Archaeology of salt

Què significa això? Pràcticament, des de la fundació de l'ordre, els jesuïtes han estat implicats en l'esclavatge i el tràfic d'esclaus a escala mundial. Un exemple serà suficient: Els jesuïtes posseïen i feien servir la mà d'obra de persones esclavitzades mentre Ignasi de Loiola, el fundador de l'ordre, encara vivia. El company d'Ignasi, Francesc Xavier, posteriorment canonitzat, va reprendre els jesuïtes de Goa per gastar diners en jardiners en lloc de comprar esclaus.

The high value of salt in prehistoric Central Europe was based on its value as a physiological and nutritional necessity and its numerous possibilities of application. With regard to the methods of obtaining salt, evaporation of salt from inland sources originated earlier than rock salt mining, which in turn preceded the rise of sea-salt extraction on the coasts of the North Sea and the English Channel.

Coperta I: Băile castrului roman de la Călugăreni (jud. Mureș) -Vedere de ansamblu (foto Mihai Daniel Cioată) Coperta IV: Statuetă de bronz cu reprezentarea lui Mercurius -Principia castrului roman de la Călugăreni (jud. Mureș) (foto Panczel Szilamer)

Since the translation of the Septuagint in the 3rd century BCE, scholars have attempted to identify the stones that populate the biblical text. This study rejects the long-standing reliance on ancient translations for identifying biblical stones. Despite the evident contradictions and historical inconsistencies, scholars traditionally presumed these translations to be reliable. By departing from this approach, this volume presents a novel synthesis of comparative linguistics and archeogemological data. Through rigorous analysis of valid cognates, it establishes correlations between Hebrew stone names and their counterparts in ancient languages, corresponding to known mineral species. This methodological shift enables a more accurate identification of stones mentioned in biblical texts, thus recovering their true historical context. The research not only advances our understanding of biblical mineralogy but also provides a fresh perspective on the material culture of the Ancient Levant, offering valuable insights for scholars and laymen, linguists and archaeologists alike.

This article presents a hoard of 27 metal artefacts and fragments of one ceramic vessel from the South Bohemian site of Krtely, dated to the earlier phase of the Late Bronze Age (Br D – Ha A1). Two exceptional phenomena are associated with the hoard. The first is its placement in a burial mound, and the second is the presence of two fragments of a broken miner’s pick, analogous to those found in the salt mines of Hallstatt. In addition to typological-chronological analyses, the article also includes elemental composition and use-wear analyses of the pick. Unique to this find is the reutilization of the pick as a chisel. The hoard also contained a fragment of a cast sword hilt with embedded fragments of other artefacts, examined by X-ray and tomographic analyses. The hoard from Krtely significantly contributes to the ongoing discussion on the role of Bronze Age metal hoards and their potential connections to ritualized behaviour and the spiritual world of that era.

In this paper, we intend to discuss the evolution of the Holocene prehistoric landscape in the Grosseto area (Southern Tuscany, Italy) and the interaction with the pre-and proto-historic peopling process. The study area consists of an alluvial plain pertaining to the Ombrone and Bruna rivers, demarcated by the Hills of Castiglione della Pescaia and Grosseto towards the north and east and by the Uccellina Mountains towards the South. The area was characterised by a marine and lagoon environment until 2800 BP. Then a progressive transformation led to the formation of the Prile Lake, which afterwards gave place to salt marshes. The present alluvial plain seems to be the result of several reclamation activities, which occurred during the last four centuries. Our ongoing research is focused on the reconstruction of the Holocene prehistoric landscape, highlighting what we consider to be those features of the past that are still observable in the present, and most likely responsible for the formation of the present-day landscape. From an archaeological point of view, the evidence found in the area consists mainly of prehistoric funerary remains found in caves in the hills which surround the alluvial plain. The lack of information relating to settlement and production activities introduces some uncertainty. Which features of the landscape still preserve evidence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age? How can we make use of the biased archaeological dataset? To answer to these questions we have taken into consideration the relevant impact of sea level changes on the landscape as well as the land use. To the same end, we have devoted particular attention to identifying and defining the micro-topography of the Holocene prehistoric landscape. This research has been developed using GIS and drawing on a multi-scale dataset which includes archaeological excavation and survey data, historical cartography and aerial photographs.

