Americanism

https://classiques-garnier.com/l-histoire-et-la-question-de-la-modernite-chez-antonio-gramsci.html

Le marxisme ouvert d’Antonio Gramsci permet de redéfinir la philosophie de l’histoire en échappant à tout dogmatisme. Gramsci cherche en effet à penser le processus historique dans sa consistance tout en accordant un rôle central à l’activité et aux luttes humaines, en particulier grâce aux notions de praxis, d’hégémonie et de rapports de forces. L’auteur des Cahiers de prison s’attache ainsi à comprendre la complexité de la modernité européenne, depuis ses origines jusqu’à la crise organique qui marque son temps, et s’arrête notamment sur la Renaissance, la Réforme, la Révolution française, le Risorgimento, l’américanisme, le fascisme et le socialisme soviétique.

While the very possibility of a philosophy of history has been widely questioned, this book shows that Antonio Gramsci’s open Marxism gives it new life, away from all dogmatism. Gramsci seeks to conceive the historical process in its consistency while giving a central role to human agency and struggles, thanks to notions such as praxis, hegemony and relations of force. His determination to understand both the coherence and the complexity of European modernity leads him to trace its development from its origins to the organic crisis it was undergoing in his time, from the Renaissance and the Reformation to Americanism, Fascism and Soviet socialism, via the French Revolution and the Risorgimento.

The early ethnological works of Alfred Métraux are analysed bearing in mind his first fieldwork trip to the Chiriguano, in 1929. The paper discusses personal, academic and professional features of Métraux’s ethnological experience, the nature of the 1929 trip and his concrete relationships with the Chiriguano groups and individuals. Next, we analyse his ideas on material culture as a privileged means of understanding the synthesis of Andean, Chaco and Amazonian cultural influences. Finally, the dilemmas and limitations of his analytical approach regarding Créole cultural influence and social and cultural change are discussed. [Key words: Alfred Métraux, Chané, Chiriguano, material culture, change.]
Se analiza la etnología temprana de Alfred Métraux a la luz de su primer viaje de campo a los chiriguanos, en 1929. Se discute el perfil personal, académico y profesional de Métraux, las peculiaridades de su trabajo de campo en 1929 y sus relaciones concretas con los indígenas chiriguanos en el terreno. Se examinan luego sus ideas sobre la cultura material como campo experimental privilegiado para rastrear procesos de síntesis de influencias culturales andinas, chaqueñas y amazónicas, así también sus dilemas y límites a la hora de interpretar el factor de la influencia criolla y el proceso de cambio social y cultural en un sentido amplio. [Palabras clave: Alfred Métraux, Chané, Chiriguano, cultura material, cambio.]

After two millennia we are still only at the beginning of the mission of Christ to redeem the human race. " The mission of Christ the redeemer, which is entrusted to the church, is still very far from completion. As the second millennium after Christ's coming draws to an end, an overall view of the human race shows that this mission is still only beginning and that we must commit ourselves wholeheartedly to its service… [T]he church's function in every age, and particularly in ours, is to direct man's gaze, to point the awareness and experience of the whole of humanity toward the mystery of Christ. " This is a wonderfully Catholic perspective on the call to evangelization which Pope John Paul II has issued from the beginning of his pontificate. The mission of the Church is the continuation down through all ages of the mission of the Word Incarnate. Especially in modern times it is important to acknowledge how what is new — in this case the " new evangelization " — does not contradict or oppose what was old. Innovation does not negate tradition. There is a tension between tradition and innovation, and that tension is present in every age. It came to the fore in the Vatican II Council, as its two tasks were usually seen as both a Ressourcement, a recovery of the tradition, and an Aggiornomento, a bringing up to date, an innovation. It has ever been the responsibility of the teaching authority of the Church and theologians to foster both of these elements, without letting one overrule or negate the other. In this essay I shall first revisit Catholicism's criticisms of modernism and Americanism. This revisiting will be dialectical rather than historical. Theologians have unfinished work in these areas. I indicate how the new dedication to evangelization called for by John Paul II points the way toward transforming modern cultures. Then I shall outline some major dialectical differences between

Français : La notion de révolution passive est aujourd'hui reconnue comme l'une des contributions théoriques les plus importantes de Gramsci ; elle a fait l'objet de travaux approfondis en langues étrangères, et est également mise en oeuvre pour analyser différents phénomènes historiques et situations concrètes présentes. L'objectif de cet article est de constituer une étude synthétique de l'élaboration et des usages de la notion de révolution passive dans les Cahiers de prison. Pour cela, nous suivons les différentes phases de développement de la notion, ainsi que les déplacements de son sens en fonction des cas pour l'étude desquels elle est mobilisée, même hypothétiquement (le Risorgimento, l'Europe du XIX e siècle, le fascisme, l'américanisme, etc.). Pour Gramsci, il apparaît que les apports de cette notion se situent sur au moins deux plans dialectiquement liés : concevoir une modalité du changement historique qui ne saurait être réduite aux bouleversements révolutionnaires proprement dits ; mettre en évidence d'une manière critique les stratégies politiques des classes dominantes, afin d'oeuvrer à l'émancipation de l'activité autonome des subalternes.

