The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on citrus plants in Croatia

Zbornik predavanj in referatov 10. slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin z mednarodno udeležbo 273 Podčetrtek, 1–2. marec 2011 THE SCALE INSECTS (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) ON CITRUS PLANTS IN CROATIA Tatjana MASTEN MILEK1, Mladen ŠIMALA2 1,2 Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs - Institute for Plant Protection ABSTRACT This paper deals with the scale insects on citrus plants (Rutaceae) in the open field, and on house and greenhouse pot plants in Croatia.. They have been monitored during a six year investigation (2005-2010). Inspections have resulted in scale species, namely Coccidae: Ceroplastes japonicus Green, C. rusci (Linnaeus), Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758, C. pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914), Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius), Saissetia coffeae (Walker), and S. oleae (Olivier); Diaspididae: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), , C. dictyospermi (Morgan), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), L. gloverii (Packard), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée), P. ziziphi (Lucas), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Margarodidae: Icerya purchasi Maskell, and Pseudococcidae: Planococcus citri (Risso), P. longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), P. viburni (Signoret). Distribution and host plants of these species in Croatia will be reported. Key words: Croatia, monitoring, scale insects, Rutaceae 1 INTRODUCTION The insect fauna of citrus plants (family Rutaceae) is very rich. According to the ScaleNet (2010), 981 species of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are registered worldwide on these host plants, including 174 of the Palaearctic region. They can be permanent or occasional pests. Some of them have long been considered major and severe pests of citrus, especially armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) (Rose, 1990). The scale insects from other families of Coccoidea such as Coccidae, Pseudococcidae and Margarodidae can devastate citrus fruits and citrus trees severely as well. They thrive on nearly all parts of host plants, sometimes settle under bark, and cause a variety of plant deformities. Some of them excrete large amount of honeydew and by the subsequent development of sooty mould fungi, they severely reduce photosynthesis and transpiration. They disperse passively with the aid of wind, water, soil, humans and domestic and wild animals. Global trade has been a major factor in their spread worldwide. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Faunistic research on scale insects of citrus plants in Croatia were carried out over a 6 year period (2005–2010) by visual inspections of potentially infested plants in the open field, and on house and greenhouse pot plants with the help of a 10x magnification lens. Host plant material infested with scale insects from leaves, stems, barks and fruits were collected in plastic bags. Each sample was labelled with details about the host plant, damage symptoms, collector, sample number, date and the locality. The collected specimens were slide mounted under the dissecting stereo microscope, according to methods of Wilkey (1990) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000). The microscopic 1 2 dr. sc., Svetošimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia dr. sc., ibid. Ljubljana, Društvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije (Plant Protection Society of Slovenia), 2011 274 MASTEN MILEK & ŠIMALA morphological characters of adult female were studied using the keys of McGillivray (1921), Balachowsky (1948, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954), Dekle (1965), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988, 1993, 1997), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988), Williams & Watson (1988a, 1988b); Hodgson & Henderson (2000), Williams (2004) and Miller & Davidson (2005). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Faunistic investigation of the scale insects of citrus plants in Croatia have resulted in 18 identified scale species, namely from family Coccidae: Ceroplastes japonicus Green, C. rusci (Linnaeus), Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758, C. pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914), Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius), Saissetia coffeae (Walker), and S. oleae (Olivier) (table 1); Diaspididae: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), C. dictyospermi (Morgan), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), L. gloverii (Packard), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée), P. ziziphi (Lucas), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (table 2); Margarodidae: Icerya purchasi Maskell (table 3) and Pseudococcidae: Planococcus citri (Risso), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) and P. viburni (Signoret) (table 4). Quantitative distribution of scale insect appearing frequency on citrus plants in Croatia is shown in figure 1. C. hesperidum at the first place, then A. aurantii and I. purchasi had the highest appearing frequency. Table 1: Determined scale insects on citrus plants from family Coccidae in Croatia in period 2005 - 2010 FAMILY OF SCALE INSECTS Coccidae SPECIES OF SCALE INSECT Ceroplastes japonicus Ceroplastes rusci