La región salinera ubicada en la Mixteca poblana está conformada por seis comunidades pertenecientes a cuatro municipios: Chila y Ocotlán pertenecientes a Chila de la Sal; Tlaxcuapan en Piaxtla; Xicotlán en el municipio del mismo nombre; así como Texcala y Zapotitlán Salinas en el municipio con este último nombre. Pese a que, de acuerdo con datos arqueológicos, estas comunidades producen el mineral desde hace aproximadamente dos mil años, no figuran oficialmente como una región productora de sal. En la actualidad, estos productores, todos ellos comuneros o ejidatarios, se encuentran condicionados a la intermediación de los acaparadores para colocar su producto en los mercados regionales, además de enfrentar una serie de problemáticas relacionadas con la restricción de los mercados, las faltas de apoyo y la migración. Frente a este escenario, los salineros han desarrollado estrategias organizativas que van desde la conservación medioambiental hasta la creación de cooperativas.

Este escrito da cuenta de estos procesos organizativos, así como de la importancia que la actividad y el paisaje salinero posee en la mixteca, lo que representa un patrimonio cultural en la medida que territorio y actividad humana se han combinado a través de los siglos conformando una cultura y una identidad particular.

Research into the evolution of the Lydden Valley marshes, with the suggestion that the reclamation of these might have begun as early as the Roman period (Lydden Valley Research Group [LVRG] 2006, 35-6). re-focussed attention on the role of the presumed villa at Hull Place, situated immediately adjacent to the marshland (Fig. ). This, together with the continued development of the area occupied by the villa as a popular fishery and leisure park (Cottington Lakes), indicated that a reexamination of this little known Roman site was becoming increasingly important, both from the point of view of local archaeological research and conservation management. Accordingly, a programme of investigation was undertaken by members of the Dover Archaeological Group between 2005 and 2007, working in association with the newly formed LVRG The primary aim of the project was to re-confirm the existence of Roman building remains here and to establish something of their preservation, character and date-range. Particular importance was attached to determining the extent of the remains so that appropriate sections could be left undisturbed in any future development of the area. Working with a small team on a part-time basis, in a field used as a camping ground, total

The initial idea for this thesis arose after encountering details of briquetage finds within several Iron Age site monographs reviewed while working on assignments for a diploma in archaeology course at Oxford's Department for Continuing Education. I expected that it would be easy to locate a book to quickly learn more about this material in British prehistory. I was shocked to discover that even within the Bodleian Library system no such single volume was to be found. What follows is a synthesis of information about prehistoric British salt production, distribution and use that I hope will go some distance to filling this gap, and will be a useful introduction to this subject to later scholars.

If we want to explore intracultural variation and commonality in the Maya region, we
should first recognize that this region is uniquely situated in Mesoamerica, and even
in the American continent, between two isthmus (Tehuantepec and Honduras),
resulting in its particular role in the long-term, continental circulation of people, goods
and ideas. The Pacific Coast, the Maya Highlands and Lowlands, their northern,
central and southern sections were (and still are) differently opened and connected to
the rest of Mesoamerica and its Central American margins. We propose to study this
variation during the long crisis of the Terminal Classic period (760-950 CE), when
many but not all Maya kingdoms collapsed. Focusing primarily on the Lowland urban
aspect of this dramatic process, we can observe that most cities were progressively or
abruptly abandoned, but a good number were resilient and underwent a substantial
urban activity even during the Early Postclassic period (950-1250). Even if this Early
Postclassic survival was a dead end in most cases (but not all), we propose that their
diverse connections to ancient and new Mesoamerican routes would have been critical
in their relative Classic-to-Postclassic resilience. Likely Maya cultural variation and
political structuration partly depended on differing degrees of openess to the greater
isthmian circulations.

Partiendo de la hipótesis, formulada en un artículo anterior, de identificar la actual localidad de Medinaceli (provincia de Soria) con la ciudad romana de Segontia Lanca, en este artículo vamos a estudiar el devenir histórico de esta ciudad entre el año 589, en que es citada por primera vez en las fuentes documentales hispanovisigodas, y el año 1121, cuando se funda el obispado de Sigüenza. Para ello, vamos a analizar las fuentes documentales e históricas que tratan este amplio periodo de más de cinco siglos.
In a previous article we formulated the hypothesis of identifying the current town of Medinaceli (province of Soria) with the ancient roman city of Segontia Lanca. In this article we Will delve into the history of this city from the year 589, it is first mention in Hispano-Visigothic documents, until the year 1121, when the bishopric of Sigüenza is founded. To do this, we are going to analyze the documentary and historical sources that deal with this period of more than five centuries.

