Climate Change Policy Analyis

For a high probability of avoiding dangerous interference with the climate system, all sectors must decarbonise over coming decades. Although shipping is an energy efficient transport mode, its emissions continue to grow. Compounding this, the sector's complexity, exclusion from emission inventories and slow progress towards a mitigation strategy, limit drivers towards meaningful change. Whilst there remains a preference within the industry for global mitigation policies, the urgency of required emission cuts necessitates exploration of complimentary sub-global measures. The debate surrounding such measures tends to focus on apportioning global shipping emissions to nations. To explore the policy implications of apportionment, the UK is used in this paper to illustrate how available apportionment regimes produce a wide range of emission estimates. Moreover, in the absence of transparent fuel consumption and freight data, they have limited sensitivity, rendering them currently obsolete for monitoring purposes. Nations, regions and organisations influence shipping, particularly in relation to operations, yet debate surrounding apportionment has arguably delayed consideration of sub-global polices and indicators. This paper makes a case for putting the apportionment debate aside in the short-term to open out the full span of options, consider influence over aspects of the shipping system, and how to monitor success.

Candano, C. (June 2011). Alternative Philippine Voices in Online Climate Change Reporting. Paper presented at Climate Change and Communication panel, the Asian Media Information and Communications Centre (AMIC) 20th Annual Conference, Hyderabad

Chair: Assoc. Professor Mohammed Zin Nordin, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia

Assesses integration between global energy and global climate governance. Analyzes organizational change in the IEA and its impact on governance integration. Discusses recent activities and advocacy by the IEA in relation to climate change. a b s t r a c t Despite the long-recognized interlinkages between global energy consumption and climate change, there has historically been only limited policy interaction, let alone integration, between the two fields. This compartmentalization is mirrored in scholarship, where much research has focused on the fragmentation of, respectively, global energy and global climate governance, but only little has been said about how these fields might be integrated. Our analysis of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) changing activities in recent years shows that governance integration – both within global energy governance and between global energy and climate governance – is now happening. The IEA has broadened its portfolio to embrace the full spectrum of energy issues, including renewable energy and climate change; it has built and is expanding key partnerships with both the UN climate convention and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA); and it has become an authoritative advocate for the interrelated goals of a low-carbon transition and climate change mitigation. We show that these developments are not the result of a top-down plan, but have rather emerged through the Agency's various efforts to pursue its energy-centric mandate in a fast-changing global policy environment.

This article discusses the concept of planetary boundaries that has been advanced by a group of leading experts around Johan Rockström. I place the concept of planetary boundaries in the larger framework of the emerging research paradigm of earth system governance, welcoming it as a crucial contribution that defines the overall goals of governance. Yet I also elaborate on the political conflicts that surround the identification of planetary boundaries, which are, in the end, a social construct. I then explore the policy and governance responses that may follow from the planetary boundary approach. In the conclusion, I point to several research challenges that flow from the current state of knowledge on planetary boundaries.

This is an advance preview of sections of my principal anthropological study/monograph of personhood, environment and climate change in the Torres Islands. This is the extended version in Spanish, of which a more compact version in English is currently in preparation for submission to an academic publisher.

The economic growth of Bangladesh strides forward rapidly since 2000 with the decline in extreme poverty rate to 25% in 2014 from 31% of 2010. Nevertheless,Bangladesh is always on the edge of food insecurity due to number of intertwined factors. Still a large number of people remain unable to access food in the quantity, diversity and regularity required for a food secure life. Therefore, this article, by analyzing publicly available data on food security, climate change and Social Safety Nets Programs (SSNPs) of Bangladesh endeavors to critically revisit the underlying challenges and their implications. It finds that the situation of food availability, access and utilization remains challenged considering Bangladesh’s unique context and the emergence of issues such as climate change, food prices crises, and food safety and nutrition concerns. Hence, sustainable food security in the fullest essence is highly debatable here.  It further terms that SSNPs in Bangladesh as weak since most of them are ‘ex-post’ coping initiatives only few remains to be ‘ex-ante’ preventive programs.It also reiterates that failure in‘trade-based entitlement’, ‘labor-basedentitlement’ and ‘transfer-based entitlement’ for the landless 11 million rural households is potentially generating food insecurity. Additionally, this paper tries to echo that Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Article 15 of Bangladesh Constitution obligates Bangladesh to take effective actions for ensuring food security for all. This paper concludes with the call for ensuring effective and efficient SSNPs and nutrition including food safety. The legal regime of food security in Bangladesh would therefore, be well advised to be revisited soon.

