter. Adhitha Karikalan was brought up at NANGUR near Poombukaar by Vaelir kings. The Thol Kappiam – (Thol= ancient), Kappiam = a lengthy book.’), the legendary Tamil grammar book written by Thol Kappiar. (the name of the author unknown, hence by the book`s name itself, he was called as. Agaththiar was his master, he says in the book, he was telling the rules as described by his Master`s and ancestors in the Literary works.). The period is uncertain. But due to its contents and examples given in the same book it is referred to a period of 500 BC. Through Thol Kappiam, we could come to know the nature of ancient land masses and typical governments and lifestyle of ancient Tamils. At that time, itself, the Tamil is itself not properly spoken in Northern India (from Andhra Pradesh onwards). The Tamil Vocabulary has influenced with Prakrits beyond Vindyas. The Tamil Etymology was briefly described in Thol Kappiam. The formation of Cluster of Tamil words from one word to other is clearly described and the grammatical rules were well explained. In the book itself Thol Kappiar mentions so many times the phrase like “The Earlier Book”, “The learned ancestors”, “As told by the former book ”, insisting there was an earlier grammar book for language, literature. Aga Nanooru, Pura Naanooru. The two compiled books, both consists of 400 songs each, sang by different poets lived in different periods. Probably, the Number 4 is suited to Dravidians. In literature they followed the number in forms- Nanooru. -Nalayira divya prabantham, Nan mani Kadigai, Nan nool,. And a Venba – a class of song should contain minimum four lines. Nanku (four) Vaedam – the holy books. Here Nanku (Four Vedas) vaedam means Tamil vaedam – Aagamas- to worship, to yoga, to song on praise on Lord God, To meditate in mind. Thinking and realizing the Anma, God. In Rik book – the song tells- the older Mithra Priests had their holy book in the hand., In Rik book more than three times the Holy book words mentioned with Dasas and Mithra Panis. The kings Athiyaman – mentioned in Asoka inscriptions (Satya Putra)- 300 BC, Malaya maan -200 BC, Aathan, Paari , Oori – 400 BC to 200 BC) all of the kings praised in Aaga nanooru , Pura nanooru . Their ancient Coins also found in archaeological expeditions to prove their presence in Tamil History and to analyze the age of this literature. (songs). The Architecture- the ship bays- Decks, From Lothal to Arikkamedu and the drowned Eyil Pattinam, Goda Pattinam (Ceylon), were similar. The Bricks Used were same pattern and the construction method followed were same. (The Pura Naanooru song describes the port and ship docks, the ships hanging over at the sea for docking, the ships entering into the Eyil pattinam,`~~ “the docked ships were alike camels lying on the desert after taking food.”~~. The eyil pattinam was under the sea near Mamalapuram, and one diver has found the wall structure at a depth of 300 meters. No Marine archaeology expedition done. If, the sea level increased by 100- 300 meters means the Eyil harbor belongs to 1000 BC- 1500 BC. then the Puranaanooru song also has to date beyond that date. But as there is no interested individuals or political parties, or Government departments, the drowned civilization is drowned. The black civilization is under Dark. When a language has the high fertility in words and rich in composition words, then only the music will develop and come to force. The Literature with high definition will flourish, and bloom. Then the musical notes and slangs will get blossoms. If it happened in a language, then we may assure the lifetime of the language appropriately. From Old Saxon- to Old English-English, the Shakespeare, Kelly Dramas were born after along 1000 years. In Tamil, the Musical Panns, Ragas, inter divisions and chronological vocabulary for that musical notes had given in Silappathikaram, Thol Kappiam, Aaga Nannoru, Pura Nannoru , literature books which were belong to 500 BC to 200 BC. the same name repeated and the laws and codes never changed. The community “PAANAN” S had “Yazh”, and sang songs in that Yazh. Like Naradhar, they wandered throughout the countries Refering Wikipaedia. “ “The neithal (seaside) landscape, which is employed to convey the grief of separation of lovers had the associated sevvazhipann expressing pathos. . Malaipatukatam (200 BC) mentions Viraliyar singing Kurinjipann when offering worship to the deities of the mountainous regions. It also refers to Virali singing Marudappann before singing the eulogies of kings. Malaippadukadam also refers to the people trying to overcome their fatigue by Marudappann after working in the fields. There is a very interesting reference to Panns and birds/insects in Perumpanarruppatai. It says that the beetles liked to listen to Kurinjipann played on Vil Yazh thinking it to be the voice of its own kith and kin, while they hated to listen to Palai pann played on flute. There are also references to the Paanar taking delight in mastering the Naivalam pann.  Silappathikaram contains several chapters dedicated to music and dance, of which the most famous is the kanal vari which is a duet between the hero Kovalan and his lady-love Madavi. Silappathikaram contains musical terminology such as, ‘azhaku’ and ‘matthirai’ referring to the musical pitch and the smallest fraction of an audible sound distinguishable by the human ear. From these evolved the scales. One of the first scales employed by the ancient Tamils was the Mullaippann, a pentatonic scale composed of the notes sa ri ga pa da equivalent to C, D, E, G and A in the western notations. These fully harmonic scales, constitutes the raga Mohanam in the Carnatic music style. Mullaippann further evolved into Sempaalai, a scale based on seven notes by the addition of two more notes, ma and ni to the pentatonic scale. Sempaalai pann corresponds to the Carnatic raga Harikambhoji. In ancient Tamil, the seven notes were termed as: Kural, Tuttam, Kaikkilai, Uzhai, Ili, Vilari and Taaram. The seven basic notes are then developed into twelve swaras corresponding to the twelve houses of the zodiac. The seven major palais or parent scales of the music of the ancient Tamils are: Sempalai (corresponding to the present Harikambhoji), Padumalai Palai (Natabhairavi), Sevvazhi Palai (Hanumatodi), Arum Palai (Dheerasankarabharanam), Kodi Palai (Kharaharapriya), Vilari Palai (Hanumatodi), and Merchem Palai (Mechakalyani). The four original panns of maruthappann, kurinchippann, sevvazhi and sadari, thus evolved into 103 panns with varying characterisations. In all of these PaNs, Uyir SurangaL (Jeevaswarams: Life Notes) exist. The life note of a PaN is embellished according to the notes that appear immediately before and after. This is called Alangaaram (Gamakkam). Taking into consideration all these special notes, PaN Isai is different from Karnatik Music. Karnatik Music as two variations of each of the variables; Ri, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni. PaN Isai has 4 variations of each of the 5 variable. Plus the 2 constants; Sa and Pa, there are 22 variations of the 7 basic notes. We all should know what twenty-two over seven is. The ancient name for Raagam is Niram. Mehlakkatha was called Thaai Niram and Raagams born from there were call Say Niram. The ancient name for ThaaLam is PaaNi. For example, Roobaga ThaaLam was PaaNi MoonDRoththu. Before Sa, Ri, Ga... Tamils used the 12 Tamil Vowels. Looking at a keyboard, they would've used the 5 KuRil (Short Sounds) for the black keys and the 7 NeDil (Long Sounds) for the white keys.”” Reference:-Adiyarkunallar's commentary to the Aychiyarkkuravai, the seventh book of Silappatikaram gives the number of Srutis and how they were allotted among Seven notes. Rowell 2000, pp. 138–144 Rowell, Lewis (2000), "Scale and Mode in the Music of the Early Tamils of South India", Music Theory Spectrum, 22 (2): Varadarajan, Mu. (1988), History of Tamil Literature, Madras: Sahitya Akademi, translated from Tamil by E.Sa Visswanathan. “ “The ancient Tamil music is the historical predecessor of the Carnatic music during the Sangam period.. Many poems of the classical Sangam literature were set to music. There are various references to this ancient musical tradition found in the ancient Sangam books such as  Ettuthokai and Pattupattu. . Tolkappiyam also mentions the musical form known as Paattu Vannam and various types of songs like Asiriapattu, Neduven pattu, Adivarai, Seer, Ahaval Osai and Vellosai, which are classified on the basis of the musical quality, metrical structure etc. Most of the Sangam age poetry utilised one or more of these meters in their compositions. Poems of the Ettuthohai anthology, such as the Natrinai, Paripaatal and Kaliththokai are extensively musical in nature and utilise various Panns to create the mood. Musical instruments :-Poems of the Sangam literature contain numerous mentions of the various musical instruments such as the Sirkazhi , a stringed instrument of the Veena type and various percussion instruments such as murasu or muzham. Pattupattu contains a description of the yazh, a stringed instrument. There were two types of yaazh, Periyaazh or the 'large yaazh' contained 21 strings, whereas its more compact companion Siriyaazh had only seven strings. Two other types of yaazhs, Makarayaazh with 19 strings and Sakottuyaazh with seven strings are also mentioned in Pattuppattu.. The flute was the most popular wind instrument during the Sangam period. Perumpanarruppatai, one of the Pattupattu anthologies, describes the process of making the flute. The holes in the bamboo tube were bored using red-hot embers. The flute is also mentioned in the Kurincippattu as the instrument on which the shepherds played the ambal pann. Among the other wind instruments were the Pili, a small trumpet and Kanvidutumbu a larger flute), perhaps producing lower octaves the flute also acted as a drone providing a constant pitch for vocalists and other instruments 'as long as the trunk of an elephant'. The Murasu, or the drum was the most popular percussion instrument. During festivals, the sound of Murasu conveyed joy and gaiety. Muzhavu, another percussion instrument accompanied singers. The drum was also used as the war-drum, calling people to arms. Mathuraikkanci mentions that the Murasu was one of the prized possessions captured from the defeated enemy in the battlefield. Malaippadukadam describes the method of constructing and tuning the Murasu. The sides were covered with skin, which were kept in position by leather straps. Malaippadukadam also mentions other percussion instruments such as udukkai, a palm-sized drum, Muzhavu, Siruparai and Tattai. The sound Tattai resembled the croaking of a frog. This was a crude folk instrument made using a bamboo stick. Numerous slits were made across the stick and sound was produced on it by striking it on a stone or any other hard surface. In the Kurincippattu peasant women use tattai to scare the birds from the paddy field. A well-known percussion instrument is the mridangam(mathangam). It's a double headed drum used to accompany the veena (Yaazh) and the flute among other instruments. List of Musical instruments used by ancient Tamil people was listed in Tirumurai dated 6th to 11th century. Akuli, Idakkai, Ilayam, Udukkai, Yezhil, Kathirikkai, Kandai, Karathalam, Kallalaku, Kalavadam, Kavil, Kazhal, Kalam, Kinai, Kinkini, Kilai, Kinnaram, Kudamuzha, Kuzhal, Kaiyalaku, Kokkarai, Kodukotti, Kottu, Kombu, Sangu, Sachari, Sanchalam, Salari, Siranthai, Silambu, Sinam, Thagunicham, Thakai, Thadari, Thattazhi, Thathalagam, Thandu, Thannumai, Thamarugam, Thaarai, Thaalam, Thuthiri, Thunthubi, Thudi, Thuriyam, Thimilai, Thondagam, Naral Surisangu, Padagam, Padutham, Panilam, Pambai, Palliyam, Parandai, Parai, Paani, Paandil, Pidavam, Perigai, Mathalam, Mani, Maruvam, Murasu, Muravam, Murugiyam, Murudu, Muzhavu, Monthai, Yaazl, Vangiyam, Vattanai, Vayir, Veenai, Veelai, Venkural.”” The ancient Tamil musical instruments for ceremonies and War. Flute. Yaazh= Veena`s Predecessor. Murasu=Instrument Used in WAR. Chank= used in Traditional festivals; Wars. Kombu=used in wars, King`s Parade. Thudi= used in wars. The Pounding stone and Stick. Ekkalam -Tamil Musical Instrument. From all the above references, the things to Ponder: 1) The Sanskrit Maha Bharatha and Krishnan`s life in Sanskrit literature is a later edition. It is not written by one. There was a Story of Maha Bharatha and Krishnan in early Prakrits, Pali and in ancient languages which were spoken by common people also. 2)The Sanskrit stories of Maha Bharatha were well developed with the stories which available in Native languages of this continent. The Sanskrit available Mahabharata, was so many times copied or translated by various authors. 3)The authors were Brahmins (?). The Bharatha was high lighting the Brahmins, who said to be wandered everywhere in the continent. The Sanskrit texts focusing Brahmins Protection and gifting valuable Things to Brahmins. In Sanskrit Bharatha the Brahmins were eating meat and flesh. Brahmins were conducting Yagas elaborately for Gold gifts. Brahmins were not a Part of adoring Gods at the existing temples. Or it did not describe elaborately as such works in temples. The Brahmins were fond of doing Yagas and hope the Yagas would give immortality and victory. In Yagas, they hoped Agni, Varunan, Indran who were worshiped by them would give all strength, Life, victory. Krishnan had not done any Yaga. But he also requesting Indran to do favor for his devotees. (Uthangar). Krishnan and Pala Ramar worshiped Siva Lingam, there was festivals in Dwaragai, Madurai temples for Siva lingam. 4)The four varnas were told in many places. The ‘lower caste’ word was told in many places. The definition of Brahmin is very contrary. In preaching’s it was told that Brahmin was not born by birth. It was a life style, that the one who does, or how he lives. But, in all times where ever the word used, it denoted one, by his birth only. The ideology of the author is to upgrade the Brahmin even superior to Kings, Krishnan, Suras. Hence, the author connects the Names of Rishis to the characters of Bharatham. By telling, unbelievable, and controversial stories he was establishing the Brahmins and their characters were followed so many centuries. The deeds, the characters did, was not a noble one, or a common man would hesitate to do. By forcibly intruding the rishi`s culture, the author formed a theory that the culture was Brahminic. It seems very contrary to the Bharatham found in folk dramas and in ancient languages texts. 