“Roads that walk”: the Tagus River, the scene of encounters in the year 1000 BC. Abstract: From the border, when it enters Portuguese territory, to the estuary area, the Tagus is approximately 230 km long. Upstream, in its international stretch, it is a river that runs narrowly and embedded in the plateaus of the Hesperic Massif, while downstream, after the mouth of the Zêzere, it becomes a plain river, entering the Cenozoic Basin and ending in a wide inland estuary near Lisbon. For the period in question, between the 13th and 9th centuries BC, the characteristics of the river were different: the ancient Tagus estuary was wider and deeper, as a result of less silting, which began in Mesolithic times and has not stopped until today. The communities, fully hierarchical and through their elites, established contacts, traveled, produced and exchanged goods of various natures, which circulated between sometimes very distant regions. It is in this particular case that it makes perfect sense to look at the river as a true “road that walks”.

In 2022, geophysical investigations covering 6.25 ha revealed a large rural settlement (eight structures with stone foundations, two of which were precisely mapped using the georadar). One anomaly (5 m diam.) was chosen to be excavated, and it proved to be a collapsed mud brick structure, dated to the 2nd-4th c. AD.

Tumular funerary space: in 2023 we excavated five new trenches in T01, where we identified and dug two cremation structures (SF12 and SF13), and two trenches in T02, where we identified five cremation structures – to be excavated in the following years. All discoveries date the funerary structures to the 2nd and 3rd c. AD.
Roman rural settlement: we undertook a georadar survey of one of the structures.

The 2021 archaeological campaign on the tumulus T01 led to the discovery of seven funerary structures, and, thus, to the confirmation of the status of “funerary area” and of the tumular alignment from Beidaud. Moreover, the structures indicate the biritual character of the mound by the discovery of both inhumation and cremation funerary structures. Nonetheless, the research allowed us a better understanding of these structures which, apparently, did not suggest the sacralisation of the structures, but only the cremation pits, the residue being transported elsewhere, possibly to form a secondary deposit, namely, the tomb. Lastly, the depth of the pits suggested that their cremation structure was semi aerial, most likely a pyre. In conclusion, both the traces of combustion and the fragments of coal and burned bones indicated, in the current campaign, a primary incineration structure.
Regarding the dating of the area, all of the archeological materials discovered allow the preliminary dating of the tumulus T01 and, implicitly, of the funerary area of which it is part of, in the early Roman period (2nd-3rd c. AD).
A topographic survey was undertaken in August 2021, which resulted in the creation of an orthophotoplan, orthophotomap, digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic map of the entire Dealul Calebair and Dealul cu Cișmea area (2.4 km 2).
In September, a geoarchaeological survey started on the lower reach of Hamangia river floodplain. A 10 mlong core (HAM-2) was extracted and sampled for multiproxy analyses: sedimentological, organic matter and carbonates, geochemical, charcoal and pollen analyses, AMS dating, to reconstruct the environmental changes and human imprints.

Marcigny C. et Weller O., 2025 – Le sel à l’âge du Bronze en France, In. Marcigny C. et Mordant C., dir. L’âge du Bronze en France (2500 à 800 avant notre ère), Synthèses thématiques, Recherches Archéologiques, 29, Inrap/CNRS Éditions, Paris, 2025, p. 154-157.

Garam merupakan sumber elektrolit dan iodium yang sangat penting bagi tubuh manusia. Garam konsumsi yang akan beredar ke masyarakat harus memenuhi Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Penjaminan kualitas garam konsumsi beriodium dapat dilakukan dengan analisis kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian standar mutu garam konsumsi beriodium yang akan diedarkan ke masyarakat dengan SNI. Metode penelitian ini berdasarkan SNI 3556:2016 antara lain: (1) Analisis kadar air dengan gravimetri; (2) Analisis bagian yang tidak larut dalam air; (3) Kadar NaCl dengan argentometri; (4) Kadar KIO3 dengan iodometri; (5) Analisis cemaran logam dengan flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tiga bentuk garam yaitu garam kasar, garam halus, dan garam briket. Kadar air ketiga garam memenuhi syarat dengan nilai di bawah 7%. Bagian yang tidak larut pada garam kasar memenuhi syarat, sedangkan garam halus dan garam briket tidak memenuhi syarat dengan nilai di atas 0,5%. Kadar NaCl ketiga garam tidak memenuhi syarat minimal SNI yaitu 94%. Kadar KIO3 garam kasar tidak memenuhi syarat minimal SNI yaitu 30 mg/kg, sedangkan garam kasar dan briket memenuhi syarat. Cemaran logam Pb dan Cd memenuhi syarat dengan nilai di bawah 10 mg/kg dan 0,5 mg/kg.

