Gutians, Lullubies, Elamites and Kassites constitute the main ones of the Asian nomadic societies, which have a great political and cultural importance in the history of Near East throughout the third millennium BC. These societies in the...
moreGutians, Lullubies, Elamites and Kassites constitute the main ones of the Asian nomadic societies, which have a great political and cultural importance in the history of Near East throughout the third millennium BC. These societies in the end of the third millennium BC they came to the lands of Near East and settled the western regions of today's Iran. According to the information obtained from the cuneiform texts, Gutians, who lived in the Zagros Mountains in the third millennium BC, was destroyed the Akkadians. In addition to many researches on the origin of this tribe, different theses have been put forward. The strongest of these claims is that the people of Guti are Turk origin. According to the information in cuneiform sources, the area between the Small Zap River and Diyala River, as it is known today, was called Gutium, or Gutian country. According to the information in the cuneiform texts dating back to the third millennium BC, Gutians, who did not perform appropriate religious rites, is described as a people who harm the people living in the country of Babylon and they removed wife from his husband and childs from his family. In some texts dating before 2400 BC, it is stated that Gutian country is composed of land surrounded by Subartu in the north and Elam country in the south. According to the information obtained from the Akkadian texts, this warrior tribe went down to the western plains from the Zagros Mountains between 2150 and 2050 BC, came to Mesopotamia and dominated these lands for about a hundred years. Gutians, who lives in the Zagros Highlands, which surrounds the southern and southwestern regions of Azerbaijan, is a tribe comprising of nomadic clans with different rulers. The administrative structuring of the peoples, called Gutians, was a confederation, just like the Scythians, the Alans, the Tatars and the Oghuzes. In cuneiform documents, only groups of Gutians that interact with neighboring communities are mentioned. It established a central political structure with Semitic Akkadians who came to Mesopotamia by migrating in 2500 BC and the political integrity of the region was ensured. Sargon is the founder of Akkadian State. Describing himself as the "King of Sumer and Akkad" after achievements in the political and military sphere, Sargon is the first known emperor in history. After Sargon, his sons Rimush and Manishtusu came to the throne of Akkad, respectively. During these kings, exploitative state policy based on exploitation was maintained. The Akad Empire reached the peak of its power during the rule of Sargon's grandson Naram-Sin, who came to the throne after these kings. The Akkadians, who organize military expeditions to distant regions, also raided the Gutians who lived in the lands between the Tigris River and Urmiye lake and looted all the economic assets of the region. This rapid growth realized by the Akkadian State brought along some problems. The inner peace in the country has deteriorated and the level of life has decreased in proportion to the increase in the population. In addition, a large class of civil servants was created to tackle the problems encountered in collecting taxes, which paved the way for the economic collapse of the state. Taking advantage of this turmoil environment where Akkadians are, Gutians came to the region from Zagros Mountains. After the collapse of Akkadians, the Third Dynasty of Ur reestablished the political unity of Mesopotamia. In a text remaining from this period, Gutians coming to the region and the destruction of the
Akkad State is conveyed for divine reasons in the text named “The Curse of Agade”. According to the information in this text, Naram-Sin, accused of committing a crime against Enlil, the chief god of the city of Nippur, defeats the ruler who was brought to the throne of Nippur as a rival by the gods and plunders the Ekur temple of the god Enlil in the city of Nippur. Upon these developments, the gods assigned the Gutians Naram- Sin, who lived in the Zagros Mountains, to punish them. However, the reality of the information in this text is controversial. Written documents giving information about the political presence of the Gutians in the Ancient Mesopotamia begin to be seen from the period of Šar-kali-šarri. Gutian king Sharlak was taken prisoner by Šar-kali-šarri and the threat of Gutian was temporarily repelled. As a result of the Gutians victory over the Akkadians and gaining control in the cities of Mesopotamia, Gutians domination started in the region in question for 91 years and 40 days. According to the Sumerian king list between the Uruk V and VI dynasties, the total 21 Gutian kings are mentioned. According to the Sumer Kings List, the last king of the Gutians was Tirigan, who only remained on the throne for 40 days. The Gutian domination in Mesopotamia has ended as a result of this king's being taken prisoner by being defeated by the king of Uruk, Utuhegal. Gutian effect in the Mesopotamia After the Third Dynasty of Ur, also continued during the time of the Babylonians, the new ruler of the region.