5)The Brahmins in the Bharatham was always told as the heirs of Rishis mentioned in rig book. But the rig book was written(?) in Chandasa language, and not in Sanskrit. It was told by Scholars the language used in that was “Arya Basha”. It had no writing forms. But, the books now available in “Deva Basha” – Sanskrit – could not be known to even Kings or Common man. There was only 5000 people, in 1921 senses of British India, who accepted their mother tongue was Sanskrit. Krishnan born in a shepherd community and one could easily accept he could not speak Sanskrit. In Sanskrit Bharatham, nowhere it was specified which language spoken in the country. Hence, The Rishis, the one who sang the Rishas in Chandasa language also did not know the ‘Deva Basha’ Sanskrit. We may come to a conclusion that Krishnan`s story told in Sanskrit. Sanskrit was not his Language. 6)It was believed by all Sanskrit scholars the Maha Bharatha, 18 Puranas, Bhagavatham, were written by Vyasar one man. The Vedas are called as “Sruthi”; i.e.; It was told by one and heard by one. It told hereditarily and heard hereditarily. If Vedas told in 3000 BC then, it travelled along so many hundred persons and translated to Sanskrit and written only when Deva Nagari libi (Script) found and used for Sanskrit. The Justice way, or the rules and regulations to follow, was called as “Smirithi”. It was created by one (Like Ambedkar), and followed by. Such Smirithis were numbered to 18. Manu created Manu Smirithi. Parasarar created Parasarar Smirithi, like wise it was called by the authors itself. (There are Manu, Parasara, Gothamar, Hareethar, Yagna valyar, Vishnu, Pragas Pathi, Athri, Aabas Thambar, …18 smirithis). The only one concept is common in all, whether Its Shruthi, or Smirithi, Its Brahmin and their superiority to all. 7)In Sri Skandha Purana, Siva Ragasya Gandam, Daksha Kandam- Dakshan asked Bramma:- Sarvashya Brammathatthaam sarvam Gal Vithehi sruthi: Gathamathyatharaenaeyam thaatha Vakthi Jagath Prabo!! ……………..17 “O! The father of World! ‘Sarvam Kalu’ the Upa Nishad word, How its true. It is saying, all are Bramma only.” Bramma replied, “O! Son! The vedas told like that “All things have Brahma’s nature ” is a praiseful word and not having the meaning of that. Its told in a Nature like that. The Brahmins living in Earth telling as they are similar to me and They have the qualities of mine,”. (It’s not true,) Bramma: Upasaraenaa Sarvasya Brammathmaahasaa shruthi! Boolokae Brammarain yath vathmaya Baetham Vathanthi nae !!..............18 Viswathigam Maha BeethaS pithanthae Brama saswatham ! Anthar Yami sa A vaishaam Jeevan Aam Parameshwara !!....................21 Eaga Eava Jagath Karththa Naan Yo Ruthran Maheswarath ! Anega Guna Sampan no Nir Gunobi Maheswara!! …………………….22 “Though He has no Form (figure): He has so many forms. Sarva swaroobi: All are his forms only. He is superior to all. He is in the form of Pasu (Atma). Pathi (God), Pasam (the affection to things, Maya), Easan, {The Eternal Power (Supreme)}, The cause for All the things (96 Thathuvams – theorems); Is Maheswaran.” ……22 This was also written By Vyasar. Bhagavatham was also written By Vyasar. Maha Bharatham was also written by Vyasar. Hence, it is very much contrary One Vyasar has one theory in one book; he changes the same theory in another book. So, it may be a translated version of various Vyasars. Vyasam = Essay: Vyasar= one who tells stories. Hence, the Bharatham told by a Vyasar, and written and translated and we had a version of some Vyasar. So, Whether Krishnan is a King? Where he ruled? Where his country was? To be analyzed. To know about the culture and Tradition whether Krishnan `s story properly told without hiding the facts. Or the history was manipulated in the name of Krishnan. 8) Krishnan and Pala Ramar were brothers. Krishnan Married his maternal uncle`s daughter. Krishnan had a weapon, a chakra, it would cut the enemy`s head and return back to his arms. Pala Ramar had a Plough, and a Pounding stone stick as weapons. Pala Ramar`s flag had a Palm tree figure as symbol. They belong to a shepherd community. Which was inferior to Brahmin’s community. They were not kings. They were warriors. Pala Ramar was skilled in Wrestling match. The brothers had separate Chanks to identify them. Krishnan skilled in Music and always playing Flute. Krishnan and Pala Ramar killed Kamsan, his maternal uncle. These are the factors common in all ancient texts. 9)Most people believing the following factors. a) Krishnan lived a place near Yamuna. Krishnan born in a prison cell. Transferred to Gokulam by Vasu Devar to save Baby Krishnan from Kamsan. Krishnan brought up by Yasoda at Gokulam and at Brindhavanam till he was attaining 10 - 12 years old. The Gopikas, the women of Shepherd community liked him very much because of his childhood mischiefs. b) Krishnan killed devils, demons in his childhood. -Boothanai, Kesi, Sagadan, and so on. Pala Ramar killed a demon who was guarding a Palm tree grove. c) Krishnan was the charioteer for Arjunan. Krishnan saved Droupathi when she was teased by Thutchathanan at The Gambling hall. Krishnan killed Sisu Balan. d) Krishnan left Madurai and hided in Dwaragai in fear of Jara sandan. 10)Sanskrit texts believers hope the following factors are true: a) Krishnan was passionate over Gopikas. Gopikas were in love with Krishnan. Krishnan had a sexual relationship with them from child hood days. That is before he left to Dwaragai itself. Krishnan was affectionate to Radha than the other Gopikas. b) Krishnan preached Bagavad Geetha, in the battle field before crores of Soldiers and warriors to Arjunan. Krishnan gave Vishwa Roopa Dharsan to Thirutha Rattiran, Sanjayan, Gandhari, Arjunan, Dharmar but not Karnan (?). c) Dwaragai was an Island covered by ocean in all directions. Krishnan went by chariot only to other countries. Dwaragai drowned in sea after Maha Bharatha War. Krishnan died. A hunter killed him by sending an arrow on his foot unknowingly. Pala Ramar was the Adhi sedan. Krishnan was Narayanan. Arjunan was Nara Narayanan. Krishnan and Pala Ramar. Krishnar`s appearance In Ancient Tamil texts.: Krishnan is Black skinned. Hence he is called KANN A NN. Ancient Pandian Kings Used to wear Neem flowers and leaves as a Garland over neck, and used to wear in head with the head dress as their Symbol. Palm Trees were the Symbol of Pandian and they used to emblem it in their flag. (Pura Nannoru – 500 BC; Thol Kappiam 500BC). Neem and Kadamba Tree were their Nation trees. They adorned it as a God. If an enemy cut that then it should be realized that the King died. Krishnan = Krishnam= Black; { The Vedas, which one`s meaning could not be understand is called Krishna Yazur. To define it with same slogans or with some modifications again one copy created later, it’s called Sukla Yazur. Suklam= White). Krishnan was fond of Bull Taming Play. When his uncle, in Suyamvara, placed a Bet, the one who wants to marry his daughter should catch and control the wild bulls which was with him. (seven in numbers.) Krishnan played with all the bulls and controlled and caught them. This expressed in Medieval period Tamil Texts also. In Devaaram APPAR AND SUNDARAR TELLS THE SAME STORY WHICH, Krishnan CONTROLLED THE BULLS TO MARRY NAPPINAI. The sculpture in China (?)Cave Art- Bull taming Maravanur 1000 BC Nilgiris. Cave Art Krishna Giri – Horse. Cave Art Vettaikaran Malai -Horse 1000 BC. Bull taming Mohenjadaro Seal 1000 BC. Athiyaman Coin 300BC Bull Playing Earu Thazhuvuthal Bull HuggingTamilNadu.Bull Playing Knoss Crete 1700 BC. The following are the Tamil devarams which tells Krishnan controls and catch the Bulls. APpar -Thiru kurukkai Veerattam. Song5 – 481. “Earudan eazha darththaan: eanni aayiram poo kondu , aarudai sadaiyinanai artchiththan adiyanai keezh, verumoor poo kuraiya meymalark kannai endak kurumoor Aazhi, yeenthaar kurukkai veerattanarae.” Arisir karai puthur pathigam song 2 Sundarar “Thirumagal konnedu maal pala naal poosanai sey pozhuthil oru malar aayirathir kuraivaa niraivaaga or kan malar ssottalumae poru viral aazhi purinthalitheer,” Appar thirukurukkai veerattam Song 6 -482, “kallinaal erinthu kanji thaamunum sakkianaar nellinaar sorunaamae neel visumbu aala vaiththaar.” Thiru needur west 3 Km thiru kurukkai . Theerkavahu munivar – when take water abhiseham from the tank to Siva. His hands which could stretch whatever long has been shortened here. Thiru punkur. Krishnan had a weapon a ‘Chakra’. When it was sent towards an enemy, it would kill him and return back to him. Practically, it could not be a wheel, to aim and throw against an enemy. But, in ancient Tamil culture there was a weapon called VALARI, when thrown, it circles around and attack the aim/ target, if not, it will return back towards the warrior. It is not ‘Boomerang’- Boomerang is made of wood, while Valari is made of Iron, in ancient days it is made of Copper. (In ancient Pandiya Kingdom, Copper was extracted around ‘Tamira Bharani’ river. (Tamiram= Copper; even now a days, the ore sand is exported to foreign countries for extracting minerals such as Iridium copper etc;) In ‘Bharatham’ ‘Agni’ gifted a ‘Chakra’ weapon to kill animals while ‘Kandava Vana’ forest burnt out by ‘Agni’. But, as per Thala Purana of ‘Thiru Veezhi Mizhalai’,' (The temples ancient history), It was said, (Krishnan?) Thiru Maal, (MAAL= Black), worshiped Siva at this temple with 1000 lotus flowers every day. Like that he did his worship for 47 days. On the 48th day, the final day of his fast, while he worshiping, he noticed, one lotus flower was less in the count. To complete the Prayer, he was about to dig his eyes to match the counting. Siva appeared and blessed him. He called ‘Thirumaal’, (Vishnu), as “THamari Kannna” – one who has eyes resembling to the lotus flowers. Thiru Maal prayed to give him the ‘Chakra’ weapon which Siva used to kill “Salanthiran”. Siva gave that to him. Pala Ramar Pala Ramar was Krishnan`s elder Brother. Palar Ramar was white skinned. While, there were no ancient temples for Krishnan before Sanskrit texts came alive in printed versions (4th century AD onwards), Pala Ramar temples were in South India from 300 BC onwards Archaeologically. In ancient Mesopotamia, there was one Pala Ramar temple at Moon God Temple. UR. The teak wood excavated there which was one imported from Malabar. In Silappathikaram, a 200 BC, Tamil texts, describes the “Vellai Varanar” temple at Sai Kadu, near Poompuhar. This temple is now also there, in the name of Raja Gopala swamy coil. Situated between ‘Saya Vanam’, and ‘Palla Vanam’. Referring: -http://keralamythology.blogspot.com/2015/11/legend-of-mazhoor-sri-balarama-temple.html ““Balarama is the first peasant king in our world. He was a king who was very particular about the prosperous of his country and its subjects. At a time, when Vrindavan hit with severe draught, he requested River Kalindi to change her path and provide water to the farmers of Vrindavan, but she did not listen to his words. Furious Balarama, dug the sides of the river with his mighty plough and took the river water to the Vrindavan. Although he has been depicted as a savior of peasants in the epics, it is quite astonishing that there are very few devotees for him in a country which mainly depends on agriculture for revenue. The legend behind Thrichambaram Sri Krishna Temple. Sage Naradhar presented two idols, one of Sri Krishna and other is of Balarama for that temple. That idol of Balarama has been brought here and consecrated in this temple. Puthukkudi Perumthatta Illam was one of the prominent families in that area who had several rights on Thrichambaram Sri Krishna Temple. Once, a person was there in that family who was an ardent devotee of Lord Sri Krishna. He used to visit Thrichambaram Temple daily to worship god. As the time passed, he became old and weak. He could not go such a long distance by walk. The fact that he had to stop his temple visit made him sad and depressed. He prayed to god for a solution. One night in his dream, Lord Sri Krishna came and told him that the next day morning he could see the calf with the name Dharmi near his house. The place where she put cow dung should be dug and there, he will get a Salagrama (a holy stone which is believed to have divine powers). Further, Sri Krishna insisted him to dig a pond at that place and keep the Salagrama inside it. He asked the devotee to consecrate an idol of his elder brother near the pond and start worshipping. The very next day, the man saw the calf Dharmi near his house and followed the instructions of Lord Krishna. He took out the Salagrama first and then dug a pond there and kept the holy rock inside it. Then he brought the idol of Balarama from Thrichambaram Temple, which has been presented by Sage Narada and consecrated near the pond after constructing a temple. In the story of Balarama, changing the route of Kalindi. That is told in Maha Bhagavatham. Almost similar incident happened at Mazhoor also. Once, Mazhoor experienced severe draught as experienced by the people at Vrindavan. There was no rain and the crops have been destroyed due to the lack of proper watering. Entire village suffered a lot due to this. Then head of the Puthukudi Perumthtta Illam family got touched with the miseries of his fellow villagers. He went to the Balarama Temple and shouted at the deity. Can’t you see people suffering from drought? Why are you holding the plough in your hands? That is a weapon for farming and not a decorative piece. If you cannot help us, then what is the point in calling you the Peasant King? Once the shouting is over, the man got repented. He thought that he did a wrong thing by calling the lord with such words. Then he consoled himself that the lord can understand his agony and will forgive him. Yes, the Lord Balarama not only forgave the devotee, but blessed him too with lot of showers. The very same night Mazhoor experienced heavy rain.”” Referring : https://isireddy.blogspot.com/search/label/Adilabad%20District 1. Puri :- It is the district headquarter in Orissa State. It is on the bank of Bay of Bengal sea. Balarama Temple is here as it called Jagannath Temple. In this temple Balarama is there along with Krishna and Subhadra. Puri is 66kms from Bhuvaneswar. 2. Nenmini :- It is a small town in Malappuram district, Kerala State. Balarama Temple is here. Nenmini is just three kms away from Guruvayur Temple. 3. Kendrapara:- It is a district headquarter in Orissa State. Baladevjew Mandir is here in Icchapur out skirts of Kendrapara. This temple is just 5kms from Kedrapara bus station and Kendrapara is 60kms from Cuttack. 4. Denkanal :- It is a district headquarter in Orissa State. Siddaha Balaram Temple is here. Denkanal is 50kms from Cuttack and 76kms from Bhuvaneswar. 