ceramics from the Persian Gulf region (Antonites et al. 2025). Excavations at the site have also uncovered a substantial number of worked bone artefacts. Bantu-speaking peoples have a long tradition of bone working that survived well into the twentieth century (Davison 1976). Yet, when they are found in in EIA contexts, there is a tendency to interpret them as signs of exchange with nearby, autochthonous hunter-gatherers (Wadley 1996; Sherwood and Forssman 2024), rather than of farmer authorship. In part, this may be owing to the presumed emphasis on metal technologies ostensibly associated with the early farmers. Few studies have explored the authorship of the worked bones themselves. Indeed, the utilisation of bone by farmers may actually be underestimated, given the realisation of the use of unmodified bone fragments in these contexts (Plug 2012). This underestimation is compounded by the fact that bone tools tend to be studied in isolation from their manufacturing debitage, while most faunal analysts tend to focus on taxonomy or taphonomy, and not technology (see Choyke 2013). The recognition of bone working debitage is also not as simple as it sounds. Manufacturing debitage such as isolated epiphyses, bone slivers and knapped fragments would be nearly indistinguishable from

Marcigny C., Araque Gonzalez R., Blitte H., Ghesquière E., Leroy-Langelin E., Maitay C. et Riquier V., 2025 - Violences interpersonnelles, armements et fortifications entre les XIVe et VIIe siècles av. n. è. en Europe de l’Ouest, in.  Genechesi J., Pernet L., Barrier S., Demierre M., Genequand D., Luginbühl T., La guerre et son cortège. Réflexions sur les conflits et leur impact sur les cultures des âges du Fer, Actes du 47e colloque international de l’Association française pour l’étude de l’âge du Fer (Lausanne, 18-20 mai 2023), Collection Afeaf, 7, Afeaf, p.347-366.

En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio
del estado medioambiental actual del
municipio de Pinar del Río en cuanto a la
vegetación, a través de las técnicas del
geoprocesamiento integrado. Se utilizó las
imágenes del satélite Sentinel 2A e imagen
Google Earth de 2019 y el software QGIS V3.23. Se realizaron diversos cálculos como: índice de vegetación diferencial normalizado,
índice de vegetación ajustado al suelo, índice
de diferencia normalizada de humedad e
índice de clorofila, los cuales arrojaron
cualitativamente la calidad del área por
consejos populares, según la presencia de
vegetación en los mismos. Se vectorizó y
cuantificó la cantidad de vegetación por
consejos populares, siendo el consejo popular
Capitán San Luis el de menor área cubierta
de vegetación, pero el que mayor población
posee en correspondencia con el área
ocupada, por lo que según los cálculos de
índices realizados es el que menor calidad
ambiental tiene, mayor polución y menor
calidad de vida para su población.

The 2024 campaign focused on the headquarters building, the principia of the Roman camp at Sutor/Optatiana. To this end, we excavation targeted the southern part of this building, identifying one of the limits of the principia. The southeastern side of the basilica was uncovered, as well
as traces of the trench used to rob the southwestern wall, which had been partially eroded by the Almaș River, along with the southern corner of the building.
The surprise of this year’s campaign was the discovery of a service entrance, placed on the southeastern side, allowing access to the interior of the basilica. The entrance was 3 meters wide and flanked by two large carved stone blocks and a threshold composed of four stone slabs featuring a central groove, most likely used to support the mechanism of a folding wooden door.
With the identification of the basilica of the principia, it was possible to determine the orientation of the principia within the fort and, at the same time, the positioning of the porta praetoria on the northeastern side of the camp.

During the campaign of 2024, the entire surface was re-opened, except for the initia trench explored in 2018. The results confirmed the substructure of a N-S road, a previous phase of via praetoria that cannot be precisely dated until now, but also contributed to the general stratigraphy of the area.

The rescue excavations carried out in the Topa Mică site – Site 4 A, located on the future Brașov-Târgu Mureș- Cluj-Oradea highway, Subsection 3 A 2: Nădășelu-Mihăiești between km 10+009-12+000 and km 21+406-24+890, (km 8+700-25+250) led to the identification of 111 features, dated to several eras. From a chronological point of view, the following were identified:
37 features dated to the Roman Era; 7 features dated to the Post-Roman Era; one feature dated to the Bronze Age; one Tiszapolgár feature; one Przeworsk/Germanic feature; 43 feature without archaeological material. Out of the initially identified archaeological features, 21 numbers were cancelled, as they did not represent archaeological complexes. Of the identified features, the structural variability is quite low, out of a total of 90 complexes, only two are post-Roman burials, one is a kiln with a central pillar, dated sometime during the post-Roman period, the rest being postholes, or either provision or discard pits of various shapes and depths.

În 2023, investigațiile la locuințele L4 și L3 au fost finalizate. O altă zonă a fost deschisă pentru cercetări la L6 și L7. Zona vestică, unde se află șanțul de apărare al așezării, a fost verificată. În același timp, s-au făcut verificări și în zona împădurită a așezării, unde, conform prospectării lui Andrei Asăndulesei, existau alte locuințe. S-au tras concluzii referitoare la L4, o locuință-sanctuar, cu un etaj și mai multe anexe, care aparține celui de-al doilea nivel de locuire în așezare. Locuința L3 este, de asemenea, o locuință-sanctuar cu un singur etaj, având două faze de construcție, conectate la cele două niveluri de locuire (I și II). Pe primul nivel a fost amenajat un altar cu o statuie monumentală și un vas pentru ofrande. Ulterior, în nivelul următor, structura construcției proteja vechiul altar. Pe podeaua locuinței din această fază a fost descoperit un altar cu statui antropomorfe feminine.

In 2023, the investigations at L4 and L3 homes were completed. Another area opened up for L6 and L7 research. The western area, where the settlement’s defense moat is located, has been checked. At the same time,checks were also made in the wooded area of the settlement, where, according to Andrei Asăndulesei’s prospecting, there were other homes. Conclusions were drawn regarding L4, a sanctuary dwelling, with a floor and several annexes, which belongs to the second level of housing in the settlement. The L3 dwelling is also a one-story sanctuary dwelling, with two construction phases, connected to the two living levels (I and II). An altar with a monumental statue and a cup for offerings was set up on the first level. Later, in the next level, the layout of the construction protected the old altar. An altar with female anthropomorphic statues was discovered on the floor of the dwelling from this phase. Two pit houses, the Large Pit (Groapa Mare) and B8n (pit house with 8 levels of adobies), belong to the first dwelling level, which may be related to the sanctuary on the first level of L3. House L6 was partially investigated, and L7 fully. Both were disturbed by subsequent habitation, especially pits from the Cozia-Saharna culture.

The aim of this contribution is to describe the burial context of the Fettered
Man, which was found in the Gulf of Baratti near Populonia in the early days of November 2016 by a team from the Università degli Studi di Milano, under the scientific direction of Giorgio Baratti. Findings of means of constraint in formal burials are rare in ancient necropolises and have been unique to Etruscan culture until now. The (late) Archaic burial in Populonia is comparable to some graves within Greek necropolises,
which have mostly been interpreted as slave burials. As for the fetters, the
same type was found in the necropolis of Akanthos, in an isolated burial in Martigues, and also in votive contexts. A broader reflection on the use of such tools of constriction in antiquity – with the use of both iconographical and historiographical sources – can help to understand what the Fettered Man was subjected to. Fetters around the ankles generally reflect a form of punishment which can be interpreted as being equivalent to strong subordination in ancient times. Shackles led to the further loss of freedom and movement of an individual probably already belonging to the margins of society. To be buried with shackles could either reflect a lack of care,
or more likely the need and will to manifest the condition of subordination, even in the
afterlife.

menée à deux échelles d'investigation. La première, conduite sur l'ensemble de la plaine alluviale, permet de recueillir les données générales qui caractérisent le fonctionnement spécifique de ce bassin-versant pendant la période holocène : détermination des séquences sédimentaires, végétales et des phases d'occupations humaines. La seconde est celle d'une démarche géoarchéologique menée à l'échelle d'un site-test : elle met en évidence et date de la façon la plus précise possible des interactions entre événements naturels et activités anthropiques, interactions révélatrices des mutations de l'ensemble du bassin-versant.

