Learn Latin with Phrases from Caesar

Learn Latin with Phrases from Caesar 200 Idioms from Caesar’s De Bello Gallico With Latin and English Contexts © 2021 Claude Pavur. This book includes some original material in selection, format, and content, and it incorporates with revisions public domain material from Charles A. Harris, Idioms and phrases of Caesar: with idiomatic English equivalents arranged alphabetically and according to chapters (Boston: Fort Hill Press, 1906) and from Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War, trans. W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1869). Word count: 20,000+ Contents Learn Latin with Phrases from Caesar .......................................................................................................... 2 Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 1 Ab armis discedere ................................................................................................................................... 12 2 Ab cohortatione........................................................................................................................................ 13 3 Ab decumana porta .................................................................................................................................. 14 4 Ab (a) dextro latere (cornu) ..................................................................................................................... 15 5 Abditi in tabernaculis ............................................................................................................................... 16 6 A bello abesse .......................................................................................................................................... 17 7 Ab eo petere ............................................................................................................................................. 18 8 Abesse ab eo quin .................................................................................................................................... 19 9 Ab extremo agmine .................................................................................................................................. 20 10 Ab his fit initium retinendi ..................................................................................................................... 21 11 Ab (hoc consilio) abesse ........................................................................................................................ 22 12 Ab hora fere quarta ................................................................................................................................ 23 13 Ab imo ................................................................................................................................................... 24 14 Ab inferiore parte ................................................................................................................................... 25 15 Ab infimo ............................................................................................................................................... 26 16 Ab labris ................................................................................................................................................. 27 17 Ab latere aperto ...................................................................................................................................... 28 18 Ab latere (lateribus) ............................................................................................................................... 29 19 Ab novissimis......................................................................................................................................... 30 20 Ab officio discedere ............................................................................................................................... 31 21 Ab Sequanis ........................................................................................................................................... 32 22 Ab signis discedere ................................................................................................................................ 33 23 Ab signis non absistere .......................................................................................................................... 34 24 Ab sinistro cornu .................................................................................................................................... 35 25 Ab utrisque ............................................................................................................................................. 36 26 Ab utroque latere.................................................................................................................................... 37 27 Accedebat huc ut (quod) ........................................................................................................................ 38 28 Accedebat quod (ut) ............................................................................................................................... 39 29 Acerbius (inopiam) ferre ........................................................................................................................ 40 30 Aciem constituere .................................................................................................................................. 41 31 Aciem dirigere ....................................................................................................................................... 42 32 Aciem instructam habuit ........................................................................................................................ 43 33 Aciem instruere ...................................................................................................................................... 44 34 Acies oculorum ...................................................................................................................................... 45 35 Acies triplex ........................................................................................................................................... 46 36 A Cotta resistitur .................................................................................................................................... 47 37 Acriter pugnatum est .............................................................................................................................. 48 38 Ad (with numerals) ................................................................................................................................ 49 39 Ad alteram partem succedunt................................................................................................................. 50 40 Ad alterius praescriptum ........................................................................................................................ 51 41 Ad arbitrium ........................................................................................................................................... 52 42 Ad arma conclamare .............................................................................................................................. 53 43 Ad Caesarem gratulatum........................................................................................................................ 54 44 Ad castra delati ...................................................................................................................................... 55 45 Ad celeritatem onerandi ......................................................................................................................... 56 46 Ad certum pondus .................................................................................................................................. 57 47 Ad clamorem.......................................................................................................................................... 58 48 Ad conducendos homines ...................................................................................................................... 59 49 Ad conventus agendos ........................................................................................................................... 60 50 Ad declivitatem ...................................................................................................................................... 61 51 Ad dextrum cornu .................................................................................................................................. 62 52 Ad diem.................................................................................................................................................. 63 53 Ad effeminandos animos ....................................................................................................................... 64 54 Ad equum rescribere .............................................................................................................................. 65 55 Ad eum pars pervenit ............................................................................................................................. 66 56 Ad extremum ......................................................................................................................................... 67 57 Ad extremum casum .............................................................................................................................. 68 58 Ad horam nonam.................................................................................................................................... 69 59 Ad hunc locum ....................................................................................................................................... 70 60 Ad hunc modum..................................................................................................................................... 71 61 Ad imperatum ........................................................................................................................................ 72 62 Ad inferiorem partem fluminis .............................................................................................................. 73 63 Ad infimum ............................................................................................................................................ 74 64 Ad iniquam pugnandi condicionem deduci ........................................................................................... 75 65 Aditum habere........................................................................................................................................ 76 66 Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium ......................................................................................................... 77 67 Ad largiendum ....................................................................................................................................... 78 68 Ad latus apertum .................................................................................................................................... 79 69 Ad multam noctem................................................................................................................................. 80 70 Ad numerum .......................................................................................................................................... 81 71 Ad nutum ............................................................................................................................................... 82 72 Ad nutum aut ad voluntatem .................................................................................................................. 83 73 Ad omnes casus...................................................................................................................................... 84 74 Ad opinionem Galliae ............................................................................................................................ 85 75 Ad pedes desilire .................................................................................................................................... 86 76 Ad plures pertinebat ............................................................................................................................... 87 77 Ad proficiscendum ................................................................................................................................. 88 78 Ad proficiscendum pertinere.................................................................................................................. 89 79 Ad pugnam ............................................................................................................................................. 90 80 Ad pugnam evocare ............................................................................................................................... 91 81 Ad pugnam inutiles ................................................................................................................................ 92 82 Ad salutem contendere ........................................................................................................................... 93 83 Ad sanitatem reverti ............................................................................................................................... 94 84 Ad se ...................................................................................................................................................... 95 85 Ad signa convenire ................................................................................................................................ 96 86 Ad speciem............................................................................................................................................. 97 87 Ad tempus .............................................................................................................................................. 98 88 Ad ulciscendum ..................................................................................................................................... 99 89 Adulescens ........................................................................................................................................... 100 90 Duce (Boduognato) .............................................................................................................................. 101 91 Ad unum............................................................................................................................................... 102 92 Ad usum expeditior .............................................................................................................................. 103 93 Adversa nocte....................................................................................................................................... 104 94 Adversis hostibus occurrebant ............................................................................................................. 105 95 Adverso colle ....................................................................................................................................... 106 96 Adverso flumine................................................................................................................................... 107 97 Adversum proelium ............................................................................................................................. 108 98 Adversus et contrarius.......................................................................................................................... 109 99 Ad vesperum ........................................................................................................................................ 110 100 Aegerrime .......................................................................................................................................... 111 101 Aegre is dies sustentatur .................................................................................................................... 112 102 Aegre sustentatum est ........................................................................................................................ 113 103 Aegre sustinere................................................................................................................................... 114 104 Aequato periculo ................................................................................................................................ 115 105 Aequo animo ...................................................................................................................................... 116 106 Aequo Marte ...................................................................................................................................... 117 107 Aerariae secturae ................................................................................................................................ 118 108 Aere alieno premi ............................................................................................................................... 