5. Upargarh:- It is a small village in Jajpur district Orissa State. Sri Jagannath Balaram Suvadra Temple is here. Upargarh is 25kms from Dhan mandal and 24kms from Jajpur road and 70kms from Cuttack. 6. Khoyrasole:- It is a taluk town in Bhirbum district, West Bengal State. Balaram Mandir is here. Khoyrasole is 45kms from Ranigunj and 18kms from Dubrajpur. 7. Kolkatta:- It is the capital city of West Bengal State. Balaram Mandir is here in Bagbazar, It is just 400mtrs distrance from AV School Bustop and 5kms away from Howrah Railway Station. 8. Bhubaneswar: - It is the capital city of Orissa State. Balaram is there in Anantha Vasudeva Temple at Bindusagar, near Lingaraja Temple. 9. Govardhan: - It is pilgrim centre in Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh State. Balarama mandir is at Doka Dauji Balarama Stali. Here Balarama Sila and Indra Puja and Iravata foot also here. Govardhan is just 23kms from Mathura. 10. Chitra sani:- It is a small village in Banas kantha district, Gujarath state. Balaram mahadev temple is on a hill, just 4kms away from Chitrasani village. Chitrasani is 14kms away from Palanpur on Abu Raod and 85kms Mahesana. Referring:- https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/rama-balarama-parasurama-in-ancient-tamil-literatureBlog by Santanam Swaminathan ““Puram 56 by Nakkirar gives the following information: -- Nakkirar, in this poem, has given a beautiful description of all the Gods worshipped in ancient Tamil Nadu two thousand years ago. In one stanza he praised Siva, Balarama, Krishna and Skanda (Subramanya or Murugan in Tamil). “He who is riding on a strong bull, has matted locks like blazing fire, the invincible battle axe and a throat like the blue gem, and He whose body is the color of the chank (conch) from the sea and who wields the death desiring plough and has the Palmyra flag and He whose body is the color of the well washed sapphire and who raises aloft to the sky the bird flag and desires victory, and He who holds up the gem like peacock flag, who is always victorious, rides the peacock (or the elephant) and is bright red. This is the most informative poem in Sangam period. The beauty of the poem is that it gives all the flags or Vahanas of the Gods. the same concept existed in the North around the same period or earlier. Approximately at the same time in the North, Kanishka of first century BC issued a coin with Lord Shiva. Yaudheya coins have Subramanya. Balarama and Krsihna are seen on Bactrian coins of Agathocles (180 BCE) *. Garuda emblem was on the Besnagar Pillar of a Greek King Heliodorous (113 BCE). From Afghanistan to Tamil Nadu in the southernmost part of India it was the same gods, same religion, same flags and same Vahanas!!! (For more information read Balarama and Krishna in Bactrian coins by Dr R Naga swamy in www.tamilartsacademy.com)”” From all the above references, The Pala Ramar temples in South India and Orissa, West Bengal, Gujarat, were ancient temples and The Plough and Palmyra tree flag oriented South Indian Kingdom who ruled in ancient time along the sea coasts with Naga Kings as their chieftains and Ports head. Kara Velah inscriptions in 150 BC, and other stone inscriptions defends this theory, From Ellora (Ela Puram = young city). To Korkai in east coast, From Korkai to Lothal were under their control. They traded with middle east countries and Egypt by sea trade only. They established Trade centers at the mouth of the rivers near the sea. There are more than 12 cities in ancient Mesopotamia in the name of Korkai, Elena Korka, Kolko, Korka. The Nebudezzar (Nedun Chezhian) seals at British museum and In Bible shows the different name which were not related to Pharos dynasty. At the same time very similar to Pandian Kings names. And Elam kings. Pala Ramar Coin of the Bactrian King Agathocles. Balarama Coin3rd-2ndCenturyCE Mauryan. Front and rear. Ear grown and Plough weapon. Pala Ramar wearing Chang Kben, Phnom Da, Angkor Borei, Cambodia For more references , please read :- https://www.academia.edu/.../ANCIENT_INDIA_APN_Revised... , https://www.academia.edu/.../ANCIENT_INDIAN_LANGUAGES_AND... https://www.academia.edu/.../ANCIENT_INDIAN_LANGUAGES_AND... https://www.academia.edu/.../CHAPTER_3_ANCIENT_INDIAN... https://www.academia.edu/.../ANCIENT_INDIAN_LITERATURE... Krishnan had moustache in the ancient temple Parththa sarathi Temple at Triplicane, Chennai. There is also a Pala Ramar statue. Parththa sarathi temple at ‘Ilaya madhu kudam’, ‘Thiru Nankur’ village, ‘Naga Pattinam’ district, Krishnan and Arjunan statues are there in a position a teacher and a disciple. Pala Ramar statue also there, Mostly, the Pala Ramar- Vellai Varanar temples changed to be called as Krishnan temples after historical period. As per Sanskrit texts the Brothers lived in a place near Yamuna river. Referrin Vyasa Maha Bharatham - 6. BEESHMA PARUVAM. --(6.1. Jumboo kandavi Nirmana Paruvam.) --(How this earth formed). “In Bharatha Varsham there are seven hills – ‘Mahendram’, ‘Malayam’, ‘Sakyam’, ‘Su ktimaan’, ‘Rit su Vaan’, ‘Vindyam’, ‘Pari Yathram’. Here ‘Yamuna’ and ‘Krishna veni’ rivers are there.” As per Vyasa Bharatham itself there are variations in Geography. In Bharatha Varsham there was no “Himalayas and Ganges”. In Bharatha Varsham – Mahendra malai (Mahendra mountain – The western Ghats hill- where Parasu Ramar lived- Now it’s in the border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu- Vindyam malai is deccan Plateau – Vindyas- Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh. Yamuna river? The river Krishna Veni- which is dark and black as said in Vyasar Mahabharatham – The Krishna river even have the same name till date. Now the question arises where is Yamuna river, starting from Vindyas and flowing in Andhra (Then it should be Godavari) if it starts from Western Ghats and flowing in Tamilnadu it may be Tamira Bharani. But Godavari and Thamira Bharani mentioned in Bharatham as if it is now in the same geography. Then It may be Kaveri starts from Karnataka and flows into Tamilnadu. (?) We had Krishnar and Pala Ramar temples which were very ancient and mentioned in Ancient Kannada lyrics, Folk songs. In Ancient Sangam Poets who lived between 300 BC to 300 AD mentions Krishnan and Pala Ramar. The story of the sage “burning the crane by looking at it when its excreta falls on the sage”. It belongs, to KONGANAR, the Sage who came from Konkan coast to meet Agaththiar in Tamirabharani. He burnt the crane by his fierce look. When he stared at the Noble lady who made him to wait for his “Pikshsa”, The Woman told him “Kokkena ninithaya Konkanava.” – “Do you think me, like that crane”- The sage felt ashamed and astonished over her ability to know about his past. This is a folk story, and told, In Sanga Poems also between 300 BC to 200AD. We have to mention this period of Sangam songs without a definite year, because we have no Archaeological proof. But, Sanskrit songs could be accepted without any archaeological proof or geographical notations. Because the western and Sanskrit scholars believed the Sanskrit was a deva basha. It needed no proof. It could be told 2000 BC, 3000 BC, even some scholars say its 5000 BC.! The Egyptian First Dynasty which had, cotton, sandal, Kungilyam, Pepper trading with Pandiya king, lived in 4000BC only, even though they had a libi to their language! Referring Vyasa Bharatham: - 3.6. Theerththa Yatra Paruvam. (Theertham= the holy water bathing ; Yatra= travelling). G653)—Naradhar came there and told Dharmar, What Pula s thiar told Beeshmar about the Theerththam (the holy water bathing and the credits arrive by that). “LOMASHA rishi will come here, with him you may go to Theerththa yatra”. G654)—Thowmiar told Dharmar about the rivers (Theerththam) in east ward- Naimisham, Gomathy, Kowsiga, Ganges. In south ward- Godavari, Bayo sh ni, Tamira barani. (may be Bhavani, Cauvery river`s ancient name was PONNI. As it starts from the hill where gold deposits found and the ancient men extracted gold ores by screening the river deposits hence, they called Ponni). In west ward Narmada, in North ward - Yamuna and Saraswathi. Here the geography is confusing as Saraswathi said to be in the west of Yamuna. Yamuna is said to be in the east of Saraswathi. Kamyaga was at the bank of Saraswathi. Referring Vyasa Bharatham 6.2. Boomi Paruvam: - “Between Maalyavan and Kandha Maathana hills the Meru Hills lies. This is golden one. It extends under the ground level to 140000 Yozana length, 840000 yozana high over the ground. Under this Meru hills Badra chalam, Kethu Malyam, Baratha Varsham, Uththara Guru desam the four countries are there.. Gonku trees are dense here. Uma Maheswarar is residing Here. Ganges appears here.” “‘Deva Ganga’ river starts from ‘Bindu Saras’. This divides into seven as ‘Va s Voga Sarai’, Nalini, Saraswathi, Jambu Nathi, Sita, Ganges, Sindhu. These seven rivers are holy One.” While Ganges divides into seven from Himalayas and its branch is Saraswathi, like Sita and Nalini, Jambu Nathi. Under the Meru hills only Bharatha Varsham where Yamuna and Mahendra Mountain, Vindyas mountains, Malayavaan are there. Malayavaan - (Kerala: where Pali lived and “Thiruvonam” festival celebrated by all people without any difference in religion and caste. Sukratchariar lived there as per Vyasar Bharatham and all regional texts in regional languages from 1000BC. which had a libi. Edakkal cave inscriptions in Malayalam 400 BC, In Tamil 1000 BC.) It described as “Meru Mountain is Golden one.” “Gonku Trees are dense in Meru Mountain” Meru Mountain lies between Kandha Madhana Hills and Malayaan. Gold is extracted in Western Ghats and Vindhyas mountain only. It was called Golden one. The kings waged Battles over that for that Gold from 300 BC to till British period. (Kuthirai Muk, Kolar golden fields, Bangalore, Karnataka. Referring: -http://www.mysteryofindia.com/2014/12/indus-valley-drawing-discovered-near-hampi.html “Drawings of the Indus Valley Scripts are found in Hampi, Karnataka!” “On the goddess Kotamma temple woolen market way there is a rocky roof shelter for shepherds and sheep to stay at night up to morning.” ‘The sentence emerged after a set of 19 drawing and pictographs discovered on a hilltop in Hampi (Karnataka, India) were deciphered using root morphemes of Gondi Tribe language. Eleven of the Hampi pictographs resemble those of the Indus valley civilisation. This innocuous sounding statement could actually be a revolutionary find linking the Gond or Gondi tribe to the Indus Valley civilisation.’ ‘The Gondi people are a Dravidian people of central India, spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra (Vidarbha), Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana and Western Odisha. With over four million people, they are the largest tribe in Central India’. “Eleven of the Hampi pictographs resemble the Late Harappan writing of the Indus Valley Civilisation”, says Dr KM Metry, professor of tribal studies at the Kannada University. The professor claims that this shows that after the collapse of the civilisation situated in North-West India, the Harappans moved to other parts of the country, with some of them settling in Central India and a majority of them in the South.”” If Meru Hills lies in an Upper altitude above Himalayas, There Kongu trees could not grow. The Kuberan and Indran could not reside and playing in the Garden. Droupathi could not ask the lotus flower in Meru Hills Pond. If Yamuna lies as per Vyasa Bharatham in today’s Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu region. From Vindyas or western ghats then Saraswathi river to be in the west of Yamuna as Sages were doing Thapas there. Because sandal trees and Agil trees grow in Western Ghats only. From there was a sea trade Port called Musiri was busy till 200 BC, Megasthenes, Periplus Erythraeyan Diary, Ptolemy and Plini. Ramesses II Mummy found with Indian Pepper. The main trade commodity of Musiri to middle east is “Pepper”. According to Vyasa`s versions, the geography not related to North India or South India as of todays` geographical nature. It`s an assumption only, by the Vyasa who wrote this version, that too highlight the North India and connected the Story of Krishna and Pandavas. The Krishna and Pandavas story were available as in folk drama from ancient times, as in stories by hereditarily by common people itself. To write the story of the Krishna and Pandavas, the Vyasar who written this much employed. “Vyasar calls Ganesha to write the Story.” The Ganesha worship started only in 4th century AD. Even if not worshiped in Temples, but worshiped in private by the Sanskrit scholars, then it may be pushed to 2nd century AD not earlier than that. Vyasar telling the Kings Lineage from 5000 BC to till Ajatha Sathru. Referring: - Sri Math Bhagavatham- TWELTH SKANDAM. --KALKI AVATHAR.----1.These incidents will happen. ““G340)—Parikshit asked Sugar, “After Krishnan`s Vaikuntam arrival, what happened in this earth and tell the history of the King`s ruled. G341)—Pirugath Rathar` hereditary will end with PurinJayan. His minister ‘Kanagan’ will kill him and be the king. Kanagan `s son Pira yodhanan. Pira yodhanan`s son Alagan, Alagan`s son Nandhi Varman. There will be five sons for Nandhi Varman who called as Pirath yosanars. Succeeding them, Sisu Naabar, Patchar, Kae Mathan vaa, Sheththirakkar, Ajatha Sathru, Vithi Satru, Dharppagar, Aajayar, Nandhivardhanar, Maha Nandhi will rule. G342)—Maha Nandhi`s son Nandhan will born to a low caste woman. He will be called as Maha Padman. He will have eight sons. They will rule for 100 Years. An bramin called Gowdilyan will have vengeance towards them. (Chanakyan). He will hand over the rule to Chandra Guptan. G343)—Chandra guptan`s mourya dynasty will rule for 137 years. Bimbi sarar, Asoka vardhanan, su sesu, Dasarathan, Changathan, Sali sugan, Soma Sarooban, Sathunuvan, Pura gatha thoorththan, will rule. G345)—Pushba mithran will kill Piraga thoorththan and his hereditary will be called as ‘Angam’. Agni mithrar, Suji yestan, Vasu mithran, Pathragar, pulinthar, Yogar, Thivajar, Bhagavathar, Deva boothi will continue Pushba mithran.for 112 years. G346)—deva boothis minister vasu devan will kill him. His heirs Boo mithran, Narayanan, Su sarma will rule for 345 years as “Gaa nyanar”. Pali, su sarmas servant will kill him. His brother Krishnan, Satha karnan, Pourna mashan, Lambo dharan, Megas wathi, Dthanda manan, Arista Kaman, Kala laeyan, Purusha Kethu, Sudarsanan, Sagotharan, Gomathi, Puri ma Vaedan, sivan, kandan, Yagnga seelan, Siththan, A sithan, Suru skandan, Yathgna Sathru, Vijayan, Chandra beejan, Sulomathi, will rule for 485 years. G347)—Then seven Abiraras, 10 Karthabis, 16 Kankars, 8 Yavanas, 14 Brahmins, 13 Murandas, 11 Mounars will rule for 1099 years. Then Bootha nandan, Dharan, Sisu Nandi, Yaso Nandhi, will rule and Kilinkila country will be the Capital. Thirteen sons as Bahliers will born. They will rule for 106 years. G348)—Then Andhrar, Kosalar, Diamond merchants, Nayivars, will rule different places. Viswa boorthi will rule Magatha. G349)—the countries at sea shores, the towns at Chandra baga river banks, Kanchi, Kashmir, Veda saaram some low character people will rule. G350)—In Sambalam Village, for Vishnu sayas, a brahmin, Bhagavan will born as “KALKI.” He will drive over a horse called “Deva Thaththam” with a sword he will kill all who did not follow Dharmam.”” From the above reference which was written by another Vyasa- (But this Vyasa was telling he wrote this after he had not satisfied in creating four Vedas, the fifth Veda the Puranas Ithikasams, (Ramayana and Mahabharata) hence, created this Bhagavatham) – the Kings lineage given who would be ruling till date. “A brahmin called Gowdilyan will have vengeance towards them. (Chanakya). He will hand over the rule to Chandra Guptan.” Chanakya alias Gowdilyan was exactly given with Chanakya’s nick name. Chanakya period is around 400 BC. It is noted as Maurya dynasty would rule for 137 years. Bimbi sarar and Asoka Vardhan names very perfect as in Stone inscriptions. Asoka`s inscriptions around 300BC. Ajatha Satru who taught the Upa nishad to Vishwa mithirar also in the lineage exactly. {Ajatha Satru= Satru= enemy; Ajatha = not afraid, Ajatha Satru was a lineage of Naga Kings.