English : The notion of passive revolution is nowadays recognised as one of Gramsci's most important theoretical contributions. Not only has it been the subject of extensive work in foreign languages, this concept is also used to analyse various historical phenomena or present concrete situations. The aim of this article is to provide a synthetic study of the development and uses of the notion of passive revolution in the Prison Notebooks. To this end, we follow the notion through its various phases of development, tracking the shifts in meaning according to the cases for which it is used (the Risorgimento, nineteenth-century Europe, Fascism, Americanism, etc.). For Gramsci, the contributions of this notion seem to be positioned on at least two levels, linked dialectically: To conceive a modality of historical change that cannot be reduced to revolutionary upheavals in the strict sense; and to critically highlight the dominant classes’ political strategies to advance the emancipation of subaltern autonomous activity.

Abstract. The article deals with the viability of the use of the term "americanism" both in theoretical and lexicographical aspects. It also presents analysis of the problem of describing the vocabulary of the Spanish America Spanish language national varieties in contemporary
lexicographical works, using the Dictionary of Mexicanisms of the Mexican Academy of the Spanish Language as an example. The Dictionary is an important source of information about the synchronous state of the Mexican Spanish national variety, and this information is  essential for compilation of Spanish-Russian dictionaries which take into consideration the lexicalsemantic divergence of Mexican Spanish.

Dos suizos, dos libros, una única obsesión: la explotación del “oro negro” de la selva amazónica, en la época del auge cauchero en el Oriente de Bolivia. Con apenas unos meses de diferencia, Franz Ritz y Ernst Leutenegger trabajaron en la misma barraca gomera durante la primera década del siglo XX, y ambos publicaron luego sus recuerdos en su país natal. Son estos relatos que, traducidos por primera vez al español, nos propone descubrir aquí Lorena Córdoba. La mirada más entusiasta de Ritz y la visión más melancólica de Leutenegger evocan ambas tópicos de la fiebre cauchera en la selva boliviana: la dura vida en las barracas; la ley del más fuerte en un mundo donde el Estado está ausente; los enganches tramposos, las deudas hereditarias, la explotación de los indígenas. Sin embargo, estos relatos permiten ir más allá de los clichés y matizar en gran parte las visiones en blanco y negro sobre esta época crucial para la economía boliviana, la paulatina incorporación del Oriente al país y el destino también de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos. Con su lectura, la Historia gana en humanidad, en matices enriquecedores, en profundidad y credibilidad.

En el presente artículo, el autor parte de las conclusiones del libro “Introducción al estudio del español de Chile” de Ambrosio Rabanales para hacer una crítica al mismo y tratar el asunto de los regionalismos desde una perspectiva teórica y metodológica, para finalmente definir el concepto de americanismo.

Siyasal kampanyalar 1932 yılında ilk kez Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) başlamış ve günümüze kadar
farklı tekniklerle devam ederek gelişmiştir. Uluslararası alanda başlayan küreselleşme dönemiyle birlikte, seçim
kampanyalarında bu dönemle ilintili olarak bazı değişimler gözlenmiştir. Seçimler ve siyasal kampanyalar açısından
bu süreç, küreselleşme döneminde iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişimiyle, kampanyalarda meydana gelen yeni
tekniklerin gözlemlenmesiyle kendini göstermiştir. ABD’de 1950’li yıllardan itibaren kullanılan pazarlama teknikleri,
kitle iletişim araçları ve yüksek bütçeli imaj çalışmalarıyla yapılan seçim kampanyaları, 1960’lı ve 1970’li
yıllardan itibaren Avrupa’da da katılımı artırmak ve halkı siyasete dâhil etmek için kullanılmaya başlar. Böylece
Amerikan seçim teknikleri ABD coğrafyası dışına yayılarak küreselleşme dönemine girer. Pazarlama tekniklerinin
ve iletişim teknolojilerinin kullanıldığı, medyatikleşmenin yoğun bir biçimde yer aldığı, karizmatik ve güçlü lider
söyleminin yer aldığı teknikler Amerikanvarileşen kampanyaların en belirgin özellikleridir. Bu çalışmada; kitle
iletişim araçlarının egemenliğinde gerçekleşen seçim kampanyaları Amerikanvarileşme kuramı üzerinden incelenecek,vatandaşın
seçmen rolünden çıkarak siyasal tüketiciler olarak görülmesi ve tüketimi arttırmada başarılı
olan reklamın politik alanda da boy göstermesi irdelenecektir.Çalışmanın amacı; Amerikanvarileşen siyasetin
en belirgin özelliklerinden olan siyasal pazarlama tekniklerinin medya üzerinden seçmene nasıl sunulduğunu
göstermekle birlikte, televizyon hâkimiyetinde gerçekleşen Amerikanvari siyasal kampanya süreçlerinde siyasal
reklamın öneminin açıklanmasıdır.Söz konusu evrenin daraltılması amacıyla ABD, Fransa ve Türkiye örnekleri seçilerek
bu ülkelerde Amerikavari siyasal kampanya teknikleriyle gerçekleşen ilk siyasal seçimler irdelenecektir.
Adayların seçmeni etkilemek için kullandığı Amerikanvari siyasal kampanya teknikleri, siyasal pazarlama pratikleri
doğrultusunda irdelenerek söylem çözümlemesi yöntemiyle sonuca ulaşılacaktır.