Coccus hesperidum HOST PLANT Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus retuculata Citrus limon Citrus retuculata Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus sinensis LOCALITY YEAR Novigrad Bašanija Umag Opatija ZaklopaticaLastovo Orašac Dubrovnik Trsteno Veliki Brijun Koprivnica* Vis Vis Sesvete* Požega* Požega* Zagreb Knežija* Parkovi i nasadi Duilovo Split* Vela Luka Korčula Vela Luka Korčula Dubrovnik Orašac Sesvete* Brodski Stupnik* Visovac Dubrovnik Vanga Brijuni Solaris Šibenik Zadar 2005 2006 2006 2008 2005 2005 2008 2008 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2009 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2010 2006 Zbornik predavanj in referatov 10. slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin z mednarodno udeležbo 275 Podčetrtek, 1–2. marec 2011 Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Parthenolecanium persicae Saissetia coffae Saissetia oleae TOTAL 7 SCALE SPECIES Citrus sinensis Citrus limon Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus sinensis Citrus sinensis Citrus limon Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa 5 HOST PLANTS Škudelin Galija Brijuni Čibača Galija Brijuni Vanga Brijuni Dubrovnik Bužinija Bužinija Bužinija Bužinija Jadro Brnik Split* Jadro Brnik Split* Čibača Dubrovnik 26 LOCALITIES 2009 2006 2005 2005 2006 2007 2005 2007 2005 2007 2009 2009 2005 2005 2005-2010 Table 2: Determined scale insects on citrus plants from family Diaspididae in Croatia in period 2005 - 2010 FAMILY OF SCALE INSECTS Diaspididae SPECIES OF SCALE INSECT Aonidiella aurantii HOST PLANT LOCALITY YEAR 2007 2008 2009 Citrus retuculata Citrus limon Poncirus trifoliata Citrus sinensis Citrus limon Orebić Trsteno Parkovi i nasadi Duilovo Split* Solaris Šibenik Orebić Trsteno Dubrovnik Trsteno Parkovi i nasadi Duilovo Split* Orašac Lokrum Opatija Korčula Korčula Trsteno Citrus deliciosa Citrus limon Citrus deliciosa Opuzen Cavtat MBM Knežine* 2008 2006 2008 Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus medica Citrus retuculata TOTAL Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Lepidosaphes beckii Lepidospahes gloverii Parlatoria oleae Parlatoria ziziphi Pinnaspis aspidistrae 7 SCALE SPECIES 6 HOST PLANTS 12 LOCALITIES 2010 2007 2008 2008 2008 2009 2005 2008 2007 2005 2008 2005-2010 Table 3: Determined scale insects on citrus plants from family Margarodidae in Croatia in period 2005 - 2010 FAMILY OF SCALE INSECTS Margarodidae SPECIES OF SCALE INSECT Icerya purchasi HOST PLANT Citrus aurantium Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus paradisi Citrus reticulata Citrus reticulata Citrus reticulata LOCALITY Rogoznica Dubrovnik Dubrava Šibenik Veliki Brijun Lokrum Rogoznica Galija Brijuni Vanga Brijuni Solaris Šibenik YEAR 2006 2010 2008 2005 2008 2006 2005 2005 2010 Ljubljana, Društvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije (Plant Protection Society of Slovenia), 2011 276 MASTEN MILEK & ŠIMALA TOTAL 1 SCALE SPECIES 5 HOST PLANTS 8 LOCALITIES 2005-2010 Table 4: Determined scale insects on citrus plants from family Pseudococcidae in Croatia in period 2005 - 2010 FAMILY OF SCALE INSECTS Pseudococcidae SPECIES OF SCALE INSECT Planococcus citri HOST PLANT Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus limon Pseudococcus longispinus Pseudococcus viburni TOTAL 3 SCALE SPECIES * host plants located indoors Citrus limon Citrus aurantium Citrus deliciosa Citrus deliciosa Citrus limon Citrus limon Citrus reticulata Citrus reticulata Citrus limon 4 HOST PLANTS LOCALITY YEAR Trsteno MBM Duilovo Split* Jadro Brnik Split* MBM Duilovo Split* Jadro Brnik Split* MBM Lučko* Trsteno Solaris Šibenik MBM Dubrovnik* MBM Duilovo Split* Dubrovnik Vanga Brijuni Zagreb* 2008 2009 8 LOCALITIES 2005-2010 Figure 1: Quantitative distribution of scale insect appearing frequency on citrus plants 2009 2009 2009 2006 2008 2010 2005 2005 2005 2005 2009 Zbornik predavanj in referatov 10. slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin z mednarodno udeležbo 277 Podčetrtek, 1–2. marec 2011 4 CONCLUSIONS Six year inspection (2005 - 2010) on scale insects on citrus plants (Rutaceae) in the open field, and on house and greenhouse pot plants in Croatia showed that citrus plants are very good hosts for the scale insects. Global trade is one of the major factor in spread of scale insects worldwide. Inspections have resulted in 18 different species of scale insects, namely Coccidae: Ceroplastes japonicus Green, C. rusci (Linnaeus), Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758, C. pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914), Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius), Saissetia coffeae (Walker), and S. oleae (Olivier); Diaspididae: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), C. dictyospermi (Morgan), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman), L. gloverii (Packard), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée), P. ziziphi (Lucas), Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), Margarodidae: Icerya purchasi Maskell, and Pseudococcidae: Planococcus citri (Risso), P. longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), P. viburni (Signoret). C. hesperidum at the first place, then A. aurantii and I. purchasi had the highest appearing frequency. 5 REFERENCES Balachowsky, A. S. 1953. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, nu nord de l’Afrique et du bassin méditerranéen. 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