} But the Mogul invasions not mentioned. Nalanda University was burnt out in 6th century AD it was not mentioned. Hence, it was written within 100 BC and after 300 BC. only. Scholars may argue, the translations or copied version may be, but the original form may be written somewhat earlier. Then the Kalki Avatar and Dasa Avatar, Bhagavat Geeta also intruded one. The small stories and about Krishnan`s love affairs with Gopikas also inserted one. To exaggerate the Brahmins Yagas, and Brahmins superiority These were written in Deva Nagari script in Sanskrit, Not the Vyasa, who written 18 Puranas especially, Skantha Purana Vyasa. While I am noting here “Brahmins” do not mistake it by community. Its` the word used by Vyasa in Bharatham and in Bhagavatham. Because, the (Brahmins) people who lived here, even did all ceremonies for Gods whether Saiva or Vainava temples from ancient times did not know the Sanskrit and Sanskrit was not their mother language. Even Chanakya’s mother Tongue was Pali only. In 1921 British period Census, all over British India there was only 5000 people who had Sanskrit as their mother tongue. I knew more people who are Brahmins by birth and doing all Poojas to Gods where their mother tongue was regional languages only. Their Family deity also like, Mariamman, Kaliamman, Siva and Perumal (Vishnu), not Indran, Agni, Varunan, Maruths, Savitri, Soman (The beer bearer), even not Rudran. Whether they believe or not ‘the Agni was the chief God who could give a Chakra weapon to Krishnan’- While Vyasa was firm - the superior God is Indran’., Even, The Kanchi seers were called as Pancha Dravida only. Not admired equal to an ordinary brahmin who knows the deva basha Sanskrit which admires the Rithwigs only who could do Yagas and killing horses, drinking Soma liquor. Even Sankaratchariar was blamed for he travelled overseas and condemned by the Sanskrit community and neglected him. - “as a Brahmin should not cross the sea.” Hence, Abruptly the story told about Krishnan was not matching the native one and was a creation in later years after the Sanskrit was boomed in and as Deva basha. Nappinnai: Referring: Know About The Lord Krishna’s Wedding To Nappinnai Neelam SBy Neelam S “ “What Bhu Devi (Bhumi devi, Goddess of earth) is to Varaha avatara and Sri Devi (Sita) to Rama avatara, is Neela devi to Krishna avatara. Neela devi took avatar as Nappinai, daughter of Kumbagan (brother of Yashoda) and Krishna won Her hand after conquering the seven ferocious bulls of Her father. Nappinnai’s brother is Sudama. Sri Parasara Bhattar describes Krishna, intoxicated by Her beauty, as “Neela thunga sthana giri thati suptham”. Nappinai – Krishna cult is mainly limited to the Tamil speaking world. Nappinai is often referred to as Radha or Radharani or “Radhika” in North India. After waking up Nanda Gopalan and Yashoda, the Gopi’s proceeded to wake Goddess Nappinai who is the consort of Lord Krishna and the incarnation of Neela Devi Nachiar. ‘Oh daughter in law of Nanda Gopalan,’ addressed the girls. We know that Lord Krishna was only a child while residing in Vrindavan. Yashoda and Nanda Gopan hadn’t even performed the Upanayana ceremony for Him. Then how did the Lord get married to Nappinai while at Vrindavan? After lord Krishna’s incarnation Neela Devi Nachiar incarnated as the daughter of Yashoda’s brother Kumban near Nepal. As she incarnated after the Lord, she came to be called as “Pinnai” and as she is always good, the prefix “nal” was added to her name thus changing her name to Nappinnai. As soon as Nappinnai incarnated the happy Kumban purchased seven identical male calves from the market. ‘I am going to raise these seven bulls with my daughter. The young man who controls these seven when my daughter comes off age will get her hand in marriage!’ The next day when Kumban visited the barn, he was surprised to see that the calves had grown into adult bulls overnight as they were Asuras in disguise. The bulls started to torment the people and Kumban was unable to find a person who could control them. Soon Nappinai turned three years old when Yashoda visited her brother along with a five-year-old Krishna. ‘Your son is very beautiful! I can see that He will turn into a handsome youth. I wish I can promise Nappinai to Him but I made a foolish vow that I will give her hand in marriage only to the man who can control all seven bulls tied in my barn,’ said Kumban. Uncle, don’t worry,’ said Krishna, ‘I will subdue those bulls this very second! Kumban laughed at the sweet child but was terrified when Krishna went in search of the bulls. ‘Yashoda stop your son! I am afraid that He might get hurt!’ As Yashoda and Kumban rushed to the barn they found that Krishna had killed all seven bulls with one blow! ‘What a marvel!’ exclaimed Kumban. As promised, he gave Nappinai in marriage to Krishna but as they were only children, Kumban allowed Yashoda to take Nappinai with her so that she could raise the two together. This story is mentioned by Swami Desika in Yadhavabudhayam.”” Referring: Ramanans blog-Krishna’s Wife Nappinnai Of Thiruppavai Neela Devi ““Please refer Neela Suktha. During the Krishna Avatar, Nappinai, an Avatar of Neela Devi, was born, an Ayar (Yadava) girl of the local chieftain of the Pandyan land. Krishna Married her and had a daughter through her Pandiah, says Megasthanees. Her household requirements of dairy products were taken care by 365 families of Yadhavas – on a rotational basis of one each day finds similarity with the description in Silappadhikaaram, a Tamil Epic.”” Citation.http://www.tamilhindu.com/2009/12/who-is-nappinnai/ New finds take archaeologists closer to Krishna | Chennai News - Times of India “ “CHENNAI: The conch and the Sudarsana Chakra are unmistakable. Although the figures do not match popular images of Krishna sporting a peacock feather, archaeologists are convinced that the coins are of Krishna, revered as an avatar of Vishnu. "These square coins, dating back to 180- BC, with Krishna on one side and Balram on the other, were unearthed recently in Al Khanoum in Afghanistan and are the earliest proof that Krishna was venerated as a god, and that the worship had spread beyond the Mathura region," says T K V Rajan, archaeologist and founder-director, Indian Science Monitor, who is holding a five-day exhibition, In search of Lord Krishna,' in the city from Saturday. Having done extensive research in Brindavan, Rajan is convinced that a lot of the spiritual history of ancient India lies buried. "Close to 10,000 Greeks, who came in the wake of Alexander the Great, were Krishna's devotees. There is an inscription by Heliodorus, the Greek ambassador at Takshila, which reads Deva, deva, Vasudeva. Krishna is my god and I have installed this Garuda Pillar at Bes Nagar (now in Bihar),'" says Rajan. According to him the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has unearthed many sites that throw fresh light on the era of Krishna. "ASI is expected to release the full findings next year. Many of the unearthed artifact have a close resemblance to materials of what is believed to be the Harappan civilisation. The findings may show that Krishna's life was the dividing line between India's spiritual history and the society's gradual shift towards a materialistic one," says Rajan. Interestingly, a lot of what has been uncovered closely resemble the narration in the texts of Mahabharata and the Bhagavatham," he adds. It has been over five years since the discoveries were made at Dholavira near Dwaraka, close to Kutch. Much progress has been made due to the application of thermoluminescence study (TL) in ascertaining the age of artifact. "It is possible to get the diffusion of atomic particles in the clay pottery unearthed and arrive at an accurate date," points out Rajan. Dholavira itself is believed to be the capital city as detailed in the opening chapters of Bhagavatham. Rajan points to an image of a plough, made of wood, which is mentioned in the Bhagavatham. The findings could lay a trail to understanding Krishna's life (said to be 5,000 years ago) and times, as a historical fact, says Rajan. The exhibition will be open till December 31 at Sri Parvathy Gallery, Edams Road.” ”… Let Us discuss about the Geography said in Bharatham and Bhagavatham. Whether its matching with the geography of Today`s India. We noted that as per Bharatham the ‘Bharat Varsham’ is around Vindyas and Western Ghats. The river flows was Yamuna. Mahendra hills where Parasu Ramar lived and met by Pala Ramar after the holy bath at Tamira Bharani. After meeting Parasu Ramar he took holy bath at Pampa. Which is in Kerala now. The Geography noted in Ramayana which was written by Valmiki before Vyasa write Bharatham and Puranas. But The geography could not change as it was a nature one. Alps hill could not be in Himalayas ever. CHAPTER 3 Geography of India. We first look over today’s geography. Tamil Nadu Historical Period 1) Asthina Pura was between Yamuna and Ganges. It was the Capital of Guru Jangalam Country. 2) Indra Pirastham was on the banks of Yamuna. The capital of Pandavas. 3) Madura (i) was the capital of Kamsan. It was on the banks of Yamuna. Gokulam was at the other bank of Yamuna. Where Krishnan spent his childhood. Brindavan was near Gokulam. A garden where Krishnan played. Govardhana giri was at west banks of Yamuna which was lifted by Krishnan. 4) Saraswathi river was at the west side of Yamuna. Where Rishis made their Rishas. It was existed till Bharatham period. 5) Dwaraka was an Island surrounded by ocean in its all directions. It was near Yamuna. Referring:- The Hindu February 23 2007. CHENNAI: Ancient structural remains of some significance have been discovered at Dwaraka, under water and on land, by the Underwater Archaeology Wing (UAW) of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Alok Tripathi, Superintending Archaeologist, UAW, said the ancient underwater structures found in the Arabian Sea were yet to be identified. "We have to find out what they are. They are fragments. I would not like to call them a wall or a temple. They are part of some structure," said Dr. Tripathi, himself a trained diver. Thirty copper coins were also found in the excavation area. The structures found on land belonged to the medieval period. "We have also found 30 copper coins. We are cleaning them. After we finish cleaning them, we can give their date," he said. Dwaraka is a coastal town in Jamnagar district of Gujarat. Traditionally, modern Dwaraka is identified with Dvaraka or Dvaravati, mentioned in the Mahabharata as Krishna's city. Dwaraka was a port, and some scholars have identified it with the island of Barka mentioned in the Periplus of Erythrean Sea. Ancient Dwaraka sank in sea and hence is an important archaeological site. The ASI conducted a second round of excavations in 1979 under S.R. Rao's direction. He found a distinct pottery known as lustrous red ware, which could be more than 3,000 years old. Based on the results of these excavations, the search for the sunken city in the Arabian Sea began in 1981. Scientists and archaeologists have continually worked on the site for 20 years. The UAW began excavations at Dwaraka again from January 2007. Dr. Tripathi said: "To study the antiquity of the site in a holistic manner, excavations are being conducted simultaneously both on land [close to the Dwarakadhish temple] and undersea so that finds from both the places can be co-related and analyzed scientifically." The objective of the excavation is to know the antiquity of the site, based on material evidence. In the offshore excavation, the ASI's trained underwater archaeologists and the divers of the Navy searched the sunken structural remains. The finds were studied and documented. On land, the excavation is being done in the forecourt of the Dwarakadhish temple. Students from Gwalior, Lucknow, Pune, Vadodara,Varanasi and Bikaner are helping ASI archaeologists. In the forecourt, old structures including a circular one have been found. A small cache of 30 copper coins was discovered. An underwater archaeologist of the ASI examines an ancient structure off the shore of Dwaraka; a circular structure on the shore at Dwaraka; fragment of an ancient structure found underwater. 6) Mahendra giri (hills) where Parasu Ramar lived. It is in Bharata Varsham where Sukratchariar lived. There, Devyani daughter of Sukratchariar met Yayathi. The ancestor of Yadhavas. 7) ‘Naemi ch Aranyam’ a forest of Bamboo or a forest of ‘Dharpa grass’ mostly in Himalayas. (?). 8) Himalayas the great mountain was with Sandal, Vanni (Banni), Iluppai (mathu vanthigam), Bhir (Ilanthai), Portia (Poovarasu), Beech (Pungai), Kadamba, Arjuna, Jambu (Naval; Jamun) trees and also Agil trees. Kailayam or Kailash was there. These trees with Ponds full of Lotus were there. Kandarvas, Kuberan was residing there. Indran also There. (!). 9) Kandha Maathana Malai where Kandan, or Sanskrit ‘Skandan’ was living there. The hill is near Himalayas or one of the peaks of Himalayas. 