El estudio de la correspondencia entre los antropólogos Alfred Métraux (1902-1963) y Jules Henry (1904-1969) nos permite reconstruir la trastienda de la etnología chaqueña durante la década de 1930. Las cartas de ambos investigadores entre sí, como también aquellas otras dirigidas a diversas personalidades de su ámbito profesional (Ruth Benedict, Paul Rivet, John Arnott, Enrique Palavecino, etc.), ponen de manifiesto la operación cotidiana de las redes académicas, la maquinaria
logística del trabajo de campo, las opiniones descarnadas de Métraux sobre la academia o el mundo cultural argentino, las reacciones adversas de Henry ante el consejo de su interlocutor o bien la visión del antropólogo suizo sobre los misioneros anglicanos, los indígenas chaqueños y las instituciones científicas internacionales, revelando matices inesperados de la «cultura y personalidad» de ambos antropólogos. Palabras clave: Chaco; Historia de la antropología; Alfred Métraux; Jules Henry.
SUMMARY - The study of the correspondence between anthropologists Alfred Métraux (1902-1963) and Jules Henry (1904-1969) helps us to reconstruct the background to Chaco ethnology during the decade of the 1930s. The letters between Métraux and Henry, and between both of them and several academic correspondents (Ruth Benedict, Paul Rivet, John Arnott, Enrique Palavecino, etc.), show the daily operation of academic networks, the logistics machinery of ethnographic fieldwork, Métraux’s stark opinions about Argentinian academic and cultural milieu, Henry’s adverse reaction to his correspondent’s advice and Métraux’s thoughts on indigenous peoples, Anglican missionaries and international scientific institutions. In the process, they reveal unexpected nuances of the «culture and personality» of both anthropologists. Key words: Chaco; History of Anthropology; Alfred Métraux; Jules Henry.

This article discusses different conceptions of cultural transfers from the USA to Western Europe. It argues in favour of a perspective that regards European actors and their ideas of "Americanness" as decisive forces of what is usually called "cultural Americanization". From this point of view it is possible to differentiate between several European "Americanisms". This term denotes different ideas of what Americanness means and why adapting this specific Americanness would serve the specific interests of the social group in question.

Based on an interregional controversy in 1936 over the creation of a federal agency for the preservation of historical and artistic heritage in Brazil, the book explores the production of subjects and objects of updated modernities within a extensive transnational network that has expanded and adapted rhizomatically to new scenarios. To understand this process, the transnational circulation of the conceptual pair civilisation/culture is observed in two different configurations: the Americanist and the Interamericanist. The book treats these concepts as actants, that is, as any other mediator responsible for the proliferation of modern worlds through the work of translation and purification that constitute the ontological split between subjectivities and objectivities characteristic of modernity. In its Americanist configuration, "civilisation" was taken as the set of achievements of the different cultures of the globe taken on an equal footing, thus creating a project of modernity that differed from the universalist and racist conceptions of the 19th century. Produced in the midst of a transnational network that counted on the presence of anthropologists such as Franz Boas, Karl von den Steinen, Erland Nordenskiöld and Paul Rivet, Americanism depended on the dialogue with existing anthropological institutions in Latin America and had their own modernising desires, for example the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro and the Department of Culture of São Paulo. These networks were crossed by the Second World War, which put Americanist anthropology at the service of the war effort. Latin American “cultures” needed to be known so that the US politicians and intellectuals could integrate them into a civilisational process, which they aimed to lead, in order to move those Republics away from Nazism. Rather than perceiving this Inter-American project, to which Americanist anthropology was also submitted, as yet another imperialist strategy, the intellectual groups responsible for formulating the idea of Brazilian cultural heritage saw in these new inter-American networks an opportunity to strengthen projects that were internally threatened by the authoritarian expansion of the organicist conception of the New State’s national identity. Although these are not the only modern worlds that were constituted in Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century, the transnational networks followed in this book are fundamental to understanding how the country’s heritage policies are a tributary of these controversies.

Para la mayoría de los americanistas Jehan A. Vellard (1901-1996) es prácticamente un desconocido; para muchos es apenas una referencia bibliográfica más, o apenas el médico que acompañó a Claude Lévi-Strauss al Mato-Grosso. ¿Cómo es posible que no cite su trabajo Pierre Clastres, que trabaja con los aché apenas treinta años después que él? ¿O que al estudiar los venenos yanomamis Jacques Lizot diga que conoce su clásico sobre el curare pero prefiere ignorarlo?  Definitivamente, Vellard no es un contemporáneo. Su obra parece poco glamorosa y hasta anticuada, no tiene potencia heurística y, a diferencia de otros ancestros disciplinarios, no anticipa las preocupaciones de la antropología actual. Ni siquiera puede decirse que se trate de un gran escritor. Desterrado del linaje prestigioso de Nimuendaju, Nordenskiöld o el propio Lévi-Strauss, Vellard se nos presenta así como un personaje incómodo, antipático, un ancestro que funda una filiación imposible. Sin embargo, contentarse con ese diagnóstico sería demasiado fácil. Porque hay que preguntarse si las razones de este descarte disciplinar no dejan escapar una personalidad polifacética, testigo de tiempos críticos para el Chaco, los Andes o la Amazonía, y al mismo tiempo una obra multidisciplinaria que combina la etnografía, la antropología física, la lingüística, la arqueología y la biología. No se trata, en definitiva, de trazar un revisionismo que anule las contradicciones de la figura de Vellard, pero sí de revisar en detalle algunas de las expediciones científicas que realiza para el Museo del Trocadéro en la década de 1930, en particular los viajes al Paraguay (1931-32) en vísperas de la guerra del Chaco, y al Mato Grosso (1938) en la famosa expedición con Lévi-Strauss, y de repasar entonces las circunstancias específicas en las cuales se conforma parte de las colecciones etnográficas del museo. Dicho análisis permitirá a la vez echar nueva luz sobre las ambigüedades, los claroscuros y las aporías del legado personal y científico de Jehan A. Vellard.