The settlement from Scânteia is one of the richest archaeological sites in terms of discoveries. Initially estimated at 8 hectares, after the latest geomagnetic research carried out, the site can be estimated at 11.5 hectares. The excavations cover more than 3600 sqm. The settlement had two habitation levels. In the southern part of the site, a series of structures belonging to the 4thcentury AD have been identified. About 20% of the site was destroyed by the construction of the artificial lake and there are some traces of trenches from the Second World War. With these small exceptions, the Cucuteni settlement is preserved in very good condition. From the quantitative point of view, the number of vessels discovered inside the building named L.14 is lower than in similar buildings, which may lead to the conclusion that this dwelling was abandoned before the fire or partially removed of the inventory. The materials of the 2016 excavation campaign come from the debris of the upper floor area, and those researched in 2017 come mainly from the ground floor area. In this article we want to present the results of statistic processing of the ceramic material from a single feature, namely the L14 building, interpreted as a sanctuary due to several fixed elements discovered inside it. The cultural conclusion provided by the statistical processing of ceramic materials allows now to discuss the habitation period. The accumulation of material in the immediate vicinity of L.14, as well as the large amount of archaeological material inside the rooms, their arrangement, all these aspects show a long period of use of the building.

Nuevas evidencias mineras neolíticas en el sector Ferreres de las Minas de Gavà (Baix Llobregat, Barcelona) RESUMEN En este artículo se presentan los resultados de las recientes investigaciones en el sector Ferreres de las Minas de Gavà, cuyos objetivos eran la localización de nuevas estructuras mineras y la delimitación del complejo minero Neolítico por la vertiente noroeste del municipio. Los trabajos realizados han tenido como resultado la identificación de 24 nuevas estructuras mineras. Los materiales arqueológicos recuperados durante la delimitación de las minas, así como las dataciones radiocarbónicas realizadas han confirmado la cronología neolítica de las estructuras. Los resultados ponen de relieve la importancia del sector Ferreres en el complejo minero neolítico de Gavà. Además, la morfología de algunos de los recortes identificados y el hecho de que los accesos originales de las nuevas minas se encuentren casi en superficie podría estar indicando que se llevó a cabo extracción superficial de variscita mediante la excavación de trincheras, método de extracción no documentado anteriormente en Gavà.

si sono concentrate nell'abitato della città bassa ad occidente dell'acropoli dal 2001 al 2018. Hanno interessato dapprima la parte sud-orientale dell'insula II e poi, tramite un avanzamento progressivo in direzione est e poi nord, l'insula III e l'insula V. Due case dell'insula III (la casa III, 1 e la casa III, 2) erano state portate alla luce già durante gli scavi effettuati dalla Soprintendenza negli anni Settanta del Novecento 1 ; l'insula V è completamente di nuova scoperta 2 (fig. ). Lo scavo, condotto con continuità per quasi un ventennio, ha interessato un'area molto estesa dell'abitato, ha consentito la lettura e la contestualizzazione dei resti e ha dato la possibilità di riconoscere più fasi insediative, dalle prime tracce di frequentazione risalenti già all'età del Ferro, fino ai più recenti documenti di vita che non vanno oltre la metà del III secolo a.C.

Denne boka er beskyttet av lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk, og avtaler om kopiering inngått med Kopinor. Ta kontakt med forlaget om du ønsker å gjengi deler av boka, i medieuavhengig form. Henvendelser om denne boka kan rettes til NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet, Institutt for arkeologi og kulturhistorie, 7491 Trondheim

Éditeur Centre d'études médiévales Saint-Germain d'Auxerre Référence électronique David Billoin et Christophe Perrault, « Des bourgs salicoles du haut Moyen Âge dans le Jura : l'exemple de la saline mérovingienne de Grozon (Jura) », Bulletin du centre d'études médiévales d'Auxerre |

Jixielinchang Site was a salt production site in the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty and Song-Yuan Period on the Laizhou Bay beach of north-central Shandong Province, China. Benefited from the warm-temperate continental monsoon climate with abundant solar and thermal resources, as well as the mass shallow underground brine resources retained by the marine regression, Laizhou Bay has been an important salt-producing area in China since deep antiquity, evidenced by numerous salt industry sites in ancient times.
There are few studies on charred plant remains from salt industry sites in China. Thus, the archaeobotanical analysis from Jixielinchang Site provide key evidence in investigating the fuel use strategies in salt-boiling, the seasonality of salt production, as well as the surrounding paleoenvironment of salt workshops of Laizhou Bay beach.
Bearing this in mind, floatations and archaeonbotanical analysis was operated on soil samples collected from units of salt stoves, salt wells, and pits at Jixielinchang site. Among which, A total of 4400 charred seeds were recovered with 3875 seeds of 48 species identifiable. The analysis showed that crop seeds in the site are rare with only five species recovered. In contrast, the amount of weedy taxa were relatively large, including Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Najadaceae, etc. The largest number of seeds was found in the ash pits, and the highest average density of seeds was found in the salt pits. A large amount of charred herbaceous stem fragments was also recovered on the site.
Archaeobotanical evidence suggests Jixielinchang Site was a saline meadow vegetation landscape during the Eastern-Zhou Dynasty, with a relatively mild and dry climate. Subsequently, the environment was more humid during the Song-Yuan Period. The plant assemblage indicates a state of natural growth of plants, which may be related to the policy of releasing wasteland and developing grass for fuel. Jixielinchang Site was more likely to be a pure salt-boiling workshop area as the soil salinization restricted the development of agriculture. The absolute number (1.68%) and ubiquity (10.81%) of cultivated plants were lower than those of non-crops. Similar to Kanjiazhai Site, it is highly possible that the salt workshop area and the living area of Jixielinchang site might be separated, which could be attributed to the government's control over the salt industry from Eastern Zhou to Song-Yuan period. Plants bearing fruit in autumn were most frequently found at this site, suggesting that the season for salt-boiling was concentrated from late autumn and winter, providing new evidence to imply that salt-boiling sites may be used seasonally.
Charcoal was less recovered than herbaceous stems in Jixielinchang site. Herbs were cheaper and easier to obtain than wood, and can also provide the low temperatures required for salt boiling over a slow fire, therefore local residents might directly use the surrounding weeds as part of the main fuel. The charred seeds preserved in the salt stoves directly indicate the use of plant species as fuel, such as Poaceae, Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, and so on. Aiding by the toolkit combined with charcoal and phytolith analysis, more in-depth discussions on fuel utilization and paleoenvironment reconstruction of salt industry sites are expected.

Archaeological pottery from ancient civilizations, particularly the underexplored South Indian ones, provides crucial insights into past societies and holds the potential to reshape our understanding of Indian history. The current work is therefore aimed at characterizing such an underexplored archaeological site in Tamil Nadu, South India, named Keeladi. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. These techniques revealed valuable insights into the sample's elemental composition, mineralogical composition, and firing temperatures. According to spectroscopic measurements, the pottery samples were fired at temperatures between 600 and 900 C. Analysing the spectroscopic patterns, minerals such as quartz, calcite, hematite, and magnetite were detected. This multidisciplinary approach sheds light on the technological skills and cultural practices of the skilled artisans who crafted these ceramics.

49 ème colloque de l'Association Française pour l'étude de l'âge du fer -Lérida (Espagne). Les économies vivrières à l'âge du Fer.
Au sein des économies vivrières et des systèmes agricoles le sel occupe une place à part. Matière (presque) invisible aux yeux de l'archéologue, elle est cependant essentielle : alimentation humaine, conservation des aliments, traitements des produits animaux (viande, fromages, cuir), tout cela nécessite du sel. Dans le cadre de cette communication, nous souhaitons mettre en avant certains résultats concernant la manière dont le sel est distribué et consommé dans les sociétés laténiennes à la lumière de découvertes en France et en Allemagne.

In the following lines we propose an analysis of the Mesolithic background in Dobrudja, starting from its apparent absence in north-eastern Bulgaria and the poor presence of Mesolithic sites in the Romanian part of the above mentioned region.
The issue is a sensitive and intensely discussed one. Our examination aims to clarify some major aspects of the cultural manifestations of this period. In this sense, we will reexamine some of the hypotheses of the previous century together with more or less recent opinions.
The directions of analysis follow the evolution of the regional Mesolithic background throughout its manifestation, from the beginning to the end.
One of the important coordinates of the theme concerns the quantitative aspect, in an attempt to identify a pattern regarding the presence of Mesolithic communities in Dobrudja.
Another indicator aims to clarify the situation on a qualitative basis. This involves classifying the finds according to the type of intervention, the variety of archaeological material, the criteria of cultural attribution, etc. and placing them in a catalogue of finds of Middle Stone Age in Dobrudja. At the same time, we try to establish the premises of the particular context of the "Cadrilater", where, until now, no Mesolithic manifestations have been identified and to what extent this is due to limited investigations. We also want to understand which factors influenced the presence of Mesolithic communities following the line Brebeni‒Lespezi‒Șipotele‒Petroșani‒Albești and why their representatives did not advance beyond this limit into
South Dobrudja. Also relevant are the new underwater surveys off the coasts of Israel and Turkey and their results. In line with these, some opinions have been expressed arguing for the absence of Mesolithic in north-eastern Bulgaria on the basis of Holocene climatic changes, showing that some Mesolithic settlements in the Black Sea coastal area continue to exist in
the underwater environment.