119 109 Aestate inita ....................................................................................................................................... 120 110 Aestus magnus ................................................................................................................................... 121 111 Aestu minuente .................................................................................................................................. 122 112 Aetate confectus ................................................................................................................................. 123 113 Aetate inutiles .................................................................................................................................... 124 114 A fronte .............................................................................................................................................. 125 115 Aggere ac molibus ............................................................................................................................. 126 116 Agere cum .......................................................................................................................................... 127 117 In aggerem iacere ............................................................................................................................... 128 118 Agmen claudere ................................................................................................................................. 129 119 Agri cultura ........................................................................................................................................ 130 120 Agri modum certum ........................................................................................................................... 131 121 Agri solum ......................................................................................................................................... 132 122 Alia ratione......................................................................................................................................... 133 123 Alia ratione ac / atque ........................................................................................................................ 134 124 Aliae alia in parte ............................................................................................................................... 135 125 Alicui auxilio mittere ......................................................................................................................... 136 126 Alicui esse curae ................................................................................................................................ 137 127 Alicui maximam fidem habere ........................................................................................................... 138 128 Alienata mente ................................................................................................................................... 139 129 Alieno loco ......................................................................................................................................... 140 130 Alienum tempus ................................................................................................................................. 141 131 Alii aliam in partem ........................................................................................................................... 142 132 Aliis rebus .......................................................................................................................................... 143 133 Alio consilio ....................................................................................................................................... 144 134 Aliquantum itineris ............................................................................................................................ 145 135 Aliquid novi consili............................................................................................................................ 146 136 Aliquo numero esse............................................................................................................................ 147 137 Aliter ac.............................................................................................................................................. 148 138 Aliter se habere ac .............................................................................................................................. 149 139 Alius alia causa illata ......................................................................................................................... 150 140 Alius alia ex navi ............................................................................................................................... 151 141 Altera ex parte .................................................................................................................................... 152 142 Altero die ........................................................................................................................................... 153 143 Alutae tenuiter confectae ................................................................................................................... 154 144 A media fronte ................................................................................................................................... 155 145 A mille (milibus) passuum ................................................................................................................. 156 146 Ampliores copiae ............................................................................................................................... 157 147 Amplitudo cornuum ........................................................................................................................... 158 148 Anceps proelium ................................................................................................................................ 159 149 Ancoras iacere.................................................................................................................................... 160 150 Angustiore fastigio ............................................................................................................................. 161 151 Angustius milites conlocare ............................................................................................................... 162 152 Angustius provenerat ......................................................................................................................... 163 153 Animadvertere in ............................................................................................................................... 164 154 Animi aequitate plebem continere ..................................................................................................... 165 155 Animi causa ....................................................................................................................................... 166 156 Animi mollities .................................................................................................................................. 167 157 Animo circumspicere ......................................................................................................................... 168 158 Animo deficere................................................................................................................................... 169 159 Animo et opibus in incumbere ........................................................................................................... 170 160 Animo laborare .................................................................................................................................. 171 161 Animo paratus .................................................................................................................................... 172 162 Animo proponere ............................................................................................................................... 173 163 Animos confirmare ............................................................................................................................ 174 164 Animum advertere ............................................................................................................................. 175 165 Animum offendere ............................................................................................................................. 176 166 Animus magnus ................................................................................................................................. 177 167 Animus verbis confirmavit................................................................................................................. 178 168 Anni tempore confisi.......................................................................................................................... 179 169 Anno post ........................................................................................................................................... 180 170 An speculandi causa? ......................................................................................................................... 181 171 quam ante diem .................................................................................................................................. 182 172 Ante exactam hiemem........................................................................................................................ 183 173 Ante habuerat ..................................................................................................................................... 184 174 Ante inito consilio .............................................................................................................................. 185 175 Ante oculos ponere ............................................................................................................................ 186 176 Antiquissimum quodque tempus........................................................................................................ 187 177 A parvulis ........................................................................................................................................... 188 178 Aperta loca ......................................................................................................................................... 189 179 Aperti cuniculi ................................................................................................................................... 190 180 Apertus impetus maris ....................................................................................................................... 191 181 A prima obsidione .............................................................................................................................. 192 182 Apud Ariovistum ............................................................................................................................... 193 183 Apud Ciceronem ................................................................................................................................ 194 184 Apud eum ........................................................................................................................................... 195 185 Apud se habere................................................................................................................................... 196 186 Apud se .............................................................................................................................................. 197 187 A pueris .............................................................................................................................................. 198 188 Aqua atque igni interdicere ................................................................................................................ 199 189 Aquationis causa ................................................................................................................................ 200 190 (Aquilam intra vallum) proicere ........................................................................................................ 201 191 Aequitas animi ................................................................................................................................... 202 192 Arbitros dare ...................................................................................................................................... 203 193 Arma capere ....................................................................................................................................... 204 194 Arma exuere ....................................................................................................................................... 205 195 Arma ferre .......................................................................................................................................... 206 196 Arma ponere....................................................................................................................................... 207 197 Armata milia conficere ...................................................................................................................... 208 198 Armis concrepare ............................................................................................................................... 209 199 Armis congredi................................................................................................................................... 210 200 Armis contendere ............................................................................................................................... 211 Ebooks for Learning Latin ........................................................................................................................ 212 Preface Many Latin phrases do not smoothly transfer into English. Stay too close to the original and you may well produce awkward expressions. They may not be wrong, but they may sound unusual or formal, for example, in the use of “it pleases me” rather than “I like it” for mihi placet, even where the latter phrasing better fit the context. Adherence to cognates is another related problem: Carthago delenda est might become a rather odd English expression, “Carthage is to be deleted,” instead of “We need to destroy Carthage.” or “Carthage has to be wiped out.” The pain of the search for the right equivalent has a purpose, for it is in the process of looking for a more natural form of expression that we get some of the greatest benefits of Latin study. In this kind of search, we are exercising our linguistic intelligence and refreshing our own personal lexicons. We are deepening our insights into how meanings can parallel each other without using a “mirror image” of the particular verbal structures that carry those meanings. This way we can come to appreciate how each language has its own genius, and how its ways of putting things can carry connotations and a kind of music that cannot be fully replicated in any translation. Beyond the enjoyment of such discoveries, there is a practical payoff: Latin study helps us to practice “rhetorical judgment.” We might become better communicators through such a practice. But how do we get the benefits most expeditiously? One way is to use guides with good examples that help you to get the idea of how the language can work. One aid from 1906 attempted to facilitate the translation of certain phrases in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico, The Gallic War, a standard text for early Latin instruction at the time. The full phrasebook, offering handy equivalents for about 1600 phrases that had been compiled and translated by a certain Charles A. Harris, is now widely available in ebook form (Idioms and phrases of Caesar: with idiomatic English equivalents arranged alphabetically and according to chapters [Boston: Fort Hill Press, 1906]). The present work upcycles the first 200 phrases in that work, adding to the particular items both the Latin contexts and full English translations of that excerpt. This approach allows students to learn many more (even thousands of) expressions subsidiarily. The present edition makes a few adaptations of elements in the original listing and many small corrections and revisions in the translations. The English version is generally based on a very literal rendering by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn (Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1869). The total result offers a fuller and often more contemporary formulation of 200 of the Harris’s bare bilingual list. Even students who are not presently reading Caesar can find here a way to progress in their own language mastery, in understanding and in translating. Claude Pavur / Chestnut Hill, MA / February 7, 2021 1 Ab armis discedere * to lay down one’s arms, cease hostilities. DBG 5.41.8 [Cicero respondit] si ab armis discedere velint, se adiutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant; sperare pro eius iustitia, quae petierint, impetraturos. :: [(Quintus) Cicero answered] that if they were willing to lay down their arms, they might employ him as their advocate and send ambassadors to Caesar: and that he expected that, in line with his [Caesar’s] justice, they were going to get what they were looking for. 2 Ab cohortatione * after exhorting. DBG 2.25.1 Caesar ab X. legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis XII. legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit, :: Caesar proceeded, after encouraging the tenth legion, to the right wing, where he perceived that his men were hard pressed, and that, as the standards of the twelfth legion had been gathered into one spot, the soldiers packed together were getting in one another’s way [lit.: they were a hindrance to themselves in the fight]. 