This article investigates the colors of the Nahua manuscript known as Codex Borbonicus and compares them with the chromatic qualities of the first color reproduction of this docu-ment, a photochrom executed at the end of the 19th century. Based on a detailed examination of the original, the first part of this article describes the physical traits of the Borbonicus, with special emphasis on its color palette. Subsequently, are described the characteristics and the academic significance of the first color edition of the manuscript, published by Ernest-Theodore Hamy in 1899. Finally, the article underlines that even if true facsimile editions of the Borbonicus are now available, the first reproduction of the document still deserves to be consulted by the Americanists, because it grants access to a no longer existing image of the Borbonicus, while its saturated colors recall the chromatics features of the Pre-Columbian Nahua codices.

El objetivo de este artículo es la revisión de una figura capital en el antiimperialismo latinoamericano, Manuel Baldomero Ugarte, a través de sus colaboraciones con el hispanoamericanismo de comienzos del XX. Partiendo de un análisis sobre la marginación sufrida por el intelectual y su obra durante décadas, centraremos el trabajo en sus aportes a tres de las principales revistas hispanoamericanistas de la época –La Rábida, Unión Ibero-Americana y Cultura Hispanoamericana– a fin de observar los puntos de confluencia entre este movimiento y el erudito argentino.

The two biggest successes of the New Deal were initiating a working-class Americanism that underscored the economic stability and welfare of every American, and bringing a Constitutional Revolution that adjusted the interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution on economic affairs to better suit the changing needs of modern American economic life. Even though some may point to the poor provisions of New Deal programs for the special needs African Americans, those faults should be attributed to the period’s inability to recognize African American rights and the partisan balance of politics forcing New Deal planners to compromise with southern segregationists. Moreover, while some may contend that Roosevelt “abused” presidential power and undermined the legitimacy of the judicial branch, the old constitutional doctrine did not collapse overnight but rather after a long period of disintegration. In general, under the New Deal, the United States began the journey of having direct and strong government involvement in socioeconomic affairs and relations, which redressed many economic inequalities and exploitations from previous lack of regulation.

This article provides a historical analysis of international collaboration and competition between museums. Archival materials and publications from the late 19 th to the early 20 th century show Latin American museums as institutional spaces in constant tension between defending and protecting national heritage and seeking to establish international scientific networks. The case study of the American archeological collections contextualizes and reconstructs custodians of heritage in museums in Argentina, Bolivia, and Mexico in the face of the international collecting of museums in the United States of America, Germany, France, and England. In this sense, this article contributes to understanding the conditions of the appropriation and negotiation of archeological objects that reveal modes of constructing national, cosmopolitan, and imperial identities. The trajectories of these archeological objects help to reflect on the social relationships that their ownership, transfer, and negotiation have historically involved.

The paper explores the relationship between Swiss ethnographer Alfred Métraux and Scottish missionary John Arnott of the South American Missionary Society, which lasted almost a decade. The reciprocal influence between
these individuals is described with regard to both religious and academic factors. The paper also provides an analysis of the historical, social and political context of the Anglican missions in the Argentinian Chaco during 1933-1939, when Métraux did his ethnographic fieldwork.

Se discute la posibilidad de plantear una filosofía de la jefatura indígena tal como fuera postulada por Pierre Clastres. Para hacerlo se propone un doble estudio etnográfico del liderazgo amerindio (los chacobo de la Amazonía boliviana y los chané del Noroeste argentino) precedido por una breve genealogía de la construcción de los estereotipos sobre el liderazgo indígena en las tierras bajas sudamericanas (Acosta, Cooper, Steward, Lowie, Clastres, etc.). A partir del análisis comparativo de ambos casos, las conclusiones exploran las aporías semánticas o formales que obstaculizan la traducción antropológica de las categorías nativas del liderazgo, los contextos sociológicos y sus redes de articulaciones, influjos y dependencias (particularmente misioneras), la operación cotidiana del liderazgo como hecho social total, así como algunas de las implicancias conceptuales, metodológicas y epistemológicas del uso de modelos antropológicos.

his essay attempts to analyze the anthropological and ethnographical studies realized by the German traveller and scientist Karl von den Steinen at the end of the 19th century in the region of the river Xingu in Central Brazil. First a short over- view will be given of both expeditions directed by him and their scientific concerns. Then the ideological and thematical orientation of the americanism of this epoch will be contrasted with the research undertaken by Karl von den Steinen in Brazil, in order to illustrate the ways in which he worked in the tradition of his time and in which aspects he departed from this framework and effected innovations in his research. After this analysis of the contributions of Karl von den Steinen to the development of German americanism, this article focuses on the question of, to which point his studies are still relevant today and if his methodology and its results continue to be valid in our time. Finally, the relationship of his ideological orientation with those of his predecessors and his successors will be thematized in order to explore Karl von den Steinen’s influences and whom he, in turn, influenced.