10) Yamuna and Ganges appearing from Himalayas. People were celebrating Maha Deva temple festival there. In 2000 BC (Maha Bharatha period). 11) Agaththiar was residing near Kandha Maathana Malai (HILL), was residing near The Gothavari river bank, was residing near Thamira Bharani River bank, 12) Pali ruled Bharatha Varsham and killed by Vamana. 13) The milk sea which was churned with Maththira hill and ‘Vasuki’ rope. 14) Sibi king ruled Bharatha Varsham. 15) King Musu kundan was the chieftain of Suras. 16) The dog, “Saramaeyan” from Deva Loka. (Suras Loka). 17) King ‘Pandu’- father of Pandavas- with his wives went to Naga Satham mountain. Then he crossed Chaitra ratham – Kuberan`s garden and Kala koodam. Then he crossed Himalayas went to Kandha mathana hills. At the end he reached Sath Sirungam and did Thapas there. Referring 1. Aathi Paruvam. 7. Sambava Paruvam. (Telling the incidents). 18) Menaka gave birth to a female child at the banks of Malini River near Himalayas. Viswamithirar gone to Kowsiga river to do Thapas. 19) For King Chandanu and River Ganges ‘Kangeyan’ – Beeshmar born. 20) For Para Sarar and Satyavathi – a fisherwoman, Vyasar born. Satyavathi born to a Fish. 21) Chandanu`s son Chitrangathan and a Kandarva king Chitrangathan fought each other at the Ranvathi river banks. 22) Ambai did thapas at Bagootha river bank, Himalayas. Kandan- Subramanian, appeared and gave a garland. 23) Pandu told Gundhi devi , “In critical times, The lower caste may raise their heirs with the upper caste ones.” “Suyambuva Manu told in his Sanadhana Dharma, “To give birth to a upper caste son will give best benefits of Dhama.” 24) In Naga Loka “Vasuki” the king of Nagas came with his troop. “Aryagan” who was the great great grandfather of Beeman (Gundhi devi was his lineage) was there. He hugged Beeman. 25) There was a place called “Kavirththanam” at the banks of Ganges. There Bara thwajar matted with “Giru Thasi.” And Dronar born in the vessel . (Dronam= vessel). 26) “There was a grand festival for Siva at Varana Vatha city.” Vithurar told the secrets in “Milaetcha” basha. Pandavas went to the houses of Brahmins, Vysyas, Vellalahs, Sutras. Dharmar told Beema, “This house was built with kungiliyam, Arak, Bamboo. Around the house, things made of Cotton, Grass, Mat, Bamboo, wood were laid down.” “Kanagan” who knows tunnel work came there. (Kanagan- Kanagam = Gold; Pon= gold; Kanagan= Ponnan) 27) Yazar done a Yaga for Thrupathan. From that Yaga Thirusta thuiman and Krishnai (Droupathi) appeared. 28) Beeman walked from Varanavatham towards south direction from Ganges. After three days he walked, he reached one Banyan tree. There was a Pond with full of lotus. In that forest there was a big “Atcha” tree. 29) Idumbi was an angel called “Sala Kadangadi”. She was also called as Kamala Baligai. Pandavas walked through a forest way, the forest was between Panchala and Keesaga countries. Ega Chakra was town nearby. Pandavas halted there in a Potters house. From there in a Two Krosam distance at the Place where Yamuna appears there was a cave. Bagan lived there. The King of “Vedhra Kee Gruha” country not done anything against Bagan. Supply of Meat, Gingelly seed powder, ghee, Pulses, Papadam, the heated rice (Pori), the variety rices (Chitraannam) was done by the people. Beeman handed over the Bulls and cart to the Brahmin. 30) Droupathi got a bon from Siva. 31) From Eka Chakra country Pandavas walked towards North, and reached Panchala country. They reached the Ganges at Midnight. 32) Kandarvan told, “Arjuna! There is one Brahmin, called Thowmiar, He is at Uththara Kosa Theerththam. Make him as a prokit for you”. {Uththara Kosam is at Ramnad (12Kms from Ramnad), Tamilnadu. There was an ancient Siva temple for about 3000 years BP. (before present).} 33) Sirunjeyan son of Viyakra Pathar. (Viyakra Pathar lived in Cuddalore. The Siva temple where he worshiped and got Tigers` nails for climbing tree is at Thiru Pathiri Puliyur. Patham= foot) 34) Droupathi at Suyamvara had a garland made of ‘Arugam Grass’ and ‘Iluppai’ flowers. (Arugam Grass= Bermuda grass; Iluppai tree=honey tree, butter tree, Maducha Langhifolia). 35) Arjunan started from Indra Prastham crossed Lakes, rivers, Oceans, Holy places and reached the place where Ganges appears. Uloobi told Arjunan, “I am a Naga woman. My father is ‘Kow rav yan’”. Uloobi gave Birth to “ARA VAAN”. 36) After reaching the place where he left (the place where Ganges appears), he went to Himalaya foot slopes. There he crossed “Agaththia Vadam”, “Vasitta Parvam”, and reached Pirugu thungam. Then he reached “Hiranya Bindu” then he moved east wards. He crossed Uthpalini river, Nanda River, Apara Nanda river, Kowsiga river, Gaya. Maha Nathi. Then he croseed Anga, Vanga, Kalinga Countries. Then he went along the sea shore and saw so many temples (the worship places of other religions). 37) Arjunan reached Manalur. Chitrangathan ruled that country. He went to South sea shore. There he crossed Agaththiar falls, Sow Patra Theerththam, Bow Loma river, Karanthama Theerththam, Bharadwajar Theerththam. Then he returned to Manalur. Papru Vahanan was born to Chitranngathai. 38) Then he went to Kerala. From there he went towards west and arrived Prabasa. There he met Krishnan with Satya Bamai and went to Raiwatha Hills. Then Krishnan went to Dwaraga. There Yadhavas came there to celebrate “Giri Pooja.” 39) Yadhavas went to celebrate festival at the ‘Siva” temple which was in the Island. Krishnan returned to the Island from Dwaragai after Subaththirai`s marriage at Dwaraga. Subaththirai rode the chariot and with Arjunan she went towards Indra Pirastham. There at Raivathaga hills, Yadhavas chased the chariot. After crossing, many countries, cities, forests, hills Arjunan and Subaththirai reached Indra Pirastham. 40) Kandava Vanam (Kandava Forest) was full of Bamboo, Ilavu Vilvam, Kuru Kaththi, Jamun, Mango, Pipal, Jack fruit, Sangagam, Angola, Palm, Lemon, Mazhil, Sandal trees. Parrots, Peacocks were there. Krishnan and Arjunan with the help of weapons given by Agni- (Chakra for Krishnan) and Varunan (Kandeepam Bow for Arjunan) burnt the forest. 41) Thru Vaasar conducted the Satra Yagam for 100 Years. 42) Indran threw the Manthra Hills peak over Arjunan. Mayan surrendered Arjunan. Mayan told Arjunan, “I would go to ‘MyNaga’ mountain where Bindu Saras was. On North side of Kailayam the Mynaga mountain was there. The Virusha Parava King (Sukratchariar`s disciple) done a yagam there. 43) Naradhar told Dharmar to do “Raja Suya Yagam”. 2.Sabha Paruvam. 44) Krishnan told Dharmar, “Jara Sandan `s chieftain was Sisu Balan. Jara sandan defeated all BOJA kings. Many kings fled from North to South. Panjala Kings scattered by His force. I fought with Jara sandan 18 times. We could not kill him. We afraid of him, left Madurai and hided at ‘Kusasthali’ where small mountains (Rocks) was there. We built forts and lived there.” (In Tamilnadu Kusasthalai river there at…………….. But Its said in Sanskrit texts, after Jara sandan`s attack Krishnan and Pala Ramar went to Dwaragai Island.) 45) Jara sandan was born at ‘Giri Virajam’ in Magatha Country. Sage Chanda Kowsiya blessed him. 46) Beeman, Arjunan, Krishnan from Guru Shetram, Via Guru Jangalam country reached Bath Saras. After crossing many countries they reached Magatha. Piruga ththiran killed the Bull. With its Hide he made three Drums. 47) Arjunan marched towards North Direction. From Guru Shetram he defeated Kulinga country, Salva country, King Thumath Desanan, Kadaga country, “Prak Yo Jyothisham” country, Anthar giri, Ubaya giri, Ulooga country- Pirugandan, Kasmira country, Uraga Puri -Rosha Manan, Rishiga country, Himalaya, Nish kooda hill. (North Countries). 48) Beeman marched towards East direction. He defeated the kings of Panchala country, Vidhega country, Dasaarna country -Sudharma, Aswamehta swa, Sukumaran, Su mithran, Sisu Balan made a treaty, KUMARA VIJEYAM-Siraenima, after won many countries, then Videka -Janagan, Anga -Karnan, then he invaded all hill countries, Then Vanga country also won by him. He collected from them Sandal, Agil Tree blocks, Precious stones, Gold, Silver.. 49) Saha devan went towards South direction and invaded - Soora sena country, then after invading many countries he went to Gundhi Bojan, then defeated Avanthi country, then Neelan, Thri Puran, and many countries, then Chola country – Many Sages are living there, so many holy rivers are there- Marutham (Arjuna tree) , Vilwam , Atcha trees are there. Chola King met him and Given a peace treaty. Then he gone to Pandya kingdom. Pandya king was Father in law of Arjunan. Chitrangathai sent so many gifts, precious stones. Pandya king gave Precious Pearls, and so many materials. Then he went to Agaththiar Hills. Halted at Tamira Bharani river bank. He sent Gadoth Gajan to Sri Lanka to meet Vibishnan. 50) Nagulan went towards west ward – he defeated Rohitha country kings, Shyreeshagam, Mageththam, Akroshan Raja rishi, after defeating many countries, he defeated Bahlavar, Paarpar, Krathar, Yavanar. 51) Pandavas reached Asthina Puram after crossing Big dense forests, rivers and Gardens. (From Indra Pirastham). From Asthina Puram Pandavas walked three days and thrre nights and reached KAMYAGA forest. Krishnan told I was not at Dwaragai. I fought with Salvan who destroyed Dwaragai. 52) Pandavas came to Dvitha Forest where Palm, Mango, Iluppai (Madhu Vanthiga), Kadambu, Marutham (arjuna), Gonku trees were there. Peacocks, Water bids were there. Adjacent to that forest Saraswathi river was flowing. 53) Pandavas went to Kamyaga forest from Dvitha forest which was at Saraswathi river bank. Arjunan reached Himalayas from there in one day. Then he walked day and night and reached Kandha Maathana Hill. After seven days travel on foot, he reached Indra Keela Hills. He did Thapas there. The place was full of Thorns. Birds and Deer were found in large numbers. 3. Vana Paruvam. 54) In Nidatha Country – Veera senan`s son- Nalan. The neighbor country was Vitharba- Veeman was the king- Damayanthi was his Daughter. Nalan went to Ayothi after 10 days travel by walk. which was ruled by “Ruthu Parnan.” Damayanthi reached ‘Sethi” country. The chariot reached within one day from Ayothi to Vitharpa- Kundina Puram. (100 Yozana distance) 55) Thowmiyar told Dharmar about the Holy waters, rivers. In East direction – Naimisham, Gomathi river, Kowsiga river. Ganges. In South direction, Gothavari, Bayoshni, Tamira bharani. In West Narmatha river. In North Yamunai, Saraswathi rivers. 56) They started initially towards south direction. They reached Gothavari, then after taking bath in many holy places, they reached Naimisaranyam, Gomathi. Then Pandavas with Gowmiar reached Agaththiar Asramam. From there they reached “Pirugu” theerththam where Parasuramar took Holy bath. Then they reached Mahendra Hills. There they met Parasu Ramar. From there they went south direction and reached “Pira Sasthai” river. Then they reached Gothavari. Then Dravida Country there They took bath in Naree Theerththam, Agaththia theerththam. Then they crossed the sea country and reached Pirabasam. There they met Pala Ramar and Krishnan. From there they moved to Bayoshni river. From there they went to Narmada river. Then they reached Margandeyar Asramam. Then they reached Saraswathi river,. There they saw “Vishnu Patham”- Ujjanagam holy place. 57) Usee Nara country king SIBI. Sibi did Yagam here only. Then they crossed many Hills, forests and went towards Kailash. They crossed the place where Ganges appears. They reached Subahu`s country. From there they went to Nara Narayanars Asramam. There Deer, Pigs, Buffalos were in plenty. From there they went to Bhagirathi river which had beautiful step down and trees with flowers. There they resided six days. There at Kanda Maathana hill slopes Beeman searched for the Lotus flowers. There he saw a Banana garden which was grown up to a height of a Palm tree. He me Hanuman there. 58) Beeman went on Kandha maathanam hills. He reached the peak of Kailasa giri. There was a water channel near the Kuberan’s Palace. There the Sowkanthiga flowers were floating. 59) Pandavas went towards north and on the way seeing Mynagam mountain, Kanda Maathanam mountain, Meru hills. After 17 days on foot, they reached the peak. There they saw Virusha Parvas Asramam. They halted there for seven days. On eight day they left the Ashram and walked towards North. On fourth day, they reached Malyavaan mountain. From there they reached Kanda Maathanam hill. There Peacocks, Cranes with long bills, Singing birds (Kuil), Elephants with four tusks. From there, they reached Arshnaeyar Ashram. 60) They descended from Kandha Maathanam, Left Virusha Parva Ashram. On the way they saw the water channel with lotus flowers again. They crossed China province, Tushara country, THARATHA COUNTRY, then, they reached Kratha country and met Subahu. Then they went to the place where Yamuna appears. Next to that mountain there was a forest they halted for one year. Nahushan snake story. 61) At Kamyaga forest Margandaeyar met Pandavas. Referring: - Puranic India or The old 56 Kingdoms: written by P.V. Jagadheesa Iyer. First Edition in 1918. www.sandhya publications.com In introduction the author says, The Gaja Sastra book in the Saraswathi Library written by Bala Kapya given reference to write this book. “Chapter 1.- Guru Desam.: - Chandran `s hereditary – Yamuna and Neela waters` characters- The sculptor’s` skill- Hasthina Puram, Kailasa Pathi Shetram, Syamantha Panchagam created by Parasu Ramar- This country lies near Yamuna River which appears from Himalayas and runs towards south- North to Sura sena country, South to Bahliga country. There was no severe cold or snow falls. The rain starts from Chiththirai (April to September) and pour heavily till Purattasi. On North side and West side huge mountains were there. On the slopes of the Hills Big forests were there. In some places Heavy snow blocks (Glaciers?) found. White Buffalos, white horses and white cows were found. The Yamuna water seemed to be black. Neela appears from the hill which was at the west Hills and mingles with Yamuna. The river was so black than the Yamuna. Hasthina Puram was the main city. There was one Kailasabathi Shetram. That was built by Beema Rathan, a King belongs to Chandra hereditary. Near the town was Syamantha Panchagam. That Five Ponds. Still it is there. Very near to that Daneshwaram Kshetram. On South side of that Indra Prastham . The lineage of Chandra dynasty:- Brahma born from the Narayanan. From Athri`s tears Chandran born. Chandran was born from Narayanan`s mind, from Milk sea earlier. Now he was again born from Athri`s tears. Budhan married Vaivasa Manu`s daughter Ila, hence, Suryan and Chandran hereditary mingled. Pururavas who ruled the whole continent. Aayul born to Pururavas and Oorvashi. Nahushan, a snake, born to Aayul and Once he was in the seat of Indran. Yayathi son of Nahushan married Devyani daughter of Sukratchariar and Sharmistai daughter of King Virusha Parva (an Asura). Yadhu, Dhur vashu, Puru, Thruthyu, Anu born to Yayathi. Buru is the successor of Yayathi. Krishnan born in Yadhu`s hereditary. Janamae jeyan- {Charu Pathan- Suthyu-Bahulagan- Thusyanthan- Bharathan- Hasthi- Aja meetan- Akshan- Sambarnan- Guru. - Janhu – Janhu rishi stopped the Ganges when it brought by Bageerathan- Deeleban- Devaaabi- Chandanu- Bahllega- Beeshmar- Chitrangathan- Visitra veeryan- Pandu- Duriyodhanan- Dharmar- Abimanyu- Parikshit- Janamae jeyar.