The salt mining in Ocna Şugatag started long time before the first written evidence was made about them; the archaeological findings prove that the mining activity here was founded in Stone Age. After 1950, the mines from Ocna Şugatag were closed and shortly after that were flooded. This event started a series of changes in the structures of the old mines determining the collapse of some of them and has weakened the stability of others. The collapsing of the mines determined the formation on the surface of several crumblings and affecting seriously the environment because of these crumblings, due to expulsion of salt water from the mines which destroyed the vegetation from the nearby area and the fauna from local rivers. In Ocna Şugatag, by this way, were formed 46 lakes. The paper presents a detailed analysis of one of these lakes by presenting their formation mechanism, morphological characteristics and the impact over the environment. Besides of negative impact over the environment of the mining activity and its results, the people from Ocna Şugatag gained a lot due to the regional mining. In the functioning period of the mine, the community of Ocna Şugatag witnessed a high economic development. After the closing of the mines and the appearance of the lakes, people took advantage of this and developed a flowering touristic region with many watering places, holiday resorts and agro-touristic mansions. Considering the maintenance of this potential, the intervention of top, modern principles in the field of environment protection is considered essential.

Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar ion klorida (Cl⁻) dalam sampel menggunakan metode titrasi argentometri Mohr yang dikaji melalui pendekatan STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics). Proses titrasi melibatkan reaksi antara ion perak (Ag⁺) dengan ion klorida yang menghasilkan endapan AgCl, dan titik akhir ditentukan melalui pembentukan endapan Ag₂CrO₄ berwarna merah kecoklatan dengan bantuan indikator kalium kromat. Dalam aspek teknologi dan rekayasa, penggunaan buret digital, pH meter, serta sensor warna dan perangkat lunak analisis meningkatkan akurasi serta efisiensi titrasi. Pendekatan STEAM memperkaya pemahaman konsep melalui integrasi visualisasi warna dan analisis matematis yang mendalam terhadap volume, konsentrasi, dan kesalahan titrasi. Hasil praktikum menunjukkan bahwa ketelitian dalam penambahan titran dan pengendalian kondisi reaksi sangat berpengaruh terhadap validitas data, sehingga metode Mohr efektif untuk analisis ion klorida dalam berbagai aplikasi laboratorium.

Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar ion klorida (Cl⁻) dalam sampel menggunakan metode titrasi argentometri Mohr yang dikaji melalui pendekatan STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics). Proses titrasi melibatkan reaksi antara ion perak (Ag⁺) dengan ion klorida yang menghasilkan endapan AgCl, dan titik akhir ditentukan melalui pembentukan endapan Ag₂CrO₄ berwarna merah kecoklatan dengan bantuan indikator kalium kromat. Dalam aspek teknologi dan rekayasa, penggunaan buret digital, pH meter, serta sensor warna dan perangkat lunak analisis meningkatkan akurasi serta efisiensi titrasi. Pendekatan STEAM memperkaya pemahaman konsep melalui integrasi visualisasi warna dan analisis matematis yang mendalam terhadap volume, konsentrasi, dan kesalahan titrasi. Hasil praktikum menunjukkan bahwa ketelitian dalam penambahan titran dan pengendalian kondisi reaksi sangat berpengaruh terhadap validitas data, sehingga metode Mohr efektif untuk analisis ion klorida dalam berbagai aplikasi laboratorium.

Introduction: Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a medicinal, evergreen and drought-resistant plant that can grow in hot and dry areas in the south of Kerman province with high biomass production, so it plays an important role in preserving the soil and environment. It can be a potential source for secondary metabolites. Methods: In this research, the soil ecological factors of plant distribution areas, plant morphology and some antioxidant compounds in different plant organs were investigated. Results: The soil analysis of the distribution areas of the plant showed that sandy, non-saline to moderately saline soil with neutral to slightly alkaline acidity and containing sufficient amounts of necessary mineral elements is suitable for the growth of this plant. The presence of relatively thick perianth with a lot of trichomes is one of the adaptive features of the plant against environmental stress conditions. The remarkable features of the reproductive system of the plant, including the Gynostegium and Pollinarium system and their role in pollination, show the evolutionary and advanced features of the plant. The highest content of total phenol, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin was observed in flower, seed and shoot, respectively. The variety and amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds detected in different parts of the plant were different, the main phenolic compound in the shoot, fruit and seed was gallic acid and in the flower, hesperidin. Conclusion: Considering that different organs of this plant species are rich in phenolic compounds; therefore, this species is recommended for use in the pharmaceutical industry.