La ciudad de Santafé en el Nuevo Reino de Granada nunca contó con una sede digna para la representación del poder real. Esta carencia se hizo aún más evidente después de su designación como capital de un nuevo virreinato y de la elección del inmueble que se convertiría en palacio de los virreyes. Construido de tapias y con pisos muy bajos, la apariencia de este edificio era modesta y amenazaba ruina, por ello, se ordenó la ejecución en diferentes momentos de diversos proyectos para su reconstrucción. Uno de ellos será el realizado por el ingeniero Jiménez Donoso, proyecto muy desconocido que encierra numerosos datos inéditos sobre el edificio antiguo y la nueva obra, datos que conside-ramos de enorme interés para la historia constructiva de Bogotá.

Mit den Rock'n'Roll-begeisterten Halbstarken und Teenagern der späten 50er und frühen 60er-Jahre wuchs in Deutschland die erste Generation heran, die massiv durch amerikanische Populärkultur beeinflusst war - durch Übernahmen wie durch Ablehnung. Die Studie untersucht vor dem Hintergrund von Theorien zur Jugendkultur, welche Bedeutung die Heranwachsenden dem  American Way of Life and Entertainment und seinen Symbolen verliehen. Wie grenzten sie sich gegen die Gesellschaft der späten Adenauerzeit und deren Autoritäten ab? Welche kulturellen und sozialen Auseinandersetzungen wurden mittels Popkultur ausgetragen? Wie änderten sich Geschlechterbilder und Vorstellungen vom Recht auf selbstbestimmte Jugendzeit? Welchen Beitrag lieferte die Amerikanisierung von unten zur Einwurzelung demokratischer Einstellungen im Post-NS-Deutschland?

Las élites chilenas y su gobierno, en nombre de un relato americanista que impregnaba a todos, intentaron denunciar la anexión de Santo Domingo por España y cooperar con quienes combatieron al ocupante en la Guerra de Restauración. Sin embargo, lo hicieron inmersos en un debate en que liberales y conservadores, fragmentados en diversas corrientes, discutían las formas de ejercer el poder político al interior de la República, al tiempo que enfrentaban el creciente intervencionismo europeo sobre Hispanoamérica, del cual finalmente Chile también fue víctima. En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar cómo la compleja interacción entre estas dos circunstancias determinó que, más allá de cualquier retórica americanista, la solidaridad chilena con la causa dominicana fuera de muy limitada efectividad, aunque motivo de álgidas discusiones.

A review of Michael Anton's "After the Flight 93 Election," published as part of a symposium at Law & Liberty. I present Anton as the most popular spokesman for the Claremont school of conservatism, an ascendant force on the American right during the Trump presidency. Anton's book is a pithy and accessible statement of the fundamental tenets of Claremont's "Americanist conservatism."

Resumen Un importante movimiento solidario se desarrolló en Chile en apoyo a la insurrección independentista cubana iniciada en 1895. Sin embargo, éste colisionó con el rechazo del gobierno a sus manifestaciones. A través de los registros en la prensa de la época y otras fuentes, se analizan las circunstancias de este choque, que puso en evidencia dos visiones distintas acerca de la idea de nación para Chile. Una de ellas había sido desarrollada y decantada por quienes lideraban la gestión del país; la otra emanaba de una comunidad diversa pero subordinada al poder de los primeros, que no obstante logró transitoriamente visibilizarla a través de sus prácticas solidarias con Cuba.
Abstract A prominent solidarity movement developed in Chile supporting the Cuban independence uprising that began in 1895. However, this movement collided with the Chilean government's rejection to their demonstrations. Through the press records of those times and other sources, the circumstances of this collision are analyzed, which made evident the existence of two different visions about the concept of nation in Chile. One of them had been developed and applied by those who were leading the country's affairs, the other emerged from a diverse community but subordinated to the power of the former ones, which nevertheless managed temporarily to make it visible through their solidarity actions for Cuba.

ABSTRACT: The subject of this thesis is the nationalistic discourses concerning the Guarani language in Paraguay. These discourses were constituted at the first decades of the 20th century, and they appeared among the claim of different novomundista movements in Latin America. Thereby they began to support the official linguistic policies assumed in Paraguay since 40’s and 50’s. 
The analysis aims to show that this nationalism presents elements of dogmatic, xenophobic and racist features formulated mainly at the end of 19th century, which would be the matrix of totalitarian nationalisms later on. Some of the elements analyzed hereby are: the essencialistic definition of nation and its relationship with the language, the recurrent allusion to wars and the needs of defense against the foreign enemy, and the characterization of Language in superior/inferior ontological aspects.
The established relations allow us to affirm that such claiming discourses do not surpass (as they intend to do), the colonialistic vision of aboriginal languages (and aboriginal cultures), that ends up re-formulated in a positive way. On the other side, the conservative aspect of the nationalism of these discourses allows to comprehend the fact that they have been assumed by totalitarian regimes, as it is the case of the military dictatorship of General Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989), period into which such discourses were reaffirmed decisively. 
From our theoretical and methodological point of view, this work inscribes itself in the Discourse Analysis field, as it is elaborated in Brazil based on the works of Michel Pêcheux. It is a central point in this perspective the consideration of the political nature (ideology, in our perspective) of every fact of language; in this specific case: the discourses about Guarani language. We therefore analyze what consequences the unfamiliarity of this political aspect might bring for the understanding of this phenomenon. In so far, we worked on a critical reading of some classic works about Guarani language, from well-known authors such as Paul Garvin and Madeleine Mathiot, José Pedro Rona and Joan Rubin.  We look forward to show how these works reproduce elements of the same nationalism of the analyzed discourses, reproducing in some cases the discourse of the party that supported General Stroessner’s dictatorship. Our hypothesis is that such problems arise with the erasure of political aspects of these discourses on Language formulation, due to the psychologization (naturalization) process of the referred phenomenon. We discuss some theoretical and methodological concepts elaborated from this perspective from authors as Joshua Fishman, Uriel Weinreich, and Paul Garvin, among others, and we intend to show how such concepts make possible dogmatic formulations, as the one that characterizes the discourses that we’ve analyzed. 

RESUMO: O objeto desta tese são os discursos nacionalistas sobre a língua guarani no Paraguai.  Esses discursos se constituíram nas primeiras décadas do século XX, no contexto dos conhecidos movimentos de reivindicação novomundista surgidos na América Latina, e passaram a sustentar as políticas lingüísticas oficiais adotadas no Paraguai a partir dos anos 1940 e 1950. 
A análise realizada procura mostrar que o nacionalismo presente em tais discursos apresenta elementos das formulações dogmáticas, xenófobas e racistas características das últimas décadas do século XIX, matriz dos nacionalismos totalitários posteriores.  A definição essencialista da nação e de sua relação com a língua, a recorrente alusão às guerras e à necessidade de defesa contra o inimigo estrangeiro, são alguns dos elementos analisados nesse sentido. 
As relações estabelecidas permitem afirmar que tais discursos reivindicatórios não superam, como pretendem, a visão colonialista das línguas (culturas) indígenas, que acaba neles reformulada de uma maneira positiva.  De outro lado, o caráter conservador do nacionalismo desses discursos permite compreender o fato de que os mesmos tenham sido assumidos por regimes totalitários, como é o caso da ditadura militar do General Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989), período durante o qual tais discursos se reafirmaram de modo mais decisivo. 
Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, esta pesquisa se inscreve no quadro da Análise do Discurso, tal como elaborada no Brasil a partir dos trabalhos de Michel Pêcheux.  É um ponto central nessa perspectiva a consideração da natureza política (ideológica) de todo fato de linguagem, no caso que nos ocupa, dos discursos sobre o guarani.  Analisamos, nesse sentido, as conseqüências que o desconhecimento desse caráter político pode trazer para a compreensão desse fenômeno.  Propomos, para tanto, uma leitura crítica de alguns trabalhos clássicos sobre o guarani, a saber, os de Paul Garvin e Madeleine Mathiot, de José Pedro Rona e de Joan Rubin.  Procuramos mostrar que esses trabalhos reproduzem elementos do mesmo nacionalismo presente nos discursos analisados, chegando a reproduzir inclusive, em alguns casos, o discurso do partido que sustentou a ditadura do Gal. Stroessner.  Nossa hipótese é que tal problema decorre, precisamente, do apagamento do caráter político desses discursos sobre a língua, pela psicologização (naturalização) do fenômeno. Discutimos finalmente, nessa direção, alguns conceitos teórico-metodológicos mobilizados nessa perspectiva para analisar o fenômeno do nacionalismo lingüístico, de modo geral, tomados de autores como Joshua Fishman, Uriel Weinreich e Paul Garvin, entre outros, no intuito de mostrar de que modo tais conceitos tornam disponíveis formulações dogmáticas tais como as que caracterizam os discursos que analisamos.

The paper analyses the construction of discourses, views and representations about the indigenous societies of Bolivian Amazonia during the rubber boom. From the final decades of the 19th century to the beginnings of the 20th, the vernacular societies held ambivalent relations with the colonization forces (commerce, alliance, armed clashes, etc.). Nevertheless, the images and representations about them were neither stable nor homogeneous, because the Araona, Cavineño, Pacaguara, Caripuna and Chacobo were stereotyped in different ways by their observers. [Key words: Bolivian Amazonia, Indians, representations, rubber boom.]