} Satha neegan- Sahasaaneelan- Maedhajan- Seemakrushnan- Nimisakran- Upthan-Chitra Rathan- Susi Rathan- Virushyaandi- Susenan-Suneethan-Nirushathan- suki neelan- Pari Paplan- Sunayan- Methavi- Nru Banjayan- thoorvan- thimi-pragath Rathan- su dasan- Thurththamanan- Mahi naran- Dhandapani- Nimi- Sesha Magan. Hasthinan built the City. It was drowned in the Yamuna`s flood. {Supposed to be Modern Delhi Province) Chapter 2:- Soora Sena Country. – This name was given because of AaNarththana Upa desam – Govardhana Parvatham – Brindhavanam- Kaliyan Lake – Pondy North – Pushkaram Theerththam- Madhura Puri- Gokulam- Shetra sovereignty. It lies – South to Guru country- North east to Kundala country- on the west bank of Yamuna – Straight eastward to Salva country. The soil of this country was very soft and Yamuna Delta province. Beautiful Grass, Sugar Cane, Wheat, Paddy grew well here. Near to this country there was a sub country called ‘Aanarththam’. In this Govardhana Mountain was there. A forest and city called Brindhavanam was there. Near to this ‘Kaliyan’ lake (Pond) was there. There was a Place called, “Pandi Vadam”. -As per the traditional custom of Yadhava community, peacock`s feather and ‘Kunthu Mani’ garland were worn by Krishnan , this place was called “Pandi Vadam” (Pandi = in Tamil The people of Pandia Kingdom, In Hindi – a dirty one, low caste, illiterate ; Vadam= in Tamil Rope, thread used to make garlands with flowers or semi-precious stones; In Sanskrit= Rope). On southwest of this country there was “Pushkaram” holy place. In North there were small hillocks. In That Govardhana giri was auspious. There were many forests. There were water channels with Lotus flowers, Sura Punnai, Punnagam, Deva Linga, Kadamba, Naval (Jamun), Mango, Jack, Kongu trees. Yamuna flows on North east and East. On the bank of Yamuna river, Madurai ( North Madurai) was there. On east side of Madurai there was Gokulam. Very near to that there was Brindhavanam. It was known from other texts that in Chandra dynasty there was a King called Sura senan. By his name this country was called. (Sura Sena – Sura= high powered; Sena= Army; Sura Sena country- The High-powered Army cantonment was there.) In Pushkaram a lake or a water body, a pond. Vishwa mithirar did Thapas here.{Supposed to be Modern Madura- Gujarat). Chapter 3:-Gundhi country. It lies – North to Gundala country- East to Aabira country- South to Sura Sena country- West to Naimisharanyam by the side of Yamuna. By the south where Sharanvathi river falls on Yamuna the land was very lower. On North and West there are Huge mountains. Very near to the mountains there were dense forests. Elephants and Tigers found in the forests. Sibi ruled this country once. Ancient name was “Usee Naram”. Gundhi was born to the Ruler of the country by the blessing of “Kali devi.” Gundhi devi went beyond Vindyas on south. Her statue was at Baba Nasam Temple pond. (Tanjore district, Tamilnadu.) {Supposed to be Modern RajPutna. Aswa Nadhi river once flew down this province) Chapter 4. Kunthala Country. It lies down – North to Dasaarna Country -South West to Sura Sena country – North East to Aabira country. Uloogam, sub country- Gowri giri- Pragath Kadaga Hills- Gowri giri called as South Himalayas- Oushathi Pura Viruththantham- Bargavi river- Middle of this country the Yamuna flows from Northward to South ward. On East side of Yamuna river there was a big hill called Gowri giri. The province around the Gowri giri was called as Ulootham. On south east there were Gowri giri and Pragath Gadam mountains. There were so many hillocks also. After “Tripura Samharam” Siva with Parvathi resided here. Its south Oushathi Puram. {Pragath = big, large; Kadagam= an ornament used to wear on the wrists; The slopes of the hill} The Mountain with great slopes. (!) Supposed to be Modern Rajputana territory. Pirugu`s son Bargavar. Bargavar resided in the river bank. Hence Bargavi river. Chapter 5. Viratha Country. In Kala Giri Brahma did Thapas. It was called as Brahma Giri. Satya Giri – Vanni tree- Pandavas resided here in Disguise. Uththarai- Abhimanyu marriage. It lies – South west to Sura Sena Country- South to Matsya country – East to Salva country. The soil is mostly mixed with red soil mixed with clay. Always rain shower here. In North there was Brahma giri, a huge hill. There was hillocks in Eastern Parts and at the banks of Sathathru River. There was no dense forest. Deer, Cows, Tiger, Bears were found. The country had an higher altitude in Northern Part, and very lower in Southern. Sathathru river Raised from North and flew down to South. The channels run down to Kaegaya Thri Kartha country. Brahma did Thapas in Kala giri. Naradhar told to do continue Thapas at Thundeera Province Kancheepuram. Once, in the mid of Himalayas, on the south west of Manasa Saras which on the North sides of Himalayas, there was Kailayam mountain. In it slopes, the peak of it was Satya Giri. There Parvathi was sweated due to heavy Sun. At that time Siva, appeared as a Vanni Tree to give Shadow and Parvathi relaxed under the tree. Parvathi prayed Siva, to give all comfort, Victory and Peace of mind who reside under the foot of the Vanni tree ever. This boon was accepted by Siva. Arjunan hided his weapons at the Vanni tree in Viratha Country. {Supposed be in the Rajputana). Chapter 6. Matsya Country. This country had its name because of its Sub country -Kusalyam- Gowda Rastram- Thurandara Hills- SathaKumba Neela, Vibasa Rivers- Kowsambi City- Rada city. This country lies – West to Guru Country- South West to Bahliga country- North east to Salva country and East to Vibasa river. The Eastern part of this country was called as “Kusalyam”. Some ruled in ancient times. At that time, it was called as ‘Gowda Rastram’. The people were called as “Gowdars”. They are very much learned people and they established a city called, “Rada”. In that there was a Library called ‘Saraswathi Sala’. The books from that spread across the country. Groundnut and Wheat was the crops cultivated. There was a Hill called ‘Duranthiram’ between this country and North side Thrikarththas country. In its eastern side slopes nearby northwest direction Sathathru river flew. The Vibasa river which starts from Himalayas near Amirtha Saras mingles with Sathathru river and at Northwest of Salva country spreads out and fall into Sindhu River. In The hills and hillocks around there, Ahil, Sandal, Jamun, Jack trees, Thinthuga, Kadamba, Tamarin, Ilavu (cotton), Poorjaram (poovarasu), Punnagam, Jamun (Naval) trees grew abundantly. In this country and around the four countries the katcha Kai and Kunthu Mani found abundantly. Satha Kumba and Neela rivers flow from North east to South west. Grapes were found. Kasturi Deer were found. After Pandavas, the ancient kings Dharma Kethu, Neethi Maan ruled this country. “Kusam Ban” son of “Kusan” established a city called “Kana sambi” near ‘Badrikashramam’. After thousands of years, the Kowda brahmins and Kowdars spread From Salva, Vitharba countries and ruled from Kowsambi to Matsya country for more than 100 years. Duranthiram Hill was in the middle between Vindyas and Himalayas. Kumbam= Pot; Barrel. People used to bind hundreds of Barrels and crossed the river. Satha Kumba river. {Supposed to be Province around Jaipur, Alwar, West of Sura Sena country) Chapter 7. Tri Kaarththa country. This name christened due to – Hari Giri, Irawatha river, Sathathru River- Thirusta Kethu history. It lies – South West to Kaegaya Country, South to Mathra country. near to Sathathru river. West part was fertile by Sathathru river. The other three Parts were with boulders and rocky surface, with a lot of Ups and downs. Very hard and in some places with Lime stone deposits. A big hillock on the river bed was called as Hari Giri or Vishnu Giri. Very cold and heavy rainfall occurs near the hillocks. On Northwest Iravathi river and on East Sathathru rivers were flew down. Iravathi appears from the peak of Himalayas, by flowing east ward in Mathra country, runs through Kaekeya country and fertile the West of the country. Vishnu appeared before ‘Ruseegan’ here, hence it was called Vishnu giri. Once, Shanmugan (Murugan), was caretaken by Ashwini Devis. At that time, with his great strength, he threw the Iravathi elephant into a Pond. The water from there found a way and flew as Iravathi River. {Supposed to be Modern Jalandhar and a part of the Lahore district.} Chapter 8. Kaegaya Country. Swarash country- Aruna Giri, Vibasa river – Kaekeya kings’ daughter Kaikayi. It lies – South west of Guru country – North of Thri karththaa country- South of Mathra country – on the banks of Iravathi river. In North a big hill called Aruna Giri. It lengthens along the Sathathru river towards North to a greater distance. Vibasa river mingles with Sathathru river. The King Sibi established some important cities in this country. His son Kaegaya ruled this. His daughter was Kaikeyi. The brother of kaikaeyi called Yuthajith. Chapter 9. Bahliga country. ‘Sakthi Sanga Mathanthiram’ book- Mahiham, Sakigam, Dalvi Sub Countries. - The foot hill of Himalaya- prathyantha Parvatham- Madhu Maan hill – Heavy snow fall- Horses were abundant- Susalai story – Ashvaththa viruksham- It lies between Saraswathi river and Vibasa river. From Himalaya foot hills to a greater distance South to North stretches up to North of Matsya country. It contains Kampoja countries` south part some provinces, Above Himalayas where Sindhu river runs, Up to East of Kratha country. At the North boundary end Rishikesh was there. The rivers Sathathru, Saraswathi, Vibasa appear in this country only. The hills were covered with Snow. No one can enter there. Near that hills there was one hill called ‘Madhu Maan.’ Aswa Sastra tells that the mares (Horses) were genuine. In Bahliga and Matsya countries, there were very good horse trainers and doctors for horses in this country. Chapter 10. Kosala country. Naiga Prushtam- Chitra kooda Parvatham- Kapala Giri- Naradhar Giri- Natha Parvatham- Sita Kundam- Sita Saras- Valmiki River- Ayodya city- Sahetham- Surya Dynasty- Hanuman – Kanpur city. It lies – South east of Panchala Country- South to the place where Ganges appears, Vedha Prayakai, Kethara Shetram, Nepal- West to Videha country- North to Nishadha country – Very far on East to Naimisharanyam- The Rivers appears in Himalayas – Sarayu, Thamasa, Ganges flew down this country. On South side near Prayakai Chitra Kooda Hills was there. On all the four directions there are Kapila Giri, Naradhar Giri, Natha Parvatham. Sarayu which appears from South of Himalayas and flew down southwards. It crosses Kosala country It falls into Ganges near Gaya, Magatha country. It flows near Ayothi. Thamasa river appears from Himalayas flows via Panchala country, reaches North Kosala country and turns directly Southwards, circles around Ayothya and flows down with Sarayu. On the Banks of Thamasa only, Valmiki with his disciple Bharadwajar saw a hunter killing a Male Krouncham bird. He said, “Ma Nishaatha” the first Slogan in Sanskrit. (The first slogan of Ramayana also). Near that Thamasa river there was an Asramam called as Valmiki Asramam. It’s on the bank of Valmiki river. Near this Kosala Country west side and South side on the banks of Ganges there were Forests. Elephants were found. Surya dynasty ruled this country. In Surya dynasty – Isksh Vahu, Vikushi, Anaranyan, Prathu, Thri Chanku, Hari Chandran, Rohidharan, Kuvalayatchavan, Yuvanatchvan, Manthatha, Ambareeshan, Musu Kundan, Bharathan, Saharan, Amsu Maan, Dlleban, Bageerathan, Raghu, Sibi, Ajan, Dasarathan, Raman- ruled this country as per Ramayana. Near Ganges, there was a town called “Kana Puram”. On its South, Magandhi town where Pandavas dwelled some time. “Kaguth (S) than” and his wife “Manonmani” `s daughter “Daravathi” left Ayothya and went to ‘Bogavathy’ town to do Suyamvara for Daravathi – Kalika Puranam. Chapter 11. Panchala Country. Kanchanatchi Hill- Kanchanatchi river- Ganges river- Haridhwar- Hareenee sila Rock- Gangothri (The place where Ganges appears)- Brahma Kabalam- Badrikashramam- Vishwa mithirar Shetra- Kethara Shetra- Kanvar Asramam- It lies – Northwest of Kosala country- East to Guru, Bahliga country- Near Himalaya slopes Ganges – On the west near Ganges Kantchanatcham hill was there. There were big dense forests. Kanchanatchi river flows down from the hill. On east to Ganges in a long distance Thamasa river flows towards South. Haridwar was at the Northern boundary. There was one Statue of hareenee who was cursed by Thruna Bindu. On the Southwest Part, at the Himalayan foot hills Saraswathi River appears. To North of it, Amirtha Saras and Gangotri (The place where Ganges appears), Brahma kabala all exists. On south of Haridwar there was a river called Kapila and mingles with Kanchanatchi. There was Badrikashramam. On south of Badrikashramam Naimisham Shetra was there. The other name was Naimisharanyam. Chapter 12. NIshatha country. Aanarththam Upa Desam. - Natha Giri- Nishaatha Puram- Mavintha town- Nala king- It lies – On South of Naimisharanyam- East to Dasaarna country- North to Sethi country- West to Prayakai between Ganges and Yamuna. On south Yamuna, On North Ganges. It was like a bow and extends From Prayakai, on west to Naimisharanyam. Natha Giri hill was the biggest one. Nalan ruled this country. {In Tamil “Naidatha Kavyam” written by Pugalendhi (13th Century). It was noted that Mavintha town. Some later Sanskrit texts only, mentions his country as Nishaatha Country.” Nalan worshiped Siva here to get rid of Sataurn`s torture. He dug a Pond; it is called as Nala Theerththam. It is one of the Saptha Vidanga Sthalam. Tharparanyeswarar is the main deity. Saptha Vidanga Sthalam = Indran gave seven Emerald Siva lingas to Musu Kundan, the King of Arur. Musu Kundan established them at 1) Thiru Arur. 2)Thiru Vai Mur. 3) Thiru Nallar. 