3 Ab decumana porta * at the decuman gate [main gate facing away from the enemy, near the 10th cohort] DBG 2.24.2 et calones, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iugo collis nostros victores flumen transire conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris versari vidissent, praecipites fugae sese mandabant. :: And the camp-followers who from the Decuman Gate and from the highest ridge of the hill had seen our men cross the river as victors, when, after they had gone out for the purposes of plundering, they had looked back and seen the enemy parading in our camp, took [lit. “gave themselves over”] to all-out flight; 4 Ab (a) dextro latere (cornu) * on the right flank, wing. DBG 7.49.1 Caesar, cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque augeri copias videret, praemetuens suis ad Titum Sextium legatum, quem minoribus castris praesidio reliquerat, misit, ut cohortes ex castris celeriter educeret et sub infimo colle ab dextro latere hostium constitueret, :: Caesar, when he perceived that his soldiers were fighting on unfavorable ground, and that the enemy’s forces were increasing, being alarmed for the safety of his troops, sent orders to Titus Sextius, one of his lieutenants, whom he had left to guard the smaller camp, to lead out his cohorts quickly from the camp, and post them at the foot of the hill, on the enemy’s right wing. 5 Abditi in tabernaculis * secluding themselves in their tents. DBG 1.39.4 Hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant: abditi in tabernaculis aut suum fatum querebantur aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Vulgo totis castris testamenta obsignabantur. :: These could neither keep a steady composure [lit.: compose their countenance], nor even sometimes check their tears: but hidden in their tents, they either bewailed their fate, or with their comrades deplored the danger they all shared. Wills were sealed generally throughout the whole camp. 6 A bello abesse * to keep aloof from war, to take no part in war, to be exempt from war. DBG 6.14.1 Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt; militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem. :: The Druids are not accustomed to go to war, nor to pay tribute together with the rest; they have an exemption from military service and a dispensation in all matters. 7 Ab eo petere * to ask his aid, to ask aid of him. DBG 1.30.4 Petierunt uti sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem certam indicere idque Caesaris facere voluntate liceret: sese habere quasdam res quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent. :: They requested that they might be allowed to proclaim an assembly of the whole of Gaul for a particular day, and to do that with Caesar’s permission, [stating] that they had some things which, with the general consent, they wished to ask of him. 8 Abesse ab eo quin * to be far from being. DBG 5.2.2 Eo cum venisset, circuitis omnibus hibernis, singulari militum studio in summa omnium rerum inopia circiter sescentas eius generis cuius supra demonstravimus naves et longas XXVIII invenit instructas neque multum abesse ab eo quin paucis diebus deduci possint. :: When he had arrived there, having toured all the winter quarters, he found that, by the extraordinary zeal of the soldiers, amid the utmost scarcity of all materials, about six hundred ships of that kind which we have described above and twenty-eight ships of war, had been built, and they were not far from being at the point at which they could be launched in a few days. 9 Ab extremo agmine * at the rear. DBG 2.11.4 Hi novissimos adorti et multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum militum sustinerent, :: These, attacking the last ones, and pursuing them for many miles, slew a great number of them as they were fleeing, while those at the rear that they had reached halted, and bravely sustained the attack of our soldiers. 10 Ab his fit initium retinendi * they began by detaining. DBG 3.8.2 Ab his fit initium retinendi Silii atque Velanii, quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso dedissent, recuperaturos existimabant. :: These began by detaining Silius and Velanius; for they thought that through them they were going to get back the hostages whom they had given to Crassus. 11 Ab (hoc consilio) abesse * not to have a part in. DBG 6.3.5 Confines erant hi Senonibus civitatemque patrum memoria coniunxerant, sed ab hoc consilio afuisse existimabantur. :: These were neighbors to the Senones, and they had made an alliance with them [“had joined their state with them”] within the memory of their fathers, but they were thought not to have had a part in the present plot. 12 Ab hora fere quarta * not far from ten o’clock, near ten o’clock. DBG 3.15.5 nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terram pervenirent, cum ab hora fere IIII usque ad solis occasum pugnaretur. :: for our men gave chase and took them one by one, so that very few out of all the number reached land by nightfall, since the battle went on from near ten o’clock till sunset. 13 Ab imo * at, from, the bottom. DBG 3.19.1 Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imo acclivis circiter passus mille. Huc magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam minimum spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur, exanimatique pervenerunt. :: The situation of the camp was a rising ground, gently sloping from the bottom for about a mile. They got here with great speed (in order that as little time as possible might be given to the Romans to collect and arm themselves), and arrived quite out of breath. 14 Ab inferiore parte * lower down, down below, further down. DBG 4.17.5 iis item contraria duo ad eundem modum iuncta intervallo pedum quadragenum ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa statuebat. :: he also placed two [other piles] opposite to these, fastened together in the same manner, at the distance of forty feet lower down, directed against the force and current of the river. 15 Ab infimo * from the bottom. DBG 7.19.1 Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis. Hunc ex omnibus fere partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cingebat non latior pedibus quinquaginta. :: There was a hill of a gentle ascent from the bottom; a challenging and impassable marsh, not more than fifty feet broad, circled it on almost every side. 16 Ab labris * on the rim, margin, edge. DBG 6.28.6 Haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur. :: These they anxiously seek after, and they encase them on the edges with silver and use them as cups at their most sumptuous entertainments. 17 Ab latere aperto * on the exposed flank, right side, unprotected flank. DBG 1.25.6 Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, Boi et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus circiter XV agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros ab latere aperto adgressi circumvenire, et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. :: When the mountain had been taken, and our men were advancing up, the Boii and Tulingi, who with about 15,000 men closed the enemy’s line of march and served as a guard to their rear, having assailed our men on the exposed flank as they advanced [prepared] to surround them; upon seeing this, the Helvetii who withdrawn to the mountain, began to press on again and renew the battle. 18 Ab latere (lateribus) * on the flank(s). DBG 2.8.4 et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes, quod tantum multitudine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. :: and at the extremities of that trench he built forts, and placed there his military engines, so that after he had marshaled his army, the enemy, as they had such great power by their number, might not be able to surround his men as they were fighting on the flanks. 19 Ab novissimis * at (in) the rear. DBG 2.25.2 scuto ab novissimis [uni] militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent. :: Having therefore snatched a shield from one of the soldiers in the rear (for he himself had come without a shield), he advanced to the front of the line, and addressing the centurions by name, and encouraging the rest of the soldiers, he ordered them to carry forward the standards and open up the companies, so that they might the more easily use their swords. 20 Ab officio discedere * to fail in one’s duty. DBG 1.40.2 Ariovistum se consule cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam adpetisse; cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicaret? :: That Ariovistus, during his [Caesar’s] consulship, had most anxiously sought after the friendship of the Roman people; why should any one judge that he would so rashly depart from his duty? 21 Ab Sequanis * on the side of the Sequani. DBG 1.1.5 Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. :: One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches toward the north. 22 Ab signis discedere * to leave the ranks, desert the standards. DBG 5.16.1 Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad huius generis hostem, :: In the whole of this method of fighting since the engagement took place under the eyes of all and before the camp, it was perceived that our men, on account of the weight of their arms, inasmuch as they could neither pursue [the enemy when] retreating, nor dare desert their standards, were less suited to an enemy of this kind; 23 Ab signis non absistere * not to avoid or keep away from the standards; come close to. DBG 5.17.2 Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum Gaio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. :: But at noon, when Caesar had sent three legions, and all the cavalry, with C. Trebonius, the lieutenant, for the purpose of foraging, they flew upon the foragers suddenly from all quarters, so that they came close [even] to the standards and the legions. 24 Ab sinistro cornu * on the left wing. DBG 7.62.6 Incerto nunc etiam exitu victoriae, cum septimae legionis tribunis esset nuntiatum quae in sinistro cornu gererentur, post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt signaque intulerunt. :: But when the issue of the victory was still uncertain, and the circumstances which were taking place on the left wing were announced to the tribunes of the seventh legion, they faced about their legion to the enemy’s rear and attacked it: 25 Ab utrisque * on both sides. DBG 4.26.1 Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque signa subsequi poterant atque alius alia ex navi quibuscumque signis occurrerat se adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur; :: There was fierce fighting on both sides. Our men, however, as they could neither keep their ranks, nor get firm footing, nor follow their standards, and as soldiers from different ships [lit: one from one ship and another from another] assembled around whatever standards they met, were thrown into great confusion. 26 Ab utroque latere * on both flanks, from each side. DBG 7.24.3 eodemque tempore toto muro clamore sublato duabus portis ab utroque latere turrium eruptio fiebat, :: and at the same time a shout was raised along the entire wall, and a sally was made from two gates from each side of the turrets. 27 Accedebat huc ut (quod) * to this was added the fact that, there was also this that, moreover, then again. DBG 5.6.2 Accedebat huc quod in concilio Aeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri; quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. :: To this was added the fact that Dumnorix had before said in an assembly of Aeduans, that the sovereignty of the state had been made over to him by Caesar; the Aedui endured this speech with impatience and yet they dared not send ambassadors to Caesar for the purpose of either rejecting or begging off [that appointment]. 28 Accedebat quod (ut) * another reason was that, an additional reason was that; = additionally, in addition DBG 3.2.5 Accedebat quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum nomine dolebant, et Romanos non solum itinerum causa sed etiam perpetuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habebant. :: Another reason was that they were indignant that their children had been torn from them under the title of hostages, and they were persuaded that the Romans were trying to seize the summits of the Alps, and to unite those parts to the neighboring [Gallic] province, not only to secure the passes, but also to have them as a constant possession. 29 Acerbius (inopiam) ferre * to suffer severely from, find too hard to endure. DBG 7.17.4 Quin etiam Caesar cum in opere singulas legiones appellaret et, si acerbius inopiam ferrent, se dimissurum oppugnationem diceret, universi ab eo, ne id faceret, petebant: :: Moreover, when Caesar addressed the legions separately as they worked, and he said that he would raise the siege if they suffered the scarcity too severely, they unanimously begged him not to do so; 30 Aciem constituere * to draw up a line of battle. DBG 5.51.1 Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati copias traducunt aciemque iniquo loco constituunt, :: Induced by all these things, the enemy take their forces over and draw up their line of battle on difficult ground. 31 Aciem dirigere * to form / to draw up a battle line. DBG 6.8.5 Simul signa ad hostem converti aciemque dirigi iubet, et paucis turmis praesidio ad impedimenta dimissis reliquos equites ad latera disponit. :: At the same time he orders the troops to face about toward the enemy and a battle line drawn up, and, dispatching a few squads as a guard for the baggage, he places the rest of the cavalry on the wings. 32 Aciem instructam habuit * kept his army drawn up, kept them in battle order. DBG 1.48.3 Ex eo die dies continuos V Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit et aciem instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. :: For five successive days from that day, Caesar drew out his forces before the camp, and kept them in battle order, so that, if Ariovistus should be willing to engage in battle, the opportunity might be there. 33 Aciem instruere * to place an army in battle array. DBG 1.22.3 Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare ne proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato nostros expectabat proelioque abstinebat. :: Caesar leads off his forces to the next hill: [and] draws them up in battle-order. Labienus, as he had been ordered by Caesar not to come to an engagement unless [Caesar’s] own forces had been seen near the enemy’s camp, that the attack upon the enemy might be made on every side at the same time, was, after having taken possession of the mountain, waiting for our men, and refraining from battle. 34 Acies oculorum * the keen glance of the eyes, the glare of the eyes, the fierce expression of the eyes. DBG 1.39.1 Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae commeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepe numero sese cum his congressos ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse), tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. :: While he is tarrying a few days at Vesontio, on account of grain and provisions; from the inquiries of our men and the reports of the Gauls and traders (who asserted that the Germans were men of huge stature, of incredible valor and practice in arms—that oftentimes they, on encountering them, could not bear even their countenance and the fierce expression of their eyes)—so great a panic on a sudden seized the whole army as to discompose the minds and spirits of all to no small extent. 35 Acies triplex * an army in three divisions, lines. DBG 1.49.1 Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant, circiter passus DC ab his, castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplici instructa ad eum locum venit. :: Perceiving that Ariovistus kept himself in camp, Caesar, that he might not any longer be cut off from provisions, chose a convenient position for a camp beyond that place in which the Germans had encamped, at about 600 paces from them, and having drawn up his army in three lines, marched to that place. 36 A Cotta resistitur * opposition is made by Cotta. DBG 5.30.1 Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, “Vincite,” inquit, “si ita vultis,” Sabinus, et id clariore voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret; :: This discussion having been held on the two sides, when fierce opposition was offered by Cotta and the chief officers, “Prevail,” said Sabinus, “if so you wish it”; and he said it with a louder voice so that a great portion of the soldiers heard him; 37 Acriter pugnatum est * a fierce encounter took place, there was hot fighting, a fierce battle was fought. DBG 1.26.1 Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. :: Thus, was the contest long and vigorously carried on with doubtful success. When they could no longer withstand the attacks of our men, the one division, as they had begun to do, withdrew to the mountain, and the other went off to their baggage and wagons. 38 Ad (with numerals) * about. DBG 2.4.10 Condrusos, Eburones, Caerosos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad XL milia. :: that the Condrusi, the Eburones, the Caeraesi, the Paemani, who are called by the common name of Germans [had promised], they thought, about 40,000. 39 Ad alteram partem succedunt * are next to them on the other side. DBG 4.3.3 Ad alteram partem succedunt Ubii, quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus Germanorum; ii paulo, quamquam sunt eiusdem generis, sunt ceteris humaniores, propterea quod Rhenum attingunt multum ad eos mercatores ventitant et ipsi propter propinquitatem [quod] Gallicis sunt moribus adsuefacti. :: On the other side the Ubii are next to them: their state was large and flourishing, considering the capacity of the Germans; they are somewhat more refined than those of the same race and the rest [of the Germans] for the reason that, because they border on the Rhine, merchants come to them frequently, and they are accustomed to the manners of the Gauls, by reason of being situated near them. 40 Ad alterius praescriptum * according to the dictation of another. DBG 1.36.1 Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ius esse belli ut qui vicissent iis quos vicissent quem ad modum vellent imperarent. Item populum Romanum victis non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium imperare consuesse. :: To this Ariovistus replied, that “the right of war was, that they who had conquered should govern those whom they had conquered however they pleased; that in that way the Roman people were used to governing the nations which they had conquered not according to the dictation of another party, but according to their own discretion. 41 Ad arbitrium * according to judgment. DBG 6.11.3 qui summam auctoritatem eorum iudicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium iudiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat. :: who are considered in their judgment to possess the greatest influence, according to whose judgment and determination the management of all affairs and measures depends. 42 Ad arma conclamare * to call to arms. DBG 7.70.6 Non minus qui intra munitiones erant perturbantur Galli: veniri ad se confestim existimantes ad arma conclamant; nonnulli perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt. :: The Gauls, who were within the fortifications, were no less panic-stricken, thinking that the enemy were coming that moment against them, and unanimously shout “to arms”; some in their alarm burst into the town; 43 Ad Caesarem gratulatum * to congratulate Caesar. DBG 1.30.1 Bello Helvetiorum confecto totius fere Galliae legati, principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt: :: When the war with the Helvetii was concluded, ambassadors from almost all parts of Gaul, the chiefs of states, assembled to congratulate Caesar, 44 Ad castra delati * carried down (<defero) to the camp, being brought, coming “by chance” to the camp. DBG 6.42.3 quod Germani, qui eo consilio Rhenum transierant, ut Ambiorigis fines depopularentur, ad castra Romanorum delati optatissimum Ambiorigi beneficium obtulerunt. :: that the Germans, who had crossed the Rhine with this object, that they might plunder the territories of Ambiorix, coming by chance to the camp of the Romans, rendered Ambiorix a most welcome service. 45 Ad celeritatem onerandi * to secure quick loading. DBG 5.1.2 2 Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit humiliores quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat; :: For speed of loading, and for drawing them on shore, he makes them a little lower than those which we have been accustomed to use in our sea; and that so much the more, because he knew that, on account of the frequent changes of the tide, smaller swells occurred there; 46 Ad certum pondus * according to a fixed weight. DBG 5.12.4 utuntur aut aere aut nummo aureo aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. :: They use either brass or iron rings, according to a fixed weight, as their money. 47 Ad clamorem * at the cry, at the shouting, in response to a shout. DBG 4.37.2 Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter milia VI convenerunt; qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. :: when they, forming a circle, stood on their own defense, quickly at a shout, about 6000 of the enemy soon assembled; when this was reported, Caesar sent all the cavalry from the camp as a relief to his men. 48 Ad conducendos homines * for hiring men, to hire men. DBG 2.1.4 ab nonnullis etiam quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant vulgo regna occupabantur; qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant. :: [the Belgae were instigated] by several, also, because the government in Gaul was generally seized upon by the more powerful persons and by those who had the means of hiring troops, and they could less easily effect this object under our dominion. 49 Ad conventus agendos * for holding the assizes, courts. DBG 6.44.3 Nonnulli iudicium veriti profugerunt. Quibus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines Treverorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex reliquas in Senonum finibus Agedinci in hibernis collocavit frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos profectus est. :: Some fearing a trial, fled; when he had forbidden these fire and water, he stationed in winter quarters two legions at the frontiers of the Treviri, two among the Lingones, the remaining six at Agendicum, in the territories of the Senones; and, having provided grain for the army, he set out for Italy, as he had determined, to hold the assizes. 50 Ad declivitatem * downward. DBG 7.85.4 Maxime ad superiores munitiones laboratur, quo Vercassivellaunum missum demonstravimus. Iniquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum. :: The principal struggle is at the upper defences, where as we have said Vergasillaunus was sent. The uneven elevation of ground on its downslope is of very great importance. 51 Ad dextrum cornu * to the right wing. DBG 2.25.1 Caesar ab X. legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis XII. legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, :: Caesar proceeded, after encouraging the tenth legion, to the right wing; where he perceived that his men were hard pressed, and that in consequence of the standards of the twelfth legion being collected together in one place, the soldiers crowded together got in one another’s way in the fight; that all the centurions of the fourth cohort were slain, and the standard-bearer killed, the standard itself lost, almost all the centurions of the other cohorts either wounded or slain, 52 Ad diem * on the day, for the appointed day. DBG 5.1.9 Eis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant. :: These being brought to him on the day as he had ordered, he appoints arbitrators between the states to estimate the claim and determine the reparation. 53 Ad effeminandos animos * to weaken the character, to enfeeble the mind, toward the weakening of their minds. DBG 1.1.3 Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, :: Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, for the reason that they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of [our] province, and merchants least frequently travel to them and bring in those things which tend to gentle their spiritis, 54 Ad equum rescribere * to enroll among the knights, to enroll in the cavalry, to transfer to the cavalry. DBG 1.42.7 Quod cum fieret, non inridicule quidam ex militibus X. legionis dixit: plus quam pollicitus esset Caesarem facere; pollicitum se in cohortis praetoriae loco X. legionem habiturum ad equum rescribere. :: And when this was done, one of the soldiers of the tenth legion said, not without a touch of humor, that Caesar did more for them than he had promised: having promised to have the tenth legion in place of his praetorian cohort, he was now enrolling them into the cavalry. 55 Ad eum pars pervenit * to him comes a part, he receives a share. DBG 6.19.2 Huius omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur fructusque servantur: uter eorum vita superarit, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit. :: An account is kept of all this money conjointly, and the profits are kept: whichever of them shall have survived [the other], to that one both portions revert, together with the profits of the previous periods of time. 56 Ad extremum * as a last resort, at last. DBG 4.4.2 ad extremum tamen agris expulsi et multis locis Germaniae triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, quas regiones Menapii incolebant. :: yet, as a last resort, after they had been driven from their possessions, and after wandering through many parts of Germany for three years, they arrived at the Rhine, the districts which the Menapii inhabited, 57 Ad extremum casum * to the most critical position, to a desperate pass, to the last extremity. DBG 3.3.4 Maiori tamen parti placuit, hoc reservato ad extremum casum consilio interim rei eventum experiri et castra defendere. :: To the greater part, however, it seemed best, reserving that measure to the last extremity, to await the issue of the matter, and to defend the camp. 58 Ad horam nonam * till about the middle of the afternoon. DBG 4.23.4 Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris expectavit. :: Considering this by no means a fit place for disembarking, he waited at anchor till about the middle of the afternoon, for the other ships to arrive there. 59 Ad hunc locum * to this point (in the narrative). DBG 6.11.1 Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus et quo differant hae nationes inter sese proponere. :: Since we have come to this point in the story, it does not appear to be out of place to set out an account of the cultural practices of Gaul and Germany, and how these nations differ from each other. 60 Ad hunc modum * after this fashion, in this way, in the following manner. DBG 2.31.1 Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare muris viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti, legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti; :: But when they saw that it was being moved, and was approaching their walls, startled by the new and unaccustomed sight, they sent ambassadors to Caesar [to take up the issues] concerning peace; they spoke in this manner: 61 Ad imperatum * at his bidding, at one’s command. DBG 6.2.3 Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios, Aduatucos ac Menapios adiunctis Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis esse in armis, Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus finitimisque civitatibus consilia communicare, a Treveris Germanos crebris legationibus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bello cogitandum putavit. :: On being informed of their acts, since he saw that war was being prepared on all sides, that the Nervii, Aduatuci, and Menapii, with the addition of all the Germans on this side of the Rhine were in arms, that the Senones did not assemble according to his command and were sharing their plans with the Carnutes and the neighboring states, that the Germans were being incited by the Treviri in frequent ambassies, Caesar thought that he ought to take measures for the war earlier [than usual]. 62 Ad inferiorem partem fluminis * down the river. DBG 1.1.6 Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. :: The Belgae start from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend down the river Rhine; and they look toward the north and the east. 63 Ad infimum * to the bottom. DBG 7.73.5 Hos cippos appellabant. Ante quos obliquis ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis scrobes tres in altitudinem pedes fodiebantur paulatim angustiore ad infimum fastigio. :: [The soldiers] called these “cippi” (stakes). In front of these, which were arranged in oblique rows in the form of a quincunx, pits three feet deep were dug, which gradually narrow from the top to the bottom. 64 Ad iniquam pugnandi condicionem deduci * to be induced to fight in an unfavorable situation. DBG 6.10.2 His cognitis rebus rem frumentariam providet, castris idoneum locum deligit; Ubiis imperat ut pecora deducant suaque omnia ex agris in oppida conferant, sperans barbaros atque imperitos homines inopia cibariorum adductos ad iniquam pugnandi condicionem posse deduci; :: Having learned these things, he provides a supply of grain, selects a proper place for his camp, and commands the Ubii to drive off their cattle and carry away all their possessions from the country areas into the towns, hoping that they, being a barbarous and inexperienced people, could be induced by their need of provisions to fight in an unfavorable situation: 65 Aditum habere * to have access, be accessible. DBG 3.12.1 Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in extremis lingulis promunturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod [bis] accidit semper horarum XII spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis adflictarentur. :: The sites of their towns were generally such that, being placed on extreme points [of land] and on promontories, they were accessible neither by land since the tide had rushed in from the main ocean, which always happens twice in the space of twelve hours; nor by ships, because, upon the tide ebbing again, the ships were likely to be damaged upon the shoals. 66 Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium * it reinforced the advice of those. DBG 2.17.4 Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copiis), quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venissent, impedirent, :: It reinforced the advice of those who were making this report that the Nervii, from early times, since they could do little by means of a cavalry (for not even at this time do they attend to it, but accomplish by their infantry whatever they can), in order that they might more easily obstruct the cavalry of their neighbors if those neighbors had come upon them for the purpose of plundering, [...would make hedges of the trees]. 67 Ad largiendum * for bribery, for bribing. DBG 1.18.4 His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse; :: By these means he has both increased his own private property, and amassed great means for making large bribes; 68 Ad latus apertum * on the exposed flank, right flank. DBG 4.25.1 Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac submoveri iussit; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. :: When Caesar observed this, he ordered the ships of war, whose appearance was somewhat strange to the barbarians and whose movements were more easily manageable, to be withdrawn a little from the transport vessels, and to be propelled by their oars, and to be stationed on the open flank of the enemy, and the enemy to be driven off from there and moved away with slings, arrows, and engines: this operation was of great service to our men; 69 Ad multam noctem * till late at night. DBG 1.26.3 Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros obiecerunt et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela coniciebant et non nulli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. :: The fight was carried on also at the baggage till late at night, for they had set wagons in the way as a rampart, and from the higher ground kept throwing weapons upon our men, as they came on, and some from between the wagons and the wheels kept darting their lances and javelins from beneath and wounding our men. 70 Ad numerum * to the number, to the required number. DBG 5.20.4 Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. :: They speedily accomplished their orders, and sent hostages to the number required, and the grain. 71 Ad nutum * in accordance with one’s will, instantaneously, at the signal, at one’s beck. DBG 4.23.5 Interim legatis tribunisque militum convocatis et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset et quae fieri vellet ostendit monuitque, ut rei militaris ratio, maximeque ut maritimae res postularent, ut, cum celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur. :: Having in the meantime assembled the lieutenants and military tribunes, he told them both what he had learned from Volusenus, and what he wished to be done; and he advised them that they should carry out everything at the signal and on the instant (as required by military procedure, especially in maritime circumstances, where movements are speedy and unsure). 72 Ad nutum aut ad voluntatem * according to his will and pleasure. DBG 1.31.12 Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit ad Magetobrigam, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque liberos poscere et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem eius facta sit. :: Moreover, [as for] Ariovistus, no sooner did he defeat the forces of the Gauls in a battle which took place at Magetobria than [he began] to issue commands haughtily and cruelly, to demand as hostages the children of all the principal nobles, and make of them examples of every kind of punishment if everything was not done according to his will and pleasure; 73 Ad omnes casus * against every emergency. DBG 4.31.2 Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex agris cotidie in castra conferebat et, quae gravissime adflictae erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continenti comportari iubebat. :: He therefore provided remedies against all contingencies; for he daily conveyed grain from the country parts into the camp, used the timber and brass of such ships as were most seriously damaged for repairing the rest, and ordered whatever things besides were necessary for this object to be brought to him from the continent. 74 Ad opinionem Galliae * for its effect on Gaul, for an impression on the Gauls. DBG 6.1.3 ad signa convenire et ad se proficisci iuberet, magni interesse etiam in reliquum tempus ad opinionem Galliae existimans tantas videri Italiae facultates ut, si quid esset in bello detrimenti acceptum, non modo id brevi tempore sarciri, sed etiam maioribus augeri copiis posset. :: he would command those men...to join their respective corps, and to proceed to him; thinking it of great importance for the future for its effect on the Gauls that that the resources of Italy should appear so great that if any loss should be sustained in war, not only could it be repaired in a short time, but likewise be further supplied by still larger forces. 75 Ad pedes desilire * to dismount, leap to the ground. DBG 4.12.2 rursus his resistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt subfossis equis compluribus nostris deiectis reliquos in fugam coniecerunt atque ita perterritos egerunt ut non prius fuga desisterent quam in conspectum agminis nostri venissent. :: When our men, in their turn, made a stand, they, according to their practice, leapt from their horses to their feet, and stabbing our horses in the belly and throwing down a great many of our men, put the rest to flight, and drove them on so thoroughly alarmed that they did not desist from their retreat till they had come within sight of our army. 76 Ad plures pertinebat * several were implicated. DBG 5.25.4 Defertur ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se mittere. :: This event is related to Caesar. He, fearing, because several were implicated, that the state might revolt at their instigation, orders Lucius Plancus, with a legion, to proceed quickly from Belgium to the Carnutes and winter there, and to arrest and send to him the persons by whose help he learned that Tasgetius was slain. 77 Ad proficiscendum * to journey. DBG 1.39.3 quorum alius alia causa inlata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat ut eius voluntate discedere liceret; :: And alleging, some of them one reason, some another, which they said made it necessary for them to journey, they requested that with his permission they might be allowed to leave. 78 Ad proficiscendum pertinere * to be necessary for (to pertain to) a journey. DBG 1.3.1 His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. :: Induced by these considerations, and influenced by the authority of Orgetorix, they determined to provide such things as were necessary for their journey, to buy up as great a number as possible of beasts of burden and wagons, to make their sowings as large as possible, so that on their march plenty of grain might be in store, and to establish peace and friendship with the neighboring states. 79 Ad pugnam * in fighting, for fighting, with regard to fighting; with respect to fighting DBG 1.25.3 Gallis magno ad pugnam erat impedimento quod pluribus eorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transfixis et conligatis, cum ferrum se inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, :: It was a great hindrance to the Gauls in fighting, that, when several of their bucklers had been by one stroke of the (Roman) javelins pierced through and pinned fast together, as the point of the iron had bent itself, they could neither pluck it out, nor, with their left hand entangled, fight with sufficient ease; 80 Ad pugnam evocare * to challenge to fight. DBG 5.58.2 Interim ex consuetudine cotidiana Indutiomarus ad castra accedit atque ibi magnam partem diei consumit; equites tela coniciunt et magna cum contumelia verborum nostros ad pugnam evocant. :: In the meanwhile, Indutiomarus, according to his daily practice, advances up to the camp and spends a great part of the day there: his cavalry cast their weapons, and with very insulting language challenge our men to fight. 81 Ad pugnam inutiles * of no use for fighting, useless for battle. DBG 2.16.5. mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset. :: that they had put their women, and those who through age appeared useless for battle, in a place to which there was no approach for an army on account of the marshes. 82 Ad salutem contendere * to hasten to a place of safety. DBG 3.3.3 prope iam desperata salute non nullae eius modi sententiae dicebantur, ut impedimentis relictis eruptione facta isdem itineribus quibus eo pervenissent ad salutem contenderent. :: Safety being now nearly despaired of, some opinions of this sort were delivered: that, “leaving their baggage, and making a sally, they should hurry to safety by the same routes by which they had come thither.” 83 Ad sanitatem reverti * to come to one’s self, to come to one’s senses, to return to a rational state of mind. DBG 1.42.2 Non respuit condicionem Caesar iamque eum ad sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, cum id quod antea petenti denegasset ultro polliceretur, :: Caesar did not reject the proposal, and he began to think that he was now returning to a rational state of mind as he spontaneously proffered that which he had previously refused to him when requesting it; 84 Ad se * to their side. DBG 1.5.3 Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis finitimis, uti eodem usi consilio oppidis suis vicisque exustis una cum iis proficiscantur, Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnabant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. :: They persuade the Rauraci, and the Tulingi, and the Latobrigi, their neighbors, to adopt the same plan, and after burning down their towns and villages, to set out with them: and they admit to their party and unite to their side as confederates the Boii, who had dwelt on the other side of the Rhine, and had crossed over into the Norican territory, and assaulted Noreia. 85 Ad signa convenire * to join the their corps. DBG 6.1.3 simul ab Gnaeo Pompeio proconsule petit…quos ex Cisalpina Gallia consulis sacramento rogavisset, ad signa convenire et ad se proficisci iuberet, :: At the same time, he asks Gnaeus Pompey the proconsul to command those men whom when consul he had levied by the military oath in Cisalpine Gaul, to join their respective corps, and to make their way to him; [Note: rogare milites sacramento, is a military technical term meaning, “to ask the soldiers if they will take and keep an oath, i. e. to bind them by an oath, administer an oath to them.” Lewis & Short Latin dictionary, s.v., rogo.] 86 Ad speciem * for show, to make a show; for appearance. DBG 1.51.1 Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidio utrisque castris quod satis esse visum est reliquit, alarios omnes in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur; ipse triplici instructa acie usque ad castra hostium accessit. :: The day following, Caesar left what seemed sufficient as a guard for both camps; [and then] drew up all the auxiliaries in sight of the enemy, before the lesser camp, because he was not very powerful in the number of legionary soldiers, considering the number of the enemy; that [thereby] he might make use of his auxiliaries to make a show. He himself, having drawn up his army in three lines, advanced up to the enemy camp. 87 Ad tempus * at the proper moment. DBG 4.23.5 Interim legatis tribunisque militum convocatis et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset et quae fieri vellet ostendit monuitque, ut rei militaris ratio, maximeque ut maritimae res postularent, ut, cum celerem atque instabilem motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur. :: Having in the meantime assembled the lieutenants and military tribunes, he told them both what he had learned from Volusenus, and what he wished to be done; and enjoined them (as the principle of military matters, and especially as maritime affairs required, as they have a quickly-changing and fluid movement) that all things should be managed by them at a signal and at the proper moment. 88 Ad ulciscendum * to take revenge. DBG 6.34.7 Ut in eiusmodi difficultatibus, quantum diligentia provideri poterat providebatur, ut potius in nocendo aliquid praetermitteretur, etsi omnium animi ad ulciscendum ardebant, quam cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur. :: But amid difficulties of this nature as far as precautions could be taken by vigilance, such precautions were taken; so that some opportunities of injuring the enemy were neglected, though the minds of all were burning to take revenge, rather than that injury should be effected with any loss to our soldiers. 89 Adulescens * the younger, junior, young man. DBG 1.52.7 Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam ii qui inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit. :: On observing this the junior P. Crassus, who commanded the cavalry—as he was more unencumbered than those who were employed in the fight—sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in distress. 90 Duce (Boduognato) * under the leadership of (Boduognatus). DBG 2.23.4 At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio XII. et non magno ab ea intervallo VII. constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato, qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; quorum pars ab aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. :: But with almost the whole camp on the front and on the left side being then exposed, since the twelfth legion was posted in the right wing, and the seventh at no great distance from it, all the Nervii, in a very close body, under the leadership of Boduognatus, who held the chief command, hastened toward that place; and part of them began to surround the legions on their unprotected flank, part to make for the highest point of the encampment. 91 Ad unum * to a man. DBG 4.15.3 Nostri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti belli timore, cum hostium numerus capitum CCCCXXX milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. :: Our soldiers, all safe to a man, very few being even wounded, after the alarm of so great a war, since the number of the enemy amounted to 430,000, returned to their camp. 92 Ad usum expeditior * more convenient to handle, more easily managed, more easily manageable. DBG 4.25.1 Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac submoveri iussit; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. :: When Caesar observed this, he ordered the war-ships, whose appearance was somewhat strange to the barbarians and whose movements were more easily manageable, to be withdrawn a little from the transport vessels, and to be propelled by their oars, and be stationed toward the open flank of the enemy, and the enemy to be beaten back and dislodged with slings, arrows, and war-engines: this plan was of great service to our men; 93 Adversa nocte * the darkness being against them, in a stormy night. DBG 4.28.3 quae tamen ancoris iactis cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. :: which, however, after having cast anchor, as they were getting filled with water, put out to sea through necessity in a stormy night, and made for the continent. 94 Adversis hostibus occurrebant * met the enemy face to face, ran right into the enemy DBG 2.24.1 Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant; :: At the same time our horsemen, and light-armed infantry, who had been with those, who, as I have related, were routed by the first assault of the enemy, as they were making it back into the camp, met the enemy face to face, and again sought flight into another quarter; 95 Adverso colle * up the hill. DBG 2.19.8 Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt. :: And with the same speed they hastened up the hill to our camp, and to those who had been employed in the works. 96 Adverso flumine * up the stream, upstream, upriver. DBG 7.60.3 quinque eiusdem legionis reliquas de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverso flumine magno tumultu proficisci imperat. :: he orders the five remaining cohorts of the same legion to proceed a little after midnight upriver with all their baggage, in a great tumult. 97 Adversum proelium * an unsuccessful battle. DBG 1.40.8 Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si quaererent, reperire posse diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris se ac paludibus tenuisset neque sui potestatem fecisset, desperantes iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum magis ratione et consilio quam virtute vicisse. :: If the unsuccessful battle and flight of the Gauls disquieted any, these, if they made inquiries, might discover that, when the Gauls had been tired out by the long duration of the war, Ariovistus, after he had many months kept himself in his camp and in the marshes, and had given no opportunity for an engagement, fell suddenly upon them, by this time despairing of a battle and scattered in all directions, and was victorious more through stratagem and cunning than valor. 98 Adversus et contrarius * opposite and on the other side, opposite and across (the stream). DBG 2.18.2 Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter CC infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. :: from this river there arose a [second] hill of like ascent, on the other side and opposite to the former, and open for about 200 paces at the lower part; but in the upper part, woody, (so much so) that it was not easy to see through it into the interior. 99 Ad vesperum * till evening. DBG 1.26.2 Nam hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. :: For during the whole of this battle, although the fight lasted from the seventh hour [i.e. 12 (noon) to 1 p.m.] till evening, no one could see an enemy with his back turned. 100 Aegerrime * with very great (or utmost) difficulty. DBG 1.13.2 Helvetii repentino eius adventu commoti cum id quod ipsi diebus XX aegerrime confecerant, ut flumen transirent, illum uno die fecisse intellegerent, legatos ad eum mittunt; cuius legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. :: The Helvetii, confused by his sudden arrival, when they found that he had effected in one day, what they, themselves had with the utmost difficulty accomplished in twenty namely, the crossing of the river, send ambassadors to him; at the head of which ambassy was Divico, who had been commander of the Helvetii, in the war against Cassius. 101 Aegre is dies sustentatur * with difficulty they hold out for that day. DBG 5.39.4 Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant atque hanc adepti victoriam in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant. :: They held out that day with difficulty, since the enemy placed all their hope in their swiftness, and felt assured that, if they obtained this victory, they would be conquerors forever. 102 Aegre sustentatum est * it was with difficulty that they held out, (the attack) was sustained with difficulty. DBG 2.6.1 Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum VIII. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum est. :: There was a town of the Remi, by name Bibrax, eight miles distant from this camp. This the Belgae on their march began to attack with a forceful assault. It was with difficulty that they held out that day. 103 Aegre sustinere * to stand the ground with difficulty, scarcely to stand their ground DBG 4.32.3 Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibus premi atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela coici animadvertit. :: When he had advanced some little way from the camp, he noticed that his men were overpowered by the enemy and scarcely able to stand their ground, and that, the legion being crowded together, weapons were being cast on them from all sides. 104 Aequato periculo * By making the danger equal. DBG 1.25.1 Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium commisit. :: Caesar, having removed from view first his own cavalry, then those of all, so that in making the danger equal for everyone, he might remove the hope of flight, having encouraged his men, joined battle. 105 Aequo animo * calmly, with equanimity / contentment / resignation; resolutely, without anxiety. DBG 5.49.6 Erat magni periculi res tantulis copiis iniquo loco dimicare; tum, quoniam obsidione liberatum Ciceronem sciebat, aequo animo remittendum de celeritate existimabat: :: It was an affair of great danger to fight with such large forces in a disadvantageous situation. For the present, therefore, inasmuch as he knew that Cicero was released from the blockade, he thought that he might, on that account, relax his speed, without anxiety; 106 Aequo Marte * in equal battle, on equal terms, with equal success, with equal prospect of success. DBG 7.19.3 sic animo parati, ut, si eam paludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, haesitantes premerent ex loco superiore; ut qui propinquitatem loci videret paratos prope aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret, qui iniquitatem condicionis perspiceret inani simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret. :: thus being resolute that if the Romans should attempt to force their way through the marsh, they would harass them from the higher ground as they trudged along, so that whoever saw the proximity would imagine that the two armies were prepared to fight on almost equal terms; but whoever viewed the disadvantage of their state, would realize that they were swaggering in an empty show. 107 Aerariae secturae * copper mines. DBG 3.21.3 Illi alias eruptione temptata, alias cuniculis ad aggerem vineasque actis (cuius rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani, propterea quod multis locis apud eos aerariae secturaeque sunt), ubi diligentia nostrorum nihil his rebus profici posse intellexerunt, legatos ad Crassum mittunt seque in deditionem ut recipiat petunt. Qua re impetrata arma tradere iussi faciunt. :: They at one time attempting a sally, at another forming mines, to our rampart and vineae (at which the Aquitani are eminently skilled, because in many places among them there are copper mines); when they perceived that nothing could be gained by these operations through the perseverance of our men, they send ambassadors to Crassus, and entreat him to admit them to a surrender. Having obtained it, when ordered to deliver up their arms, they comply. 108 Aere alieno premi * to be heavily in debt, to be in debt. DBG 6.13.2 Plerique, cum aut aere alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus: in hos eadem omnia sunt iura, quae dominis in servos. :: The greater part, since they are heavily in debt, or pressured by the large amount of their tributes or by the oppression of the more powerful, give themselves up in vassalage to the nobles, who possess over them the same rights without exception as masters over their slaves. 109 Aestate inita * at (in) the beginning of summer. DBG 2.2.1 His nuntiis litterisque commotus, Caesar duas legiones in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit et inita aestate in ulteriorem Galliam qui deduceret Q. Pedium legatum misit. :: Alarmed by these tidings and letters, Caesar levied two new legions in Hither Gaul, and, at the beginning of summer, sent Q. Pedius, his lieutenant, to conduct them further into Gaul. 110 Aestus magnus * high tide. DBG 4.29.1 Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. :: It happened that night to be full moon, the day which usually occasions very high tides in that ocean; and that circumstance was unknown to our men. 111 Aestu minuente * on the tide ebbing, when the tide was at ebb, during ebbtide. DBG 3.12.1 Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in extremis lingulis promunturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod [bis] accidit semper horarum XII spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis adflictarentur. :: The sites of their towns were generally such that, being placed on extreme points [of land] and on promontories, they neither had an approach by land when the tide had rushed in from the main ocean, which always happens [twice] in the space of twelve hours; nor by ships, because during ebbtide the ships would be troubled by the shoals. 112 Aetate confectus * burdened with years, oppressed with years, weakened or worn out by old age. DBG 7.28.4 Sic et Cenabi caede et labore operis incitati non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt. :: Thus, being driven on by the massacre at Genabum and the fatigue of the siege, they did not spare those worn out by old age, nor the women, nor the children. 113 Aetate inutiles * of no use owing to advanced years, unserviceable on account of age DBG 7.78.1 Sententiis dictis constituunt ut ei qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sunt bello oppido excedant, atque omnia prius experiantur, quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant: :: When different opinions were expressed, they determine that those who, owing to age or ill health, were unserviceable for war, should depart from the town, and that themselves should try every expedient before they should resort to the advice of Critognatus: 114 A fronte * in front DBG 2.23.4 At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio XII. et non magno ab ea intervallo VII. constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato, qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; quorum pars ab aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. :: But, almost the whole camp being then exposed in front and on the left side, since the twelfth legion was posted in the right wing, and the seventh at no great distance from it, all the Nervii, in very close formation, with Boduognatus, who held the chief command, as their leader, hastened toward that place; and part of them began to surround the legions on their unprotected flank, part to make for the highest point of the encampment. 115 Aggere ac molibus * with a dam and constructions DBG 3.12.3 Ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, magno numero navium adpulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, omnia sua deportabant seque in proxima oppida recipiebant: :: and if at any time perchance the Veneti overpowered by the greatness of our machinery, the sea having been pushed back by a dam and constructions, and the latter being made almost equal in height to the town walls, had begun to despair of their fortunes; bringing up a large number of ships, of which they had a very great quantity, they carried off all their property and went off to the nearest towns; 116 Agere cum * to treat with, to plead with. DBG 1.47.1 Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos misit: velle se de iis rebus quae inter eos agi coeptae neque perfectae essent agere cum eo: uti aut iterum conloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, ex suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. :: Two days later, Ariovistus sent ambassadors to Caesar, [stating that] he wished to treat with him about those things which had been begun between them, but not been concluded, so that he would either again appoint a day for a conference; or, if he were not willing to do that, that he would send one of his [officers] as an ambassador to him. 117 In aggerem iacere * to toss onto the mound. DBG 7.24.4 alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus iaciebant, picem reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, fundebant, ut quo primum curreretur aut cui rei ferretur auxilium vix ratio iniri posset. :: Some at a distance were tossing torches and dry wood down from the wall onto the mound, and they were pouring pitch and other materials by which the flame might be fed, so that a plan could hardly be formed as to where they should first run to the defense, or to what part aid should be brought. 118 Agmen claudere * to bring up the rear, to close the line of march. DBG 2.19.3 post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. :: behind them he had placed the baggage-trains of the whole army; then the two legions which had been last raised brought up the rear, and served as a guard for the baggage-train. 119 Agri cultura * cultivation of the soil, husbandry, farming DBG 3.17.4 magnaque praeterea multitudo undique ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat, quos spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agri cultura et cotidiano labore revocabat. :: a great multitude besides of desperate men and robbers assembled out of Gaul from all quarters, people whom the hope of plundering and the love of fighting had called away from farming [lit., the cultivation of the soil] and from their everyday labor. 120 Agri modum certum * a definite measure of land. DBG 6.22.2 Neque quisquam agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios; sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt atque anno post alio transire cogunt. :: nor has any one a definite measure of land or his own personal boundaries; but the magistrates and the leading men each year apportion to the tribes and families, who have united together, as much land as, and in the place in which, they think proper, and the year after compel them to move elsewhere. 121 Agri solum * the bare ground, soil. DBG 1.11.4 Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. :: the Allobroges likewise, who had villages and possessions on the other side of the Rhone, run off in flight to Caesar, and inform him that they have nothing remaining, except the bare ground. 122 Alia ratione * on other terms, on any other terms. DBG 1.42.5 Interim saepe cum legati ultro citroque inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit ne quem peditem ad conloquium Caesar adduceret: vereri se ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur; uterque cum equitatu veniret: alia ratione sese non esse venturum. :: Meanwhile, as ambassadors were being often sent back and forth between them, Ariovistus demanded that Caesar should not bring any foot-soldiery with him to the conference, [saying] that he was afraid of being ensnared by him through treachery; that both should come accompanied by cavalry; that he would not come on any other terms. 123 Alia ratione ac / atque * by a very different method than. DBG 3.28.1 Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam aestas erat, tamen, quod omni Gallia pacata Morini Menapiique supererant, qui in armis essent neque ad eum umquam legatos de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse eo exercitum duxit; qui longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere coeperunt. :: About the same time Caesar, although the summer was nearly past, yet, since, all Gaul being reduced, the Morini and the Menapii alone remained in arms, and had never sent ambassadors to him [to make a treaty] of peace, speedily led his army there, thinking that that war might soon be terminated. They started to conduct the war by a very different method than the rest of the Gauls [used]; 124 Aliae alia in parte * some in one place, others in another = in different places. DBG 2.22.1 Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura [deiectusque collis] et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. :: The army having been marshaled, rather as the nature of the ground and the declivity of the hill and the exigency of the time, than as the method and order of military matters required; while different legions in different places were giving resistance to the enemy, and the view was obstructed by the very thick hedges standing between them, as we have remarked earlier, and designated reserves could not be posted, nor could any necessary measures be taken on each side, nor could all the commands be issued by one person. 125 Alicui auxilio mittere * to send to any one’s assistance, to send as a relief to someone. DBG 4.37.2 Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter milia VI convenerunt; qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. :: when they, forming a circle, stood on their defense, about 6000 of the enemy soon assembled at the shouting of the men; when this was reported, Caesar sent all the cavalry in the camp as a relief to his men. 126 Alicui esse curae * to be someone’s care, to be a special concern for someone, [that someone would] take a special interest in. DBG 1.33.1 His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit pollicitusque est sibi eam rem curae futuram; magnam se habere spem et beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum. Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit. :: Learning these things, Caesar lifted the spirits of the Gauls with his words, and he promised that this affair would be a special concern for him and he said that he had great hopes that Ariovistus, induced both by Caesar’s own kindness and power, would put an end to his oppression. After making this speech, he dismissed the council; 127 Alicui maximam fidem habere * to have the greatest confidence in any one. DBG 1.41.4 Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisito per Diviciacum, quod ex Gallis ei maximam fidem habebat, ut milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu locis apertis exercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. :: Having accepted their excuse, and having had the road carefully reconnoitered by Divitiacus because he had the greatest confidence in him of all the Gauls, so that by a circuitous route of more than fifty miles he might lead his army through open stretches, he then set out in the fourth watch, as he had said. 128 Alienata mente * in a frenzy, bereft of reason, as if they had lost their reason. DBG 6.41.3 Sic omnino animos timor praeoccupaverat ut paene alienata mente deletis omnibus copiis equitatum se ex fuga recepisse dicerent neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppugnaturos fuisse contenderent. :: Fear had so entirely taken hold of their minds that, almost as if they had lost their reason, they said that all the other forces having been destroyed, the cavalry alone had arrived there by flight, and asserted that, if the army were safe, the Germans would not attack the camp; 129 Alieno loco * in a disadvantageous place. DBG 1.15.1 Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, quem ex omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt; et pauci de nostris cadunt. :: On the following day they move their camp from that place; Caesar does the same, and sends forward all his cavalry, to the number of four thousand (which he had drawn together from all parts of the Province and from the Aedui and their allies), to observe toward what parts the enemy are directing their march. These, having too eagerly pursued the enemy’s rear, come to a battle with the cavalry of the Helvetii in a disadvantageous place, and few of our men fall. 130 Alienum tempus * an unfavorable time, not the right time DBG 4.34.2 Quo facto, ad lacessendum hostem et committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus, suo se loco continuit, et brevi tempore intermisso, in castra legiones reduxit. :: When this had been done, thinking that it was not the right time in which to challenge the enemy and engage in a fight, he kept himself back where he was, and, after a short while, took the legions back into the camp. 131 Alii aliam in partem * some in one direction, others in another, everone in different directions. DBG 2.24.1 Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant; :: At the same time, our horsemen and the light-armed infantry who had been together with those whom I said had been routed by the first assault of the enemy, as they were getting themselves back into the camp, ran right into the enemy, and again ran off in all directions for safety; 132 Aliis rebus * with other perplexities, other results, other difficulties. DBG 3.6.4 Quo proelio facto, quod saepius fortunam temptare Galba nolebat atque alio se in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occurrisse rebus videbat, maxime frumenti [commeatusque] inopia permotus, postero die omnibus eius vici aedificiis incensis, in provinciam reverti contendit, :: When this battle was over, inasmuch as Galba did not want to try his luck too often and he was mindful that he had come into winter quarters with one intention but saw that he had gotten into other difficulties, but mainly being sorely pressed by the lack of grain and provisions, he to hurried to get back the province, after burning all the village’s buildings the next day; 133 Alio consilio * with one purpose, one design, one intention. DBG 3.6.4 Quo proelio facto, quod saepius fortunam temptare Galba nolebat atque alio se in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occurrisse rebus videbat, maxime frumenti [commeatusque] inopia permotus postero die omnibus eius vici aedificiis incensis in provinciam reverti contendit, :: When this battle was over, inasmuch as Galba did not want to try his luck too often and he was mindful that he had come into winter quarters with one intention but saw that he had gotten into other difficulties, but mainly being sorely pressed by the lack of grain and provisions, he to hurried to get back the province, after burning all the village’s buildings the next day; 134 Aliquantum itineris * some distance, a little way. DBG 5.10.2 His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves adflictas atque in litore eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim tempestatis pati possent; :: These having advanced a little way, when already the rear [of the enemy army] was in sight, some cavalry came to Caesar from Quintus Atrius, to report that the preceding night, a very great storm having arisen, almost all the ships were dashed to pieces and thrown onto the shore, because neither the anchors and cables held up, nor could the sailors and pilots withstand the force of the storm; 135 Aliquid novi consili * some new plan, some kind of new strategy DBG 4.32.2 Caesar id quod erat suspicatus aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes quae in statione erant secum in eam partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in stationem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi iussit. :: Caesar, rightly suspecting that some new plan had been taken up by the barbarians, ordered the two cohorts which were on duty to march with him in that direction, two other cohorts from the others to take up their duty, and the rest to get armed and come follow behind him right away. 136 Aliquo numero esse * to be of some account. DBG 6.13.1 In omni Gallia eorum hominum, qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore, genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorum habetur loco, quae nihil audet per se, nullo adhibetur consilio. :: Throughout all Gaul there are two orders of those men who are of some account and dignity: for the commoners are considered to be almost in the condition of slaves, who dare to undertake nothing on their own and never consulted. 137 Aliter ac * otherwise than, differently from. DBG 5.24.1 Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere. :: After the ships had been drawn up and a general assembly of the Gauls held at Samarobriva, because the grain that year had produced more poorly in Gaul on account of drought, he was compelled to station his army in its winter-quarters differently from the way they had been in former years, and to distribute the legions around among several cities: 138 Aliter se habere ac * to be different from, than, to be unlike, to be otherwise than. DBG 2.19.1 Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. :: Caesar, his cavalry sent on ahead, followed close after them with all his forces; but the plan and order of their ranks was different from that which the Belgae had reported to the Nervii. 139 Alius alia causa illata * one alleging one reason, another another; alleging different reasons, one assigning one cause, another another. DBG 1.39.3 quorum alius alia causa inlata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat ut eius voluntate discedere liceret; non nulli pudore adducti, ut timoris suspicionem vitarent, remanebant. :: And with one alleging one reason and another another one, which they said made it necessary for them to depart, each requested that by his permission he might be allowed to go; some, motivated by their sense of shame, stayed behind to escape the suspicion of cowardice. 140 Alius alia ex navi * men from different ships; one from one ship, another from another. DBG 4.26.1 Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque signa subsequi poterant atque alius alia ex navi quibuscumque signis occurrerat se adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur; :: The battle was engaged vigorously on both sides. Our men, however, as they could neither keep their ranks, nor get firm footing, nor follow close to their standards, and as men from different ships assembled around whatever standards they met, were thrown into great confusion. 141 Altera ex parte * on another side. DBG 5.56.1 Ubi intellexit ultro ad se veniri, altera ex parte Senones Carnutesque conscientia facinoris instigari, altera Nervios Aduatucosque bellum Romanis parare, neque sibi voluntariorum copias defore, si ex finibus suis progredi coepisset, armatum concilium indicit. Hoc more Gallorum est initium belli, :: When he perceived that they were coming to him voluntarily; that on the one side the Senones and the Carnutes were stimulated by their consciousness of guilt, and on another side the Nervii and the Aduatuci were preparing war against the Romans, and that he would not lack forces of volunteers him if he had begun to advance from his own territories, he proclaims an armed council (this according to the custom of the Gauls is the commencement of war). 142 Altero die * on the second day. DBG 7.11.1 Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum venisset, ne quem post se hostem relinqueret, quo expeditiore re frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare instituit idque biduo circumvallavit; :: On the second day, when he had come to Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senones, he decided to attack it, in order that he might not leave an enemy in his rear and might the more easily procure supplies of provisions, and he raised a wall around it in two days. 143 Alutae tenuiter confectae * thin(ly) dressed leather. DBG 3.13.6 pelles pro velis alutaeque tenuiter confectae, [hae] sive propter inopiam lini atque eius usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod est magis veri simile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi velis non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. :: for sails they used skins and thinly dressed leather. These [were used] either on account of their lack of canvas and their ignorance of how to use it, or for this reason, which is more probable, that they thought that such great ocean storms and such violent gales could not be rebuffed by [canvas] sails, nor ships of such great mass managed well enough by them. 144 A media fronte * from the middle of the forehead. DBG 6.26.1 Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota sunt, cornibus: :: There is an ox of the shape of a stag, between whose ears a horn rises from the middle of the forehead, higher and straighter than those horns that we are familiar with [lit: which are known to us]. 145 A mille (milibus) passuum * a mile off, away, distant. DBG 2.7.3 Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quo adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et a milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; :: Therefore, after lingering a short time at the town, and laying waste the country of the Remi, when all the villages and buildings which they could approach had been burned, they hastened with all their forces to Caesar’s camp and encamped within less than two miles [of it]; 146 Ampliores copiae * larger forces. DBG 5.50.1 Eo die parvulis equestribus proeliis ad aquam factis utrique sese suo loco continent: :: That day, after conducting some slight cavalry skirmishes near the water, both armies kept back in their own positions. 147 Amplitudo cornuum * spread of the horns. DBG 6.28.5 Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. :: The spread of the horns, their shape and look are a very different from the horns of our oxen. 148 Anceps proelium * a doubtful battle; a twofold, battle; a battle on two fronts. DBG 7.76.6 neque erat omnium quisquam qui aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugnaretur, foris tantae copiae equitatus peditatusque cernerentur. :: nor was there a one of them all who imagined that the Romans could withstand the sight of such an immense host: especially in a battle on two fronts, when an assault would come from [inside] the town and engage in the fight, and they would catch sight of such an enormous army of cavalry and infantry coming from outside the town. 149 Ancoras iacere * to cast, drop, anchor. DBG 4.28.3 quae tamen ancoris iactis cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. :: nevertheless when even after having cast anchor they were getting filled with water, necessity forced them to put out to sea in a stormy night and make for the continent. 150 Angustiore fastigio * with slightly narrower slope. DBG 7.73.5 Hos cippos appellabant. Ante quos obliquis ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis scrobes tres in altitudinem pedes fodiebantur paulatim angustiore ad infimum fastigio. :: The soldiers called these “cippi.” Before these, which were arranged in oblique rows in the form of a quincunx, pits three feet deep were dug, with gradually narrowing slope towards the bottom. 151 Angustius milites conlocare * to stow soldiers more tightly (in a vessel). DBG 5.23.5 Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit, ac summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. :: When Caesar had waited for them for some time in vain, in order not to be precluded from sailing by the season of the year, inasmuch as the equinox was at hand, he was forced to stow his soldiers the more tightly, and, with a very great calm coming on, after he had weighed anchor at the beginning of the second watch, he reached land at break of day and brought in all the ships in safety. 152 Angustius provenerat * had produced more sparingly (than usual). DBG 5.24.1 Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere. :: After the ships had been drawn up and a general assembly of the Gauls held at Samarobriva, because the grain that year had produced more poorly in Gaul on account of drought, he was compelled to station his army in its winter-quarters differently from the way they had been in former years, and to distribute the legions among several cities. 153 Animadvertere in * to punish, to attend to. DBG 1.19.1 Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo iniussu suo et civitatis sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistratu Haeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret aut civitatem animadvertere iuberet. :: After finding this out, since the most definite facts were added to these suspicions, namely, that he had led the Helvetii through the territories of the Sequani; that he had provided that hostages should be mutually given; that he had done all these things, not only without any orders of his [Caesar’s] and of his own state’s, but even without their [the Aedui] knowing any thing of it themselves; that he [Dumnorix] was reprimanded: by the [chief] magistrate of the Aedui; he [Caesar] considered that there was sufficient reason why either he should punish him himself, or he should order the state to do so. 154 Animi aequitate plebem continere * to keep the people contented. DBG 6.22.4 ut animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari videat. :: so that they may keep the common people contented, since each person sees his own wealth is equal to [the wealth of] the most powerful. 155 Animi causa * for pleasure, amusement, fancy. DBG 5.12.6 Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus. :: They do not regard it lawful to eat rabbit, chicken, and goose; yet they breed these for amusement and pleasure. The climate is more temperate than in Gaul, the cold being less severe. 156 Animi mollities * feebleness of purpose, weakness of character, softness. DBG 7.20.5 Summam imperi se consulto nulli discedentem tradidisse, ne is multitudinis studio ad dimicandum impelleretur; cui rei propter animi mollitiem studere omnes videret, quod diutius laborem ferre non possent. :: [He replied] that he when leaving had deliberately given the supreme command to no one, so that that person might not be driven by the eagerness of the crowd into fighting; he saw that everyone was inclined to this on account of their softness, because they were unable to endure the effort any longer. 157 Animo circumspicere * to consider carefully, ponder on, investigate. DBG 6.5.3 His rebus constitutis, quod pro explorato habebat Ambiorigem proelio non esse concertaturum, reliqua eius consilia animo circumspiciebat. :: After arranging these things, as he considered it certain that Ambiorix was not going to make a fight of it, he considered his other plans carefully. 158 Animo deficere * to become discouraged. DBG 7.30.1 Fuit haec oratio non ingrata Gallis, et maxime, quod ipse animo non defecerat tanto accepto incommodo neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat; :: This speech was not disagreeable to the Gauls, principally, because he himself had not become discouraged in receiving so severe a loss, and he had not withdrawn into secrecy nor avoided being seen by people; 159 Animo et opibus in incumbere * to bend one’s mind and energies to. DBG 7.76.2 Tamen tanta universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis neque amicitiae memoria moverentur, omnesque et animo et opibus in id bellum incumberent. :: Yet so great was the unanimity of all the Gauls in claiming their freedom and recovering their ancient renown for war, that they were influenced neither by favors, nor by the recollection of private friendship, and they all bent their mind and energies to war. 160 Animo laborare * to give anxious thought, to strive, contrive, to resolve in one’s mind anxiously. DBG 7.31.1 Nec minus quam est pollicitus Vercingetorix animo laborabat ut reliquas civitates adiungeret, atque eas donis pollicitationibusque alliciebat. Huic rei idoneos homines deligebat, :: Nor did Vercingetorix strive less than he had promised to join the other states and [in consequence] entice their leaders by gifts and promises. For this project he selected fitting emissaries, 161 Animo paratus * resolute. DBG 7.19.3 sic animo parati, ut, si eam paludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, haesitantes premerent ex loco superiore; ut qui propinquitatem loci videret paratos prope aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret, qui iniquitatem condicionis perspiceret inani simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret. :: thus being resolute that if the Romans should attempt to force their way through the marsh, they would harass them from the higher ground as they trudged along, so that whoever saw the proximity would imagine that the two armies were prepared to fight on almost equal terms; but whoever viewed the disadvantage of their state, would realize that they were swaggering in an empty show. 162 Animo proponere * to purpose, intend. DBG 7.47.1 Consecutus id quod animo proposuerat, Caesar receptui cani iussit legionique decimae, quacum erat, continuo signa constituit. :: Caesar, having accomplished what he had intended, ordered the signal to be sounded for a retreat, and he immediately halted the standards for the tenth legion he was accompanying. 163 Animos confirmare * to encourage. DBG 7.80.4 Cum suos pugna superiores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ei qui munitionibus continebantur et hi qui ad auxilium convenerant clamore et ululatu suorum animos confirmabant. :: When the Gauls were confident that their countrymen were the conquerors in the action, and beheld our men hard pressed by numbers, both those who were hemmed in by the line of circumvallation and those who had come to aid them, encouraged their men with shouts and yells from every quarter. 164 Animum advertere * to perceive, notice. DBG 1.24.1 Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subduxit equitatumque, qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit. :: After he noticed this, Caesar drew off his forces to the next hill and sent the cavalry to bear the brunt of the enemy’s attack. 165 Animum offendere * to hurt one’s feelings. DBG 1.19.2 His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Diviciaci fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, summum in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, temperantiam cognoverat; nam ne eius supplicio Diviciaci animum offenderet verebatur. :: One thing [however] stood in the way of all this-that he had learned by experience his brother Divitiacus’s very high regard for the Roman people, his great affection toward himself, his distinguished faithfulness, justice, and moderation; for he was afraid that by punishing this man he would hurt Divitiacus’s feelings. 166 Animus magnus * courage, magnanimity, lofty spirit. DBG 5.6.1 Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo ante ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperi, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat. :: There was together with the others, Dumnorix the Aeduan, of whom we have made previous mention. He had resolved to have him above all in his company, because he had discovered him to be a person fond of change, fond of power, filled with a lofty spirit, and a great influence among the Gauls. 167 Animus verbis confirmavit * he consoled them with encouraging words. DBG 1.33.1 His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit pollicitusque est sibi eam rem curae futuram; magnam se habere spem et beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum. Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit. :: Caesar, on being informed of these things, consoled the Gauls with encouraging words and promised that he would take an interest in this matter, [saying] that he had great hopes that Ariovistus, induced both by his own kindness and power, would put an end to his injuries. When this speech was over, he dismissed the assembly; 168 Anni tempore confisi * relying on the time of the year. DBG 3.27.2 paucae ultimae nationes anni tempore confisae, quod hiems suberat, id facere neglexerunt. :: A few most remote nations, relying on the time of the year because winter was looming, neglected to do this. 169 Anno post * one year later, the following year. DBG 4.1.5 hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent. :: The latter again, in their turn, are in arms the year after: the former remain at home. 170 An speculandi causa? * was it for the purpose of spying? DBG 1.47.5 His mandavit quae diceret Ariovistus cognoscerent et ad se referrent. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo praesente conclamavit: quid ad se venirent? an speculandi causa? Conantes dicere prohibuit et in catenas coniecit. :: He commissioned them to learn what Ariovistus had to say, and to report it to him. But when Ariovistus saw them before him in his camp, he cried out in the presence of his army, “Why were they come to him? Was it for the purpose of spying?” He stopped them while they were trying to speak, and he threw them into chains. 171 quam ante diem * what day before which. DBG 7.31.4 simul, ut deminutae copiae redintegrarentur, imperat certum numerum militum civitatibus, quem et quam ante diem in castra adduci velit, sagittariosque omnes, quorum erat permagnus numerus in Gallia, conquiri et ad se mitti iubet. His rebus celeriter id quod Avarici deperierat expletur. :: At the same time, so that his diminished forces might be restored completely, he levies a fixed quota of soldiers from each state, and defines the number and day before which he should wish them brought to the camp, and orders all the archers, of whom there was a very great number in Gaul, to be rounded up and sent to him. By these means, the troops that he had lost at Avaricum are speedily replaced. 172 Ante exactam hiemem * before the end of the winter, before winter was over. DBG 6.1.4 Quod cum Pompeius et rei publicae et amicitiae tribuisset, celeriter confecto per suos dilectu, tribus ante exactam hiemem et constitutis et adductis legionibus duplicatoque earum cohortium numero, quas cum Quinto Titurio amiserat, et celeritate et copiis docuit, quid populi Romani disciplina atque opes possent. :: And when Pompey had granted this to the interests of the commonwealth and the claims of friendship, Caesar, having quickly completed the levy by means of his lieutenants, after three regiments had been both formed and brought to him before the winter was over, and the number of those cohorts which he had lost under Q. Titurius had been doubled, showed the Gauls, both by his speediness and by his forces what the discipline and the resources of the Roman people could accomplish. 173 Ante habuerat * had formerly possessed, had once possessed. DBG 1.3.3 Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; :: Orgetorix is chosen to complete these arrangements. He took upon himself the office of ambassador to the states: on this journey he persuades Casticus, the son of Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani, whose father had possessed the sovereignty among the people for many years, and had been styled “friend” by the senate of the Roman people), to seize upon the sovereignty in his own state, which his father had formerly possessed. 174 Ante inito consilio * in accordance with a plan previously agreed upon. DBG 2.33.2 Illi ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crediderant, partim cum iis quae retinuerant et celaverant armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant, tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repente ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. :: They [the Aduatuci], in accordance with a plan previously agreed upon, as we came to find out, because they believed that, as a surrender had been made, our men would dismiss their guards, or at least would keep watch less carefully, partly with those arms which they had retained and concealed, partly with shields made of bark or interwoven wickers, which they had hastily covered over with skins, (as the shortness of time required) in the third watch, suddenly made a sally from the town with all their forces [in that direction] in which the ascent to our fortifications seemed the least difficult. 175 Ante oculos ponere * to recall. DBG 6.37.8 plerique novas sibi ex loco religiones fingunt Cottaeque et Tituri calamitatem, qui in eodem occiderint castello, ante oculos ponunt. :: most form strange superstitious fancies from the spot, and they recall the catastrophe of Cotta and Titurius, who had fallen in the same fort. 176 Antiquissimum quodque tempus * all the oldest periods of time. DBG 1.45.3 Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari oporteret, populi Romani iustissimum esse in Gallia imperium; si iudicium senatus observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset. :: And if all the oldest periods of time were to be regarded—then was the sovereignty of the Roman people in Gaul most just: if the decree of the Senate were to be observed, [they said] that Gaul ought to be free, as the Senate had permitted it to enjoy its own laws after it had been militarily conquered.” 177 A parvulis * from childhood. DBG 6.21.3 Vita omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit: ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. :: Their whole life is occupied in hunting and in the pursuits of the military art; from childhood they devote themselves to fatigue and hardships. 178 Aperta loca * the open country. DBG 2.19.5 Cum se illi identidem in silvis ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quem ad finem porrecta [ac] loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones VI quae primae venerant, opere dimenso, castra munire coeperunt. :: When they were now and then going off into the woods to their companions and again making from the woods an attack on our men, and ours would not dare to follow them in their retreat further than as far as the open country stretched—while this was happening the six legions which had arrived first, having measured out the work, began to fortify the camp. 179 Aperti cuniculi * open galleries. DBG 7.22.5 et nostrarum turrium altitudinem, quantum has cotidianus agger expresserat, commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant, et apertos cuniculos praeusta et praeacuta materia et pice fervefacta et maximi ponderis saxis morabantur moenibusque appropinquare prohibebant. :: by splicing the upright timbers of their own towers, they equaled the height of ours, as fast as the mound had daily raised them, and they impeded our open galleries with heat-tempered sharpened stakes, and boiling pitch and stones of very great weight, and prevented them from approaching the walls. 180 Apertus impetus maris * the unbroken fury of the sea. DBG 3.8.1 Huius est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis orae maritimae regionum earum, quod et naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque usu rerum nauticarum ceteros antecedunt et in magno impetu maris atque aperto paucis portibus interiectis, quos tenent ipsi, omnes fere qui eo mari uti consuerunt habent vectigales. :: The influence of this state is by far the fullest of any of the whole sea coast of those parts, because the Veneti both have a very great number of ships, with which they have become accustomed to sail to Britain, and they excel the rest in their knowledge and experience of nautical affairs; and as only a few ports lie scattered along the great unbroken fury of the open sea, ones that they themselves hold, they typically take in tolls from almost everybody who is in the practice of making use of that sea. 181 A prima obsidione * from the beginning of the siege. DBG 5.45.2 Erat unus intus Nervius nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque ei fidem praestiterat. :: There was within our camp a certain Nervian, called Vertico, well-born, who from the beginning of the siege had deserted to Cicero and had exhibited his fidelity to him. 182 Apud Ariovistum * in the possession of Ariovistus. DBG 1.33.2 Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur quare sibi eam rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret, in primis quod Haeduos, fratres consanguineosque saepe numero a senatu appellatos, in servitute atque [in] dicione videbat Germanorum teneri eorumque obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat; quod in tanto imperio populi Romani turpissimum sibi et rei publicae esse arbitrabatur. :: And, besides those statements, many considerations inclined him to think that this affair ought to be considered and taken up by him; especially as he saw that the Aedui, styled [as they had been] repeatedly by the senate “brethren” and “kinsmen,” were held in the thralldom and dominion of the Germans, and he realized that their hostages were in the possession of Ariovistus and the Sequani, which in so mighty an empire [as that] of the Roman people he considered very disgraceful to himself and the republic. 183 Apud Ciceronem * in Cicero’s camp. DBG 5.48.2 Ibi ex captivis cognoscit, quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit. :: There he learns from some prisoners what things are going on in Cicero’s camp, and in how great a jeopardy the thing lies. 184 Apud eum * with him. DBG 7.37.4 Esse nonnullo se Caesaris beneficio adfectum, sic tamen, ut iustissimam apud eum causam obtinuerit; sed plus communi libertati tribuere. :: [He said] that he had received some kindness from Caesar, only so far, however, as to win a very just settlement with him; but that he assigned more weight to the general freedom; 185 Apud se habere * to have with him, to detain. DBG 4.18.4 At Sugambri, ex eo tempore quo pons institui coeptus est fuga comparata, hortantibus iis quos ex Tencteris atque Usipetibus apud se habebant, finibus suis excesserant suaque omnia exportaverant seque in solitudinem ac silvas abdiderant. :: But the Sigambri, at the very time the bridge started being built, making preparations for a flight (by the advice of such of the Tenchtheri and Usipetes as they were detaining among them), had quitted their territories, and carried off all their possessions, and concealed themselves in deserts and woods. 186 Apud se * in his / her / their power, presence. DBG 5.27.2 Sese pro Caesaris in se beneficiis plurimum ei confiteri debere, quod eius opera stipendio liberatus esset, quod Aduatucis, finitimis suis, pendere consuesset, quodque ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, quos Aduatuci obsidum numero missos apud se in servitute et catenis tenuissent; :: That he confessed, that for Caesar’s kindness toward him, he was very much indebted to him, inasmuch as by his aid he had been freed from a tribute which he had been accustomed to pay to the Aduatuci, his neighbors; and because his own son and the son of his brother had been sent back to him, whom, when sent in the number of hostages, the Aduatuci had detained in their presence in slavery and in chains; 187 A pueris * from childhood. DBG 4.1.9 quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae, quod a pueris nullo officio aut disciplina adsuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faciunt, et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. :: This circumstance, by the nature of their food and by their daily exercise and the freedom of their life (for having been accustomed from childhood to no employment, or discipline, they do nothing at all contrary to their inclination), both promotes their strength and makes them into men of vast bodily stature. 188 Aqua atque igni interdicere * to banish, proscribe, expel, forbid the use of fire and water. DBG 6.44.3 Nonnulli iudicium veriti profugerunt. Quibus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines Treverorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex reliquas in Senonum finibus Agedinci in hibernis collocavit frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos profectus est. :: Some fearing a trial, fled. When he had forbidden these fire and water, he stationed in winter quarters two legions at the frontiers of the Treviri, two among the Lingones, the remaining six at Agendicum, in the territories of the Senones; and, having provided grain for the army, he set out for Italy, as he had determined, to hold the assizes. 189 Aquationis causa * for the purpose of procuring water. DBG 4.11.4 Haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur ut tridui mora interposita equites eorum qui abessent reverterentur; tamen sese non longius milibus passuum IIII aquationis causa processurum eo die dixit: :: Caesar thought that these things tended to the self-same point [as their other proposal]; [namely] that, in consequence of a delay of three days intervening, their cavalry, which were at a distance, might return; however, he said, that he would not that day advance further than four miles for the purpose of procuring water; 190 (Aquilam intra vallum) proicere * to throw over. DBG 5.37.5 Ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum proiecit; ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. Illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent; :: One of them, L. Petrosidius, the standard bearer, when he was overpowered by the great number of the enemy, threw the eagle within the intrenchments and is himself slain while fighting with the greatest courage before the camp. They with difficulty sustain the attack till night. 191 Aequitas animi * evenness of mind, contentment, resignation. DBG 6.22.4 ut animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari videat. :: and that they may keep the common people in contentment, since each sees his own wealth made equal with [the wealth of] the most powerful. 192 Arbitros dare * to assign referees. DBG 5.1.9 Eis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant. :: These being brought to him on the day as he had ordered, he appoints arbitrators between the states to estimate the claim and determine the reparation. 193 Arma capere * to take up arms. DBG 7.4.4 hortatur ut communis libertatis causa arma capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adversarios suos a quibus paulo ante erat eiectus expellit ex civitate. :: He exhorts them to take up arms on behalf of their common freedom, and having assembled great forces he drives from the state his opponents, by whom he had been expelled from the community a short time previously. 194 Arma exuere * to disarm, stripped of their weapons DBG 3.6.3 Sic omnibus hostium copiis fusis armisque exutis se intra munitiones suas recipiunt. :: So with all the enemy troops routed and stripped of their weapons, they pull back into their own encampments. 195 Arma ferre * to bear arms, to fight. DBG 4.19.2 Suebos, postea quam per exploratores pontem fieri comperissent, more suo concilio habito nuntios in omnes partes dimisisse, uti de oppidis demigrarent, liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvis deponerent atque omnes qui arma ferre possent unum in locum convenirent. :: that the Suevi, after they by means of their scouts had discovered that the bridge was being built, had called a council, according to their custom, and sent orders to all parts of their state to move out of the towns and convey their children, wives, and all their possessions into the woods, and that all who could bear arms should assemble in one place. 196 Arma ponere * to lay down arms, to surrender. DBG 4.37.1 Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter CCC atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere iusserunt. :: When our soldiers, about 300 in number, had been disembarked from these two ships and were marching to the camp, the Morini, whom Caesar, when setting forth for Britain, had left in a state of peace, attracted by their hope of spoil, at first surrounded them with a small number of men, and ordered them to lay down their arms, if they did not wish to be slain. 197 Armata milia conficere * to furnish thousands of armed men. DBG 2.4.5 Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo numero electa milia LX totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. :: That the Bellovaci were the most powerful among them in valor, influence, and population; that these could muster 100,000 armed men, [and they had] promised 60,000 picked men out of that number, and demanded for themselves the command of the whole war. 198 Armis concrepare * to clash, rattle, arms. DBG 7.21.1 Conclamat omnis multitudo et suo more armis concrepat, quod facere in eo consuerunt cuius orationem approbant: summum esse Vercingetorigem ducem, nec de eius fide dubitandum, nec maiore ratione bellum administrari posse. :: The whole multitude raise a shout and make noise with their arms, according to their custom, as they usually do for the one of whose speech they approve; [they exclaim] that Vercingetorix is a supremely great general, and that there should be no doubt of his honor; that the war could not be conducted with greater good sense. 199 Armis congredi * to (engage in, come together in a) fight. DBG 1.36.3 Haeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et armis congressi ac superati essent, stipendiarios esse factos. :: that the Aedui, inasmuch as they had tried the fortune of war and had engaged in a fight and been conquered, had become tributaries to him; 200 Armis contendere * to (struggle in, contend in a) fight. DBG 1.31.6 Cum his Haeduos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum armis contendisse; magnam calamitatem pulsos accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. :: that with these the Aedui and their dependents had repeatedly struggled in arms, that they had been routed and had sustained a great defeat, and that they had lost all their nobility, all their senate, all their cavalry. Ebooks for Learning Latin Inexpensive textbooks instantly available at any time of year. 1. Ablative Phrasebook: Mastering Latin’s Most Interesting Case 2. Caesar Phrasebook 3. Cicero Phrasebook 4. Cicero’s Pro Archia (Acceleration Reader with Translation) 5. Easy on the Odes: A Latin Phrase-Book for the Odes of Horace 6. Epitome of Sacred History (by Abbé L’Homond) 7. Giovanni Costa’s Latin Translation of Alexander Pope’s Essay On Man 8. Horae Latinae: Robert Ogilvie’s Studies in Synonyms and Syntax 9. How Latin Turns a Phrase: Finer Points of Latin Prose 10. 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