Este trabajo analiza la relación entre Alfred Métraux y los indígenas tobas y pilagás del Oeste formoseño en 1933. Se detallan las peculiares circunstancias sociopolíticas que enmarcan las campañas de terreno del joven antropólogo: los problemas suscitados por la penosa situación económica en la Universidad de Tucumán, la Guerra del Chaco entre Bolivia y Paraguay (1932-1935), la ineludible relación con las misiones anglicanas de la South American Missionary Society y la tensa situación fronteriza entre Argentina y Paraguay. A través del entrecruzamiento de cartas personales, textos publicados y fuentes orales y escritas, se propone analizar pues el contexto general de las primeras campañas etnográficas de Métraux en el Gran Chaco. [Palabras clave: Métraux, Misioneros, Guerra, Indígenas, Gran Chaco.]
War-time Mission: Alfred Métraux in the Pilcomayo. The paper analyses the relationship between Alfred Métraux and the Toba and Pilagá peoples of Western Formosa (Argentina) during 1933. The peculiar sociopolitical circumstances that encompassed Métraux’s fieldwork are detailed: the logistical problems due to the feeble economic situation of University of Tucumán, the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay (1932-1935), the inescapable relationship with the Anglican settlements of the South American Missionary Society and the tense situation on the national frontier between Argentina and Paraguay. By combining personal letters, published texts and oral and written sources, the paper aims to reconstruct the general context of the first ethnographic experiences of Métraux in the Gran Chaco. [key words: Métraux, Missionaries, War, Indigenous groups, Gran Chaco.]

Golovacheva, I. Huxley, Blok and Berdyaev: Observations on the Nature of the Russian Revolution // Aldous Huxley Annual. 2014 (date of publication 2015). Vol. 14. Lit. Verlag. P. 126-136.

Summary
The essay focuses around the influence of the Russian Revolution on Aldous Huxley’s views and oeuvre. In 1920, he reviewed the freshly published English translation of Alexander Blok’s famous poem “The Twelve” (1918). It is argued that Huxley derived fundamental and far-reaching ideas concerning the nature of the Russian Revolution of 1917 from Blok’s poem. Huxley’s statements in that one-page review anticipated a few major ideas of Nikolai Berdyaev’s ideas that gained currency only after the publication of The End of Our Time. Huxley’s essays of the early 1930s, such as “Obstacle Race” and “A Soviet Schoolbook,” prove that his beliefs concerning Bolshevism and Communism were strengthened after reading Berdyaev.


Key words

Aldous Huxley, Alexander Blok, Nikolai Berdyaev, Russian Revolution, Bolshevism, Russian music, Brave New World, Russo-American imagery

El presente artículo pretende ofrecer una visión de la retórica y concepción del virrey en Nueva Granada durante el siglo XVIII y de espacios de poder como las Casas Reales de Santa Fe que debieron servir de cómodo aposento para la corte virreinal, como ocurría en las de Nueva España y el Perú,-a espejo de la madrileña-, pero que, se vieron parcialmente desatendidas entre dificultades económicas, disputas locales y proyectos arquitectónicos que nunca se cumplieron.

Alba Fernández Gallego, “El afán de la América Hispana. La historiografía americanista en el CSIC del primer franquismo (1939-1951)”, en Jerónimo Zurita, 96 (primavera 2020), pp. 89-119. ISBN: 0214-0993.

La pérdida de las colonias españolas en América reconfiguró las relaciones entre este continente y España. A principios del siglo XX se enfrentaron dos visiones de entender esas relaciones entre los intelectuales: el hispanoamericanismo y la Hispanidad. Con el fin de la Guerra Civil fue la Hispanidad, mucho más acorde con la nueva ciencia nacionalcatólica, la que se impuso. El presente trabajo pretende analizar cómo se adaptaron los historiadores del CSIC a esta problemática. Para ello, se tomará como caso de estudio el Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, de Historia Hispanoamericana, y la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, durante el primer franquismo. En primer lugar, se presentarán la situación anterior a la guerra y cómo afectó el conflicto a la forma de entender América Latina. Seguidamente, se estudiará cómo el CSIC utilizó la Hispanidad desde sus inicios, y se analizará qué importancia le concedió y qué recursos destinó. En tercer lugar, se analizará la organización interna del Instituto y la Escuela, su personal y sus fines historiográficos. Por último, se analizarán los proyectos editoriales, tanto de revistas como de colecciones.

The loss of the last Spanish colonies in America reconfigured the relationship between this continent and Spain. At the beginning of the XXth century there were to confronted ways of understanding the relation between both of them among the intellectuals: Hispanic Americanism and Hispanity. With the end of the Civil World it was Hispanity the one in compliance with the new nationalcatholic science. This study tries to analyze how the historians from CSIC faced the new situation. In order to do that, we have chosen Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, devoted to Hispanic American History, and Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, as study cases during the first Francoism. In the first place, we will introduce the situation before the war and how did it affected to the way Latin America was understood. Secondly, we will present on CSIC used Hispanity from its beginning, and we will analyze the importance attributed by it and which resources were assigned. After that, we will study the internal organization of the Institute and School, its staff and its historiographical goals. Lastly, we will analyze the publishing projects such as reviews or collection.

John of Paris is often called a ‘proto-modern’ for the views expressed in his fourteenth-century work, On Royal and Papal power. John Courtney Murray, a twentieth-century Jesuit political theorist, has likewise been widely criticized for his alleged ‘Modernism.’ Both thinkers shared what many would consider a thoroughly modern view of Church and State relations in the sense that they appeared to argue for a kind of ‘separation of church and state.’ Yet, the fourteenth century French cleric's insights actually offered Murray a more ancient way of distinguishing between the sacred and the profane. John of Paris and John Courtney Murray believed themselves to have found a via media in the philosophies of Church and state between one extreme, the more truly ‘modern’ dualistic and secular view—which demanded a stark separation and weakening of Church power—and the excessive alternative of theocracy.


Conference Paper delivered at Villanova University
Patristic, Medieval, and Renaissance Conference
October 2016

Populäre amerikanische Musik, die nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nach Westdeutschland importiert wurde, hat zwei Gesichter. Historische Darstellungen fokussieren die rebellische und demokratisierende Seite, die sie mit den kritischen Jugendkulturen der 1950er (Halbstarke, Exis, Jazzfans) verbinden. Doch schon vorher hatte amerikanische Popmusik einen hohen Anteil an den Titeln, die in der Bundesrepublik erfolgreich waren. Es handelte sich um reine Instrumentaltitel oder bearbeitete Versionen. Wie konnten aus amerikanischen Hits deutsche Schlager werden, die gar nicht als amerikanisch wahrgenommen wurden?
Diese Frage wird im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes erörtert. Der zweite geht differenzierend auf die sozialkulturell höchst widersprüchlichen Jugendkulturen ein, die unterschiedliche US-Musik zum Zeichen ihrer Andersartigkeit und Unangepasstheit machten. Abschließend wird dier Vorgeschichte solcher Jugendszenen und der von ihnen gewählten amerikanischen Musikstile beleuchetet. Hier stellen sich jede Menge Forschungsfragen.

). Édité par Micl:el Delon et Jochen Schlobach. 1998. 2. La Recherche dix-huitiémiste. Raison universelle et culture nationale au siècle des Lumières. Édité par David A. Bell, Ludmila Pimenova et Stéphane Pujol. 1999. 3. Progrès et violence au XVIIF siècle. Édité par Valérie Cossy et Deidre Dawson. 2001. 4. Théories et débats esthétiques au dix-huitième siècle. Éléments d'une enquête. -Debates on Aesthetics in the Eighteenth Century. Questions of Theory and Practice. Textes édités par Elisabeth Décultot et Mark Ledbury. 2001. 5. Les lumières européennes dans leurs relations avec les autres grandes cultures et religions. Textes édités par Florence Lotterie et Darrin M. McMahon. 2002. 6. La Traduction des langues modernes au dix-huitième siècle ou «La Dernière Chemise de l'amour». Recueil préparé et présenté par Annie Rivara. 2002. 7. The Dream and the Enlightenment. Le Rêve et les Lumières. Edited by / Édité par Bernard Dieterle et Manfred Engel. 2003. 8. Centre(s) et périphérie(s): Les Lumières de Belfast à Beijing. Centre(s) and Margins: Enlightenment from Belfast to Beijing. Édité par / Edited by Marie-Christine Skuncke. Avec la collaboration de / With the collaboration of Birgitta Berglund-Nilsson et / and Byron R. Wells. 9. L'image de l'autre vue d'Asie et d'Europe. Édité par Hisayasu Nakagawa et •i-Jochen Schlobach. 2007. 10. Multilinguisme et multiculturalité dans l'Europe des Lumières. Multilingualism and Multiculturalism in Enlightenment Europe. Actes du Séminaire international des jeunes dix-huitiémistes 2004.

This paper examines the ways through which Cooper Americanizes the conventional gothic elements and techniques in The Pathfinder. It suggests that Cooper substitutes the American wilderness for the traditional castle or monastery used in European gothic fiction. With its atmosphere of threat and danger, the American wilderness is described as a gothic setting which produces feelings of fear and terror in the characters. Throughout the novel, Mabel Dunham and her companions feel insecure and uncertain in the wild and terrifying American natural landscapes. Cooper's use of suspense and the sublime emphasize the gothic aspect of the American wilderness. In his adaptation of the gothic techniques to an American setting, Cooper also substitutes the Native Americans for the traditional ghosts and specters. This paper suggests that the savagery and hellishness of Cooper's Indians make them as frightening as these mysterious apparitions. Their deviltry and ruthlessness intensify the characters' feelings of terror and heighten the gothic atmosphere of the American wilderness. They are described as spectral-looking figures whose sudden appearances and disappearances make them seem like goblins. Considering the use of distinctively native elements and materials, this paper argues that Cooper transforms the gothic mode by adapting it to the American environment.

Missionnaire à la South American Missionary Society (société évangélique anglicane), l’écossais John Arnott (1907-1971) fut d’abord envoyé dans le nord argentin, puis travailla plusieurs années en Bolivie, auprès des Guarani, et enfin dans le Chaco argentin, parmi les Wichi, Toba et Pilaga. Il collabora au travail de terrain d’anthropologues comme Alfred Métraux, Jules Henry, Stig Rydén ou Enrique Palavecino. Il publia plusieurs articles anthropologiques, illustra graphiquement la vie sociale du Chaco et donna d’importantes collections de culture matérielle indienne au musée de Göteborg en Suède. À partir des années 1950 il s’installa au Canada.  Mots-clés : Ethnographe amateur | Missions chrétiennes / missionnaires | Bolivie | Guarani | Argentine | Écosse

A finales del siglo XIX, el empresario alemán Wilhelm Sundheim se convirtió en uno de los principales agentes en la recuperación de las corrientes americanistas que reivindicaban el papel de España en el descubrimiento y colonización de América. Su contribución a la conmemoración del IV Centenario en 1892 ejemplifica a la perfección el espíritu de una época y permite comprender el entrecruzamiento de factores políticos, económicos y culturales que esta efémeride supuso.