Scientists predict serious impacts of climate change that could compel millions of people to leave their homes beginning sometime in the next decades. Yet the existing institutions and organizations are not sufficiently equipped to deal with this looming crisis. Reforms toward a system of global adaptation governance as part of a larger program toward comprehensive earth system governance are thus needed. Some of the possible reform options—extending the definition of refugees under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or giving responsibilities to the UN Security Council—are less promising and might even be counterproductive. A better solution appears to lie with a new legal instrument specifically tailored for the needs of climate refugees—a Protocol on the Recognition, Protection, and Resettlement of Climate Refugees to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, supported by a separate funding mechanism, the Climate Refugee Protection and Resettlement Fund.

This report was triggered from the recent unprecedented unseasonal rain and hailstorms in early 2015 that devastated crops across the country clearly shows that our farming community is highly vulnerable to such events.

Agriculture in many parts of India is passing through a difficult phase because of the increasing frequency and intensity of unseasonal and extreme weather events. These events are wiping out hard-earned gains of economic development and poverty alleviation in our country.Degree of vulnerability is so high that many farmers committed suicide or died due to shock because they were unable to withstand sudden crop loss. Our assessment report delves into the issues related to crop loss estimation, relief and compensation.

Lessons learned: reform, not revolution.
The good news first: the current architecture of EU climate and energy policies is adequate – in principle. It has helped deliver substantial reductions in GHG emissions and it has promoted a significant increase in renewable energies. And according to the 2014 Report on Energy Prices and Costs, “there is no empirical evidence that the current framework has caused carbon leakage or has impacted negatively on the competitiveness of the EU economy. The EU has retained the lead in exports of energy intensive goods” (European Commission 2014d, 13). These are remarkable achievements.
Despite these achievements, important elements of current policy framework require reform, some of them urgently. First, the targets. The level of ambition – as reflected in the 2020 targets or the energy roadmap – is insufficient to meet the 2050 GHG reduction targets. Even with the implementation of measures currently in the planning, 2030 emissions are believed to decrease to only 28% below 1990 levels (compared to – 24% in 2020) (European Commission 2014c). Such reductions fall short of cost effective decarbonisation pathway towards 2050.
Second, the instruments. Marred by large surpluses of allowances, the ETS has failed to set prices that incentivise the required investments and – more problematically – is not expected to do so in the future. Attempts to improve energy efficiency have suffered from a fragmented and insufficiently rigid EU policy framework. They have not and are unlikely to deliver energy savings at the level required.
In times of economic crisis, EU climate and energy policies have been criticized as expensive, inefficient and incoherent. Political pressure to weaken the framework has been high, almost questioning the decarbonisation objectives of the EU as such. This has led to significant uncertainties for investors, who no longer see credible political signals that the EU is truly committed to decarbonising its economy. This has undermined one of the key objectives of the 2020 framework: providing business with investment security. In response to the consultation of the 2030 framework, many stakeholders expressed their expectation that the 2030 framework would reduce uncertainty among investors, governments and citizens.

Assessment of the potential effects of oceanic climate change on the management of underwater cultural heritage, presented at the World Water Forum in Daegu, Korea, and supported by the Directorate General of UNESCO, the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage and also the Dutch Minister of Water.