4)Thiru Karayil, 5) Thiru Vavaduthurai, 6) Thiru Kuvalai, all in NagaPattinam District. 7)Thiru Vottriyur -Chennai.} Chapter 13. Nishaatha country. Nathathvaram- Thri Puram- Kangala giri- Thiru vathigai. It lies – East to Avanthi country- By North in the mid of Vindya hills. On South there was Vindya hill. One peak was called as Kankala Giri. Kankalam= Bones. Once Three asuras got boon from Siva and had three Castles- One Iron, One Copper, One Gold. With these they travelled all over the world and disturbed the Yagas of Rishis. Siva Burnt them to ashes. He garlanded their bones. Sivas ATTA VEERATTA THALANGAL: Sivas Eight Actions against the injustice behaviors. Thirumandhiram has reference to all these eight deeds. காவிரியின் கரைக்கண்டி வீரட் டானங் கடவூர் வீரட்டானங் காமருசீ ரதிகை மேவியவீ ரட்டானம் வழுவை வீரட்டம் வியன்பறியல் வீரட்டம் விடையூர் திக்கிடமாங் கோவல்நகர் வீரட்டங் குறுக்கைவீ ரட்டங் கோத்திட்டை குடிவீரட் டானமிவை கூறி நாவில்நவின் றுரைப்பார்க்கு நணுகச் சென்றால் நமந்தமருஞ் சிவந்தமரென் றகல்வர் நன்கே. 1)Thiruvadhikai – Thri pura samhaaram – at Panrutti, Cuddalore district. Appar 7th Century sang so many songs on this temple. Very ancient temple from 3rd Century AD. 2) Thirukovilur - An^dhakAsura sUdhanam- Anthakasuran spread darkness throughout the world. Siva with his Trishul killed him. Thirumanthiram describes that The darkness (passion over worldly things) over the soul could be cleared by Sivas worship only. The temple is near Thiru Anna Malai. 3)Thiru Kadavur – Yemen chased Margandaeyar and to take his soul. Siva appeared from The Shrine and Kicked Yemen. From Sirkazhi 22 Kms. In Naga Pattinam district. 4) Thiru Vazhuvur – Tharuga Vanam- To teach a lesson for the rishis, Siva killed the Elephant which was sent by rishis. Gaja Samhareswarar. Near Peralam, Nagapattinam district.5) Thirukkurukkai – Manmathan was burnt to ashes when he disturbed Siva while doing Thapas. (Deep meditation). 6) Thiru Pariyalur – Siva as Veera Badran shaved Dakshan`s head. Sempon Palli- Naga Pattinam district. 7)Thirukkandiyur - Brahma sira kaNDichcharam – Siva took Brahmas one head when he was mad on Thiloththama`s beauty and chased her in Passion. (Thilam= Eal- gingelly), 8) Thiruvirkudi - Siva Killed Salanthiran with the chakra by dividing his body into Two. Nishhathar = Hunters. The land was dry and with ups and downs full of bushes and rocks, small forests. Chapter14- Sethi country. North of Vindyas. - Hill country- kruthi rajan father of Sisu Balan. It lies in – at Vindyas – extends from where Sona river appears from Northeast of Vindyas to on west Vitharbas boundary, this stretches like a Bow. - at Southbank of Sarmanvathi river and Yamuna river Bank. This Sethi and Magatha countries were called as Hill countries. Some Scholars and texts Says that as these countries lied north to Chitra kooda Hill and Vindhya hills , Chitra kooda country and Vindhya country. The country which lies on Northwest of Vindyas called as Koorjara Country also a Hill country. {Supposed to be in Central India}. Chapter15.Dasaarna Country. Uththamam, Ara Vadam are sub countries. – Vayu Hills, Hanuman- Kanda Forest- Hema lekai story- It lies North West to Sethi country- On the both Banks of Sarmanvathi river. The province North of Sarmanvathi river known as ‘Uththamam’, whereas the south of Sarmanvathi called as ‘Ara Vadam’. The cotton, Silkworms, Wheat were produced. Near Vithisha town south to Sarmanvathi river bank side there were hills and hillocks. There was Vayu Giri. Here only Hanuman was born. Vandana river appears from the Kundala country mountains, and flew down towards South and fell into Sarmanvathi river. On the North of Vithisha town, in the middle of Vandana and Yamuna Kandava forest was there. Once, Muktha Sudan (Muktha= Muththu; Pearl; Sudan= one who adored) ruled this country. He had two sons- Hema Sudan, Mani Sudan. They went for a hunt in the forest nearby Sahahya mountain. They ran over when there was a heavy rain. They split and Hema Sudan arrived Vyakra Patha Asramam which was at Venaa river. There he met Hemalekai and married her. She advised him to worship ‘Devi’ to maintain the soul in a positive and peaceful way. {Supposed to be in Central India). Chapter 16. Vitharpa country. It also known as Bojja Kadagam. - Elephants, Deer were abundant- Maha mountain- Kumbila river- Komantham- Kundina Puram- Thamayanthi- Loba Mudra- It lies from Vindyas south foothills- In west up to the place where Narmatha appears – In East up to the place where Sibara river appears- Maha giri was a big mountain equal to Vindyas. Kundina Puri was the Capital town. Damayanthi was born here. Agaththiar married Loba Mudra in Manthagam. {In Historical period it was called Berar Province. It was known as Boja Kadakam in regional texts.} Chapter 17. Avanthi Country. Monkeys – Kandavaan Hills- Kali sindhu River- Visala town- Boja Rajan- Kalidasa – Maha Kalar Shetram. It lies- West to Vitharba country- From where Sarmanvathi river appears on the Northern slopes of Vindyas. - West to Nishaatha country- East to Koorjara country. In North there was huge mountains like Vindyas. There was a huge hill called as Kandavan hill. In that, Sandal, Ahil, Forest banana mountains were there. Bamboo, Tamarin trees were plenty. Heavy dense forests were there. Kandavathi river flew down and mingles with Sarmanvathi river. Kalidasa told in his songs “Kalinthu” river. Vikramaditya ruled from Ujjain which was at sibra river. North to Ujjain there was one Shetram called Maha Kalam. There was one Siva temple there. Dense forests were found at Ara Valli mountain range and in Adarsha giri. ‘Patti’ the minister of Vikramaditya wrote down the “Patti Kavyam” - a script done in Sanskrit and treated by Sanskrit scholars as the Notes for “Panini Grammar” - for Sanskrit Language. Kali Dasa was born in a village north to the Mahakalam temple wrote the “Sakunthalam” in Sanskrit. He did more scripts in Sanskrit. A thing is to ponder is Sanskrit was not the mother tongue for Patti and Kalidasan. {Supposed to be in Central India). Chapter 18. Malava country. Boja Rajan. It lies – North East to Koorjara country- Northwest to Avanthi country – East to Asthamana Giri- On the west of this country on the west seashore there was one mountain called as Astha giri. At Simma country, to the Southeast, on the banks of Bramma Putra where it fell down on the east sea, there is a hill called as Udaya Giri. In Dasa Puram Boja Rajan was born. Anooba town was ruled by Kaarththa Veeryan. Gajendran elephant got Vishnu`s darshan and reached heaven from here. Udaya giri was ruled by Kalinga kings for a long time. Camels were found. Camels were used in all domestic activities. Chapter 19. Konkanam or Sourastra Country. Jillagam sub country- Godavari river- Kishkindhai- Panchavadi- Pali – Kanigai`s story. It lies- North to Maharashtra- By the South foothills of Vindyas to West seashore up to Pandu Ranga Shetram – had another name Sourastra. Western side along seashore only rocks, hillocks and mountains found. On eastern side Cotton and Groundnuts were cultivated. On eastern side, so many hillocks and Thanda garunyam forest were found. Gothavari appears from the South East hill and flew down towards east. On the Gothavari river bank by South side there was Panchavadi and Kishkindhai. On North of Panchavadi Pali ruled and Vamana killed him. Kanigai wife of Satya Seelan was with bad habits lived with his husband. Even after the death of her husband, she lived with bad relationships. In her next birth, she was born to a prostitute at Gothavari. She was fainted by ill health and affected by so many diseases. One day, she heard the people were travelling to “Mahamagam” Kumbakonam, to solve their Sins. She joined with them and walked behind them. They told her so many stories. After reaching, Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, she took the holy bath and cured off from her ill health and sins. (Konkan, Bombay Presidency). Chapter20. Koorjara country. Vindyas- Koveri Donkey- Madhu Maan hills- Gomathy River- Narmatha River- Dwaraka Shetram- ‘Kanni Kantha Puram’ written by Venkatadri in the book “Visva Guna Darsanam”. It lies- On the west of Vindyas- South to Astha giri- Near to Gomathi and Narmada river- Aam Kooda hills slopes- Camels, Koveri Donkeys, Horses were abundant. Gomathy which appears from MaduMaan foothills flew down towards west of this country. Narmatha which appears from South of Amara kooda mountains flew down west ward. (Supposed to be todays Gujarat). Chapter 21.Aabira country. Adarsaa Valli – Aara Valli hills- Hindhu river- Sisu Balan- Yadhavas- It lies – East to Sindhu country- West to Kundala, Gundhi countries- North to Thri Kooda Hills. On South-east and South Aara Valli hills encroached the maximum province. A big Desert was found near by The Aravalli hills range. On the West boundary Sindhu river flows. Sethi Country king Sisu Balan ruled this country with Vanayu, Bahliga countries also. Cows were plenty. Yadhavas dominance. {Supposed to be part of Rajputana.} Chapter 22. Salva Country. Vibasa, Sathathru rivers- Sara Veera Pura Town- - It lies North to Aabeera country, West to Viratha, Sura Sena countries, South of Sathathru river. In this country Silk production and Sugarcane, Grapes cultivation were done. Ancient city was once there – Kara Veera Puram. Chapter 23. Sindhu Country. Neela Giri- Hindu and Pivasa rivars- Padalavathi river- Horses. It Lies – South to Vanayu Country- West to Aabeera country- North to Sou veera country- Up to The Pariyatram- Kula Parvatha mountain range- There was a mountain called Neela Giri – on the four directions there was dense forests. In the forests, Bamboo, Kadambu, Iluppai trees were found. All types of snakes with multiple heads, all type of Scorpios was found. Elephants, Tigers, Bears were found. {In Kula Parvatham hill Pandya king ‘Indrathuiman’ did Thapas. Agasthiar cursed him to be an elephant. He was the “Gajendra” elephant which was rescued by Narayanan from the Crocodile. – Bhagavatham}. Here only Vibasa, Iravathi mingles with Sindhu. On the west side of forests Horses were found in Plenty. Ragu the ancestor of Raman once crossed Aparantha hill forest, at that time, the Horses in the Army, crawled down in the Sind river bank. The “Kunkum flowers” powder stuck to the neck of the horses. At the South west end of this country the Dwarakai island was there. (Bhagavatham). {Supposed to be in Pakistan`s Sind province). Chapter 24. Sow veera country. Pariyatram hills- Tri kooda hills- Deva giri- Hindu river. It lies – South to Sind country- North West to Malava country- At South West end, By West up to Pariyatram hills, By South East Up to North west of Tri Kooda hills. At North East near Vitharpa country there was a mountain called Deva Giri. Once Su Veeran King ruled From Himalayas to Vindyas. His Capital had been here. Chapter 25. Paraseega Country. Ratha Chitra river- Maha Hills- Seema Hill- Precious stones- Horses- This country lies – West to Parpara country- South West to Khandhara and Kratha – On South Maha Hills range- on North the Big mountain of Kratha country- On East Parpara country hill range. By North Near Maha Hills there was a Hill called Seema hill. Ratha Chitra river was the main river appears from Parpara country Hills range. Bamboo, Cane, Grass, Kadambu, Teak, Jack, Poorjaram, found in the forests. Emerald and Cats eye stone beryl, found here. The people lived here called in Sanskrit texts Yavanas. Raghu rajan invaded this country. {Supposed to be Persia} Chapter 26. Vanayu Country. It Lies South to Parpara Country- North to Sind Country- In North Sagam and Gaksham mountains were there. A river called Kanyaga arouse in these mountains and flew down towards South and then turned to East to mingle with Sindhu river. Horses were in abundant. Ganar son of Kargar wrote the Aswa Sastram. {Supposed to be a Part of Pakistan`s Sind Province} Chapter 27. Parpara Country. It Lies South to Kanthara country- on the west bank of Sind river. Pariyatra hills North Range mountains, Maha Hills South range mountains stretches South to North like Vindyas. Blue monkeys, Black monkeys, White monkeys, the fox, the forest dogs, Forest goats Found abundantly. Sind river flew down on North to South by East part of this country. The Peepal Trees Found in plenty. {Supposed to be North East of Punjab} Chapter 28. Kiratha country. West to Kashmir- North East to Kiratha country- North West to Mathra country. On West the Maha Malai hills completely covered. Maximum area was covered by Rocks and boulders and hillocks. People were mostly Hunters. {Supposed to be British India`s North West Province}. Chapter 29. Kandhara Country. West to Kashmir Country- North east to Kiratha country- North west to Mathra country. Maha Hills Range annexes the West. The small rivers from the Hills flew down from West to East and turned to South to mingles with Sindhu river. {Supposed to be British India`s North West Province}. Chapter 30. Mathra country. South west to Kashmira country- West to Kaekeya country- Between this country and Kaekeya country stretching by North East there was a mountain called Bahu Koodam. On West Sindhu river and South east Iravathi river flew down. {Supposed to be Northwest of Punjab.} Chapter 31. Kashmira country. It lies - In North India North West of Himalayas. North Side of Maviram and South side of Ganithi. The central of the country and west of the covered by full of hills. There were many forests within these mountains. Lion, Tiger, Bears were found. Elephants were found. Sanskrit Pandits were there. Murari who wrote ‘Anarkka Ragavam’, Sree Harshan who wrote Naishata kavyam, Gandana Kathyam, ‘Viththasala Panchigai’ lived there. Supra yogai which appears in North and flows towards South crosses this country and falls into Sindhu river. Silk worms production done here. (sericulture). The capital town was Pushkala vathi. Yayathi ruled this country. Before him, ‘Vara gunan’ ruled this country. In the slopes of Himalayas at Kunkuma Giri hills, there was a library called ‘Saraswathi Salai’. Kapileshwarar Siva temple was there. ‘Raja Dharangini’ and ‘Kadambari’ Sanskrit texts, 13th Century describes the parts of this country. In Sanskrit Text, “Ralayorabetha”- ‘Pushkalam’ cloud always pours rain. As this cloud found in the Place the city called as Pushkalavathi. This type of Clouds found in Himalayas, Vindyas, Kalinga mountain, Mahendra Mountain, Kerala Dakshina Neela Giri, Varaha Hills In Palani Hills, Pandri Malai, Adalur, Kodaikanal. Arjunan did Thapas at Indra Keela Hills (Beja Vada near Krishna river). {Supposed to be Kashmir State.). Chapter 32. Kamboja country. It lies North East to Kashmera Country – The Upper Himalayas- In the slopes up to Foothills of Himalayas. Angola trees found in abundance. Elephants were found. Horses were found. ‘Karkam’ white horses were abundant. Sypya and Satha neera rivers flew down on East of this country. These Angola trees characters specified in ‘Gaja Sastra’ wrote by Muni Vyasar; and in ‘Gajayur Vedam’ wrote by Bala Kapyar. {Supposed to be in Todays Nepal} Chapter 33. Nepala Country. It lies North West to Panchala country- North to Kosala Country- West to Aratta country and South to Himalayas. Kowsigi river Flows to Southward and falls in Gaya Shetram. In East side of Kowsigi there was Aratta country and West of Kowsigi was Nepala. It was also known as Kandagi. Salagramam found there. Thavala puram was in this country. ‘Appaya Dikshithar’ wrote “Kuvalaya nantham”. In it described that ‘Lalitha puram’ was near Thavala Puram. The people`s occupation. {In South India near Vanda Vasi there was one Thavala Giri. Thavala giriswarar temple was there which was very ancient.} {Supposed to be todays Nepal.} Chapter 34. Aaratta country. It Lies East to Nepal- Stretched down from Gangorpathi (where Ganges appears) in south up to Himalayas foot hills. Horses and Elephants were found. The horses were good quality one. {In Nagulan`s ‘Aswa Sastram’ describes these horses were good one. Mathan`s “Sisubala Vatham” also says about these horses.} {Supposed to be Modern Behar Province- Bihar} Chapter 35. Vidhega Country. It lies East to Kosala Country- North to Anga country- In West – Kandagi river`s East there were Malatham country and Karusam Sub countries. Valmiki`s Ramayana mentioned That. There were no hills. Small forests were there. Kus Amban son of Kusan established Kusambee city. Kusa Naban established Mahodaya. ‘Thoor th Thajas’ established Dharma Aranya city. Vasu established Giri Virajam. Ramayana tells about this. Mithi established Mithila. Deva Rathan ruled this country. Janagan father of Sita Devi ruled this country after him. {Supposed to be Bihar province.} Chapter 36. Parvatha country. It lies in Himalayas eastern end- East to Aratta country- West to Prag Jothisha country- Hunters only living there- The Himalayan Range covered all the spaces. Maha Veha river flows down from Himalayas. Athithi, Thithi, Kashyabar story. Chapter 37. China country. It lies – In North east of India. The people are white skinned. (!). In Maha Bharatha - Kosala kings and Guru Kings Ruled this country once. (!). Chapter 38. Kama roopa country. It lies- North to Simma country- South to Prag Jothisha country- East to Vidhega country- Dense forests with teak, Gonku, Bamboo trees were there. This stretches up to Bramma Putra. There was Gaja giri and Aswa giri on the banks of Brahma Putra. Kalidasa`s “Ragu Vamsam” tells that Raghu Rajan was gifted by Priceless precious stones by the king. {Supposed to be Assam territory}. Chapter 39. Prag Jothisha country. It lies – Himalayas Eastern End- The capital town was Puravathi which was on the banks of Salini river. Thabana giri was in the South of this country. Brahma Putra flows by west side of the country and flows down South ward across this country. Narakasuran ruled this country. {supposed to be in Assam and a part of Bangla desh} Chapter 40. Simma country. It lies- East to Vanga country- South to Kama Roopa- on the Bbanks of Brahma putra up to Udaya giri. On the west Revathi river flew down by South. Paranthara puri was the capital city. Kalidevi temple was there. Thri Chanku did thapas here. {Supposed to be Chitta gong province}. Chapter 41. Uthkala Country. It Lies – South to Chitra kooda hills- East to Kekaya country- Maho dhathi bank to the place where Vaitharani appears- South of Mahothathi Megala country, North of Mahothathi called Palladam. In the west there was Kandarva Giri. From there maha nathi flows down and crosses the country. {Supposed to be Orissa} Chapter 42. Vanga country. It Lies – East to Anga country- Prauakai to Kasi – In Eastwards up to Culcutta- Udaya giri. Boundra country- culcutta. On the west Kara Vadam. There were two hills Hara Giri; Hari Giri. Karna Swarnam was the capital. Kasi was there. Chapter 43. Anga Country. It Lies- North west to Vanga country- South to Vithega country- near to Kandagi. Dasarathan ruled Kosala country. At that time, he called Rishya Sirungar here. Near Samba town Kandagi and Kowsiga rivers combines together. On south of Samba town there was Agaththiar Asramam. Vishnu as Vamana placed his First feet near that Asramam. As Manmanthan was burnt by Siva, His body fell down here hence Anga country. Duriyodhanan crowned Karnan as the King of Anga. Ammbaligai was married to Visitra veeryan. (Pandu`s mother). Karnan donated his diamond teeth to Krishnan when he was killed by Arjunan. - Maha Bharata. Chapter 44. Magatha Country. It lies – South to Kasi from Prayakai Shetram to In East by Kaya Shetram – In South Up to Chitra Kooda Hills. In East Palkunee River, In South Sona River were there. Chitra kooda hills known as Kamatta Giri. Here Palgunee river flows. Devi Gandhi river, Giri Kana river, Vaitharani river appear from South of Chitra kooda and falls in Ganges. Forests were there. Bamboo, cane, Forest banana trees, Teak trees were found. South of Kaya there was KOlahala Giri. Magathi river was there. On south of Mahathi, there was Dharmaaranyam. “Kaya Mahathmiyam” book Vishnu Placed his leg over Kaya Asuran and killed. A Vishnu Foot was in the Rock nearby here. The soverignity of Katchaya Patham, Ganesha Patham, Akshaya Vada Viruksha Smaranam told in this book. Jara Sandan ruled this country. Kamsan married his Daughter. (Asthi Prapthi). (Raigir is Giri Virajam). {Supposed to be in Today’s Bihar`s Province}. Chapter 45. Kaekeya Country. It lies – Magatha country`s Chitra Kooda foot hills- To - In East it stretches up to Uthkala country- In South Mahendra hills (It’s in Vindyas Range). In North Citra Kootam hill was there. In East Bahroopam hill, In South Kahala Hill were there. Maha Nathi arouse from Kahala hill. In North at the North West of Vindyas Slopes Sona River rises. Thandaka Aranyam Forest extends from Prayakai to Mahendra Hill (Vindyas) in South. When Indran hit “Danu” with his Vajrayudam (The backbone of Thathisi) His head went into his body. After that, Danu was called as Kabandan. He lived here. Ramar and laksmanan cut his hands with their swords. (Sanskrit Ramayana and Maha Bharatha). It was a dense forest. Mahi S Mathi was its capital town. It was near the foot hills of Megala Giri. Kaarththa Veeryan ruled this country. Padma Puranam. {Supposed to be in Central India}. Chapter 46. Kalinga country. It lies – South to Utkala country – From Brahma river where it falls into the Sea To – Spreading up to Simma Salam along the sea shore- On the West there were Hillocks of Mahendra Hills Range. Sri Koorma Giri, in south Badra mountain, Simma Mountain were near to that range. At the foot hills of Sri Koorma Giri Parasurama Asramam in a Cave. Thantha Puram was the capital. In South of It Jagannatha Shetram, Bhuvaneswara Shetram were there. Jagannathar temple was there. Badra hills (Badra Salam) Ramar temple, Simma hills (Nara Singar) temple were there. {Supposed to be Today`s Orissa}. Chapter 47. Andhra Country. It lies – East to Yavana country- South to Kalinga - Stretches along East Seashore SOUTH AND WEST. In the middle of Andhra Ahopila hill Range found. East to Yavana country there were hills. From Maha Rastra the Gothavari river reaches here via Yavana country. Kalidasa and Bojan noted a town called Eka Sila. It was noted as Vonti mitta. A Krishnan temple was there. Chapter 48. Yavana Country. It Lies – South east to Maha Rastra- North to Kulintha Country- West to Andhra country. Gothavari river fertile this country. At South The Pampa which appears from Malyavan Hills flows into the Country. Beema river, Krishna river, Thunga badra river flows into this country. Yavanars =Persian invaders. Venkathri wrote “Viseeva Guna Darsam”. {Supposed to be Hyderabad Province}. Chapter 49. Maha Rastira Country. It lies -From Konkana country to Gokarana Shetram along West coast. - west to Yavana country- South west to Thandaka Aranyam, Panchavadi- At North near Panchavadi The Ruchya muga Mountain- Malyamaan Mountain- Kalyana Puram and Mahampara Puram were the towns. Beema Rathi flows near Kalyana Puram. By North end of this country Nera Sea shore “Nathathvaram” Siva temple was there. In South “Pandu Rangam” Temple was there. MahamBaburam = Paitan= This city and Dwaraga city was surrounded by Seas in all directions. Salivahanan was born in Kalasal town. Chapter 50. Kulintha country. It lies- South to Yavana Country- North to Dravida country- Between Thungabadra and Krishna rivers- “Vae Mannan” The king wrote “Badya Kavyam” in Telugu, he described the Infrastructure facilities he done for the irrigation. This country was ruled by Vellalas- the people belongs to the agriculture- Farmer. community. Chapter 51. Dravida country. It lies- South to Krishna River- North to Chola Country- Stretched up to Karnataka country. On all four sides there were hillocks only. Venkata Hills (Thiru Pathi), Kala Hasthi, (Kadika CHalam)- At south Vedha giri, Hasthi Giri, Aruna Giri, Deva giri. Venketesa Mahatmiyam- kala hasthi Siva Temple- Kadika salam (Cholingar) Nara Simha temple. - Thiru Kazhu Kundram (Vedha giri)- Aththi Giri- Varatha perumal temple- Thiru Annamalai (Aruna Giri)- Sanjee Puri (Chengee Fort). Kanchee Purm was the capital city. Chapter 52. Chozha Country. (Chola Country). It lies – South to Dravida country- North to Pandya country. There were no forests or Hills. Banana trees and coconut trees found in abundance. From Karnataka country Kudagu hills Kavari river arises and flew into this country and making Deltaic region. Kavera king who ruled Poompuhar worshiped Brahma. Vishnu`s Maya gave birth to him and flew down as Kaveri river. Once Loba Mudra prayed Vishnu. Vishnu told her “Brahma would do worship Him at a Nelli Tree. (Vishnu himself would take the form of that tree). At that time, he would pour the Viraja River water through a Chank on the foot of the tree. You will run as the Kaveri river from there. I will be born as Thathathreyar at the place where the river appears. Moreover, I will be at The Sri Rangam Island also.” At Swetha Aranyam (Thiru ven kadu) Siva temple was there. (As per Tamil Vedas there were Six forests considered as Holy one. Saya Vanam= The Grass forest; Palla Vanam= Palla trees; Thiru Ven Kadu: With white sand; Mullai flowers. Thalatchan Kadu- flower; ………………………… Chapter 53. Simmala country. It lies – In Pandya country -South East to Rameswaram in a distance – An Island surrounded by Sea- There are Some huge hillocks. - Simma Giri was the bigger one- Vena river arouse from this and Flew down East ward. Corals and Precious stones available here. {Supposed to be Ceylon} Chapter 54. Pandia Country. It Lies – South to Chozha Country- East to Kerala country. On South of this country Malayam, Tharthuram, Maha Hill mountains were there. In West Vrusha Giri (Azhagar Hills), Varaha Giri (Adalur Pandri Malai hills), In East of the country Maha Nathi East Sea, Ratnagaram south sea a water Passage (Like Suez Canal) was there. It was called Pampan. It divides Rameswaram and Indian Peninsula. In South Vaigai and Tamira Bharani rivers were there. At the river mouth of Tamirabharani to Sea Pearl fishing was the main occupation. Sri Ramar Tharma Sayanam at Thiru Pullani. “Ha Lasya Mahathmiyam” Sanskrit text describes the 64 Incidents which are involved by Siva to favor his devotees. Chapter 55. Kerala Country. It lies- South sea and Arabic sea where merges at the South end point of this Indian peninsula to stretches a long distance by West along Western Ghats. In That Anandha Giri was an important one. Kandha Mathana Malai Was there. There were small forests where the herbal plants, Herbal trees, Cardamom, Pepper, - plants- Sandal trees found in abundance. Elephants were found. Parasu Rama Shetram : the sea left behind the land and went down well inside as per the requisition of Parasu Ramar. Parasu Ramar Stayed here for Ever. Chapter 56. Karnataka country. It Lies-North to Kerala- South East to Maha Rastra- North West to Dravida country- Gogarna hills Range Spread on; South of this country. Camels and Elephants Found. In Yadhu Giri there was Krishnan`s temple (Thiru Narayana Puram). Pali`s son took the Crown of the Idol. Garuda fought with him and got back that. Tharthurahills, sahasyam (coorg) peak (KUDAGU HILLS). From Here Kaveri river appears. Sali Vahanan heirs ruled this country. {Mysore Province}. Chalukyas invaded Nepala country. ‘Kapila Vasthu’ was their capital. Suthothanan (Suth ananthar) ruled that province. He married Maya devi and their son was Sith Arththan. (Budhdha). Sith Arththan married Kopai. Their son was Ragulan. Vikramaditya invaded Sahars who ruled whole North India. He Patronized Sanskrit scholars. After Vikramaditya, Sali Vahanan and Boja Rajan patronized the Sanskrit Scholars. Saraswathi kandaparanam, Ramayana Sambu wrote by Boja Rajan. In Vikramaditya court there were Dhanvanthiri, (wrote Medical notes), Kshanaban (Wrote Sanskrit Dictionary), Amara Simhan (Annotator of the art of Dancing), Chanku (Law givers), Vedhala Pattan (Sanskrit poet), KadaKarpparan (Author of Astrology and Astronamy), Kalidasan (Raghu Vamsam, Mega vidu thoothu,Sakunthalam) Varaha mihran , Varusi. In North the Sanskrit scholars like Sree Harshan, Pava Boothi, HarshaVardhanan, Visaka Thaththan, Patta Narayanan, Paaravi, Thandi, Subandu, Kalidasan: Patronized and written epics, Poems, Dramas, in Sanskrit. Like that in south, Adhi sankarar (Kaladi, Kerala), Panditha Jegannathan Appaya Dikshithar, Vedantha Desikan, Govinda Dikshithar, Kuttikavi wrote books in Sanskrit.”” ……………..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~……………..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~……………... I had given the all references above, to discuss about The Ancient India and the Epics Ramayana and Maha Bharata. Mostly about Krishnan and Pala Ramar. Now what India Epigraphica says about Ancient India. Plate no 1: - 12Th Century Rewa Plate in Deva Nagari libi, Language used is Sanskrit. Engraved before a Sanskrit Pandit. Plate no 1. Plate No2: Ramtek stone inscriptions In Nagpur District 4th century AD Temple) Plate 3:- Vijayadita 7th century AD West Chalukiya country. Plate 4; Ellora plates 7th century AD Ela Pura ancient name. Plate5:-Amba samudram plates 11th century AD Continued in LORD KRISHNA III.