While the concept of the Anthropocene reflects the past and present nature, scale and magnitude of human impacts on the Earth System, its true significance lies in how it can be used to guide attitudes, choices, policies and actions that influence the future. Yet, to date much of the research on the Anthropocene has focused on interpreting past and present changes, while saying little about the future. Likewise, many futures studies have been insufficiently rooted in an understanding of past changes, in particular the long-term co-evolution of bio-physical and human systems. The Anthropocene perspective is one that encapsulates a world of intertwined drivers, complex dynamic structures, emergent phenomena and unintended consequences, manifest across different scales and within interlinked biophysical constraints and social conditions. In this paper we discuss the changing role of science and the theoretical, methodological and analytical challenges in considering futures of the Anthropocene. We present three broad groups of research questions on: (1) societal goals for the future; (2) major trends and dynamics that might favor or hinder them; (3) and factors that might propel or impede transformations towards desirable futures. Tackling these questions requires the development of novel approaches integrating natural and social sciences as well as the humanities beyond what is current today. We present three examples, one from each group of questions, illustrating how science might contribute to the identification of desirable and plausible futures and pave the way for transformations towards them. We argue that it is time for debates on the sustainability of the Anthropocene to focus on opportunities for realizing desirable and plausible futures.

The world is facing the observable and direct impacts of climate change in the shape of extreme weather events, irregular precipitation, glacial melt, sea-level rise, an asymmetric average temperature trends, higher oceanic temperatures, damage to natural ecosystems, and biodiversity. In 2015, collective wisdom stirred the global community to agree upon two unprecedented milestones in recent human history—the Paris agreement and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The twin global agreements set a platform for collective efforts to secure socio-economic and climatic sustainability. Pakistan also joined the board to put forth policy interventions for the mitigation and adaption of climate change risks to maintain symmetry between the environmental quality and economic development. The government of Pakistan (GOP) formulated the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP (2012)) and passed the Pakistan Climate Change Act (PCCA (2017)) to provide an impetus for the implementation of the NCC...

In 2015, Turkey submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) before the Paris Conference of the Parties (COP 21), expressing its intention to decrease emissions level at a rate of 21% from business as usual. This emissions reduction target is important as it is the first one for Turkey. However, Turkey faces unemployment problems and needs to sustain its growth. In this study, an Environmentally Extended Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), based on 2012 Input-Output data, was created, emissions reduction potentials of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) together with the INDC were calculated, and alternative policies to reduce emissions to the target level and to boost the economy were proposed separately. The study finds that both the preparation and implementation of the previous national documents are problematic, and that Turkey was not meticulous about implementation of the climate mitigation policies in the previous national documents. The study also finds that reaching the emissions target with the INDC policies seems impossible and more conceivable policies are needed, and recommends that the INDC target and document itself should be revised substantially.

A nivel mundial se tiene presente que ciertos fenómenos meteorológicos, así como "patrones climáticos", han sufrido cambios en frecuencia, intensidad, duración y época en la que se dan, esto en función de los registros y se nota en la lluvia, viento, temperatura, deshielo de glaciares, por decir algunos.

Chapter 6 (“Multilevel Policy Incentives for BECCS in Sweden”) builds on the high potential for BECCS in Sweden identified in chapter 4, summarizing the current policy incentives for BECCS research, development, demonstration, and diffusion (RDD&D). It examines the given policy drivers and obstacles at multiple scales (e.g., international, supranational, and national) and in terms of various forms of instruments (e.g., economic, regulatory, and informational). The chapter concludes that current policy instruments mostly fail to incentivize BECCS RDD&D in Sweden. The instruments partly favor R&D yet fail to provide incentives covering operational costs. Under current circumstances, BECCS is unlikely to reach demonstration scale in Sweden.

We assess the value of stranded coal-fired power plants in Germany due to the critical phase-out by 2038. Within a Monte Carlo simulation, the scenarios under consideration (a slow decommissioning at the end of the technical lifetime in 2061, the highly probable phase-out by 2038, and an accelerated phase-out by 2030) are additionally assigned distributions to display the uncertainty of future developments. The results show an overall stranded asset value of €0.4 billion given the phase-out by 2038 and additional €14.3 billion if the phase-out is brought forward by eight years. This study also depicts the impacts of carbon pricing and the feed-in from renewable energy sources on the merit order and eventually the deterioration in economic conditions for hard coal and lignite power plants. Lastly, we illustrate immediate concerns for share prices of affected companies and contributes to closing the research gap between stranded physical and financial assets.

This article provides an overview of the politics of climate policy with a focus on carbon pricing politics under recent Australian Labor governments. It reviews and explains the impact of politics upon climate policy and draws attention to the influence of the fossil fuel lobby. It reviews historical context, including early, failed attempts to set and pursue emissions reduction; the domestic and international recalcitrance of neoliberal leaders; and the recent shift to embrace carbon pricing. It considers the impact of politics upon climate policy outcomes, piecing together political and policy efforts to price carbon, and drawing attention to the agenda setting of the Australian States and Territories, and of Kevin Rudd both as Labor opposition leader and as Prime Minister. It argues that the capacity of industry to thwart effective carbon pricing was only checked by institutional influences once Labor assumed minority government in 2010. In these circumstances, Labor relied upon the Australian Greens, not only to support in part its government in office, but also to pass legislation in the Senate where the Greens hold the balance of power. Under these circumstances, carbon pricing could be negotiated and agreed upon by a Multi-Party Committee on Climate Change (MPCCC) comprising the government and its parliamentary supporters, including independents and the Greens. Whilst political and economic interests have largely shaped Australia's climate change agendas, it is concluded that policy shifts are nevertheless possible where there is a propitious combination of political, normative, and institutional influences.

Since a couple of decades, the notion of a precautionary principle plays a central and increasingly influential role in international as well as national policy and regulation regarding the environment and the use of technology. Urging society to take action in the face of potential risks of human activities in these areas, the recent focus on climate change has further sharpened the importance of this idea. However, the idea of a precautionary principle has also been problematised and criticised by scientists, scholars and policy activists, and been accused of almost every intellectual sin imaginable: unclarity, impracticality, arbitrariness and moral as well as political unsoundness. In that light, the very idea of precaution as an ideal for policy making rather comes out as a dead end. On the basis of these contrasting starting points, Christian Munthe undertakes an innovative, in-depth philosophical analysis of what the idea of a precautionary principle is and should be about. A novel theory of the ethics of imposing risks is developed and used as a foundation for defending the idea of precaution in environmental and technological policy making against its critics, while at the same time avoiding a number of identified flaws. The theory is shown to have far-reaching consequences for areas such as bio-, information- and nuclear technology, and global environmental policy in areas such as climate change. The author argues that, while the price we pay for precaution must not be too high, we have to be prepared to pay it in order to act ethically defensible. A number of practical suggestions for precautionary regulation and policy making are made on the basis of this, and some challenges to basic ethical theory as well as consumerist societies, the global political order and liberal democracy are identified.

This paper aims to explore energy insecurity in Turkey at the intersection of environmental sustainability, human security and justice vis-à-vis growing energy demand coupled with greenhouse gas emissions coming from the transport sector. High dependence on fossil fuel imports creates bottlenecks for the economy and require urgent shift to renewable energy sources. Prospects for renewable energy transition are analyzed based on focusing on total final energy consumption by energy and transport sector as well as greenhouse gas emissions. In order to propose holistic clarifications to the triangular problem of high fossil fuel dependence, energy demand increase and greenhouse gas mitigation, sustainable energy transition in road transport is put forward. It is justified based on the share of greenhouse gas emissions originating from road transport sector and high taxation levels that create extra burden on private consumers. Energy transition is conceptualized with the theoretical offerings of sustainability transition literature that point out to socio-technical processes, hence the societal, technological as well as external structural contexts of change. Upon this background, this policy and practice review outlines the current policy instruments in order to highlight the mismatch between policy and practices for just energy transition in conjunction with sustainable mobility in Turkey.

Introduction to the special issue of the
Journal of Argumentation in Context 8:1 (2019)
Editors
Marcin Lewiński | ArgLab, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
Mehmet Ali Üzelgün | ArgLab, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

https://doi.org/10.1075/jaic.8.1

Despite the recent drastic reversal of decarbonization effort by the current Presidential administration, the majority of U.S. states continue policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing renewable energy technology (RET) deployment. Although electrical power utilities are required and/or encouraged to comply with these policies, their executives lack direct incentives to do so. In this study, a novel incentive mechanism is evaluated for specifically aligning electric utility executive compensation with RET declining costs, renewable portfolio standards adopted by the majority of U.S. states, and global environmental goals. First, an overview is provided on chief executive officer (CEO) pay and the GHG emissions. The relationship between GHG emissions, renewable energy diversification, and CEO pay is examined using the case study of three of the large electric utilities in Michigan. The results show that the regulated utility market is not consistently rewarding CEOs with higher compensation for decreasing GHG emissions and that both an approach incentivizing RETs adoption and an approach encouraging GHG emissions have deficiencies. A combined approach is then analyzed that results in a compensation equation allowing for utility executives to receive incentive pay for reducing overall emissions and increasing renewable generation. The results indicate that by careful calibration of the proposed incentive equations the harmful effects of emissions can be prevented through CEO incentive pay.

Climate change is a wicked problem. This wickedness is hard to resolve and can lead to an adaptation gap, in which the maximum adaptation capacity for climate change is not reached. The concept of the adaptation gap has been discussed in literature, but there has been no consensus on how to study the phenomenon.
This is problematic, as the gap leaves people vulnerable to climate change. To decrease vulnerability, and to strengthen our understanding of the gap, this thesis developed a tool that can be used for studying the adaptation gap. The tool illustrates that multi-level governance struggles between institutions can result in an adaptation gap, something I called “the institutional barriers to adaptation”. Resource limitations within institutions can also lead to a gap, which I called “institutional limits”. 

The developed tool was used to fulfil the thesis main goal: analysing the gap in the Seychelles. Unravelling the adaptation gap in the Seychelles is of vital importance, as it is a first step to closing the gap and decreasing vulnerability. Data collection in the Seychelles was done through semi-structured interviews and the distribution of surveys. Data analysis was done through the use of coding. 

When comparing theory with the findings in the Seychelles – to also test the applicability of the developed tool and to analyse the completeness of existing literature - this thesis found that the institutional limits- and barriers described in the literature were also present in the Seychelles. Three institutional limits were identified in the Seychelles and literature, being financial-, knowledge- and capacity limits. These limits have put serious constraints on what Seychellois institutions can accomplish regarding climate change adaptation.
From multi-level governance literature, 13 institutional barriers were identified, while 16 barriers were found in the Seychelles. These barriers mainly overlap, although new forms of institutional failure were discovered in the Seychelles. 

These differences between literature and case study findings seem to be based on the specific socio-economic structures of the Seychelles. The linkage to socio-economic structures was also found from a new trend discovery, that illustrates that institutional barriers- and limits are often strongly intertwined. 

Keywords: the adaptation gap, institutional barriers, institutional limits, multi-level governance, Seychelles, climate change adaptation and climate change impacts

Most research on global governance has focused either on theoretical accounts of the overall phenomenon or on empirical studies of distinct institutions that serve to solve particular governance challenges. In this article we analyze instead “governance architectures,” defined as the overarching system of public and private institutions, principles, norms, regulations, decision-making procedures and organizations that are valid or active in a given issue area of world politics. We focus on one aspect that is turning into a major source of concern for scholars and policy-makers alike: the “fragmentation” of governance architectures in important policy domains. The article offers a typology of different degrees of fragmentation, which we describe as synergistic, cooperative, and conflictive fragmentation. We then systematically assess alternative hypotheses over the relative advantages and disadvantages of different degrees of fragmentation. We argue that moderate degrees of fragmentation may entail both significant costs and benefits, while higher degrees of fragmentation are likely to decrease the overall performance of a governance architecture. The article concludes with policy options on how high degrees of fragmentation could be reduced. Fragmentation is prevalent in particular in the current governance of climate change, which we have hence chosen as illustration for our discussion.

This article describes how Israel abandoned its climate policy through the prism of the country's evolving energy profile, most importantly the 2009 discovery of huge natural gas reserves in Israel's Mediterranean exclusive zone. The article outlines five phases of Israeli political engagement with climate change from 1992 until 2013 when the National GHG Emissions Reduction Plan was defunded. Israel was motivated to develop its climate policy by international norms: OECD membership and the 2009 UN Summit in Copenhagen. Although the eventual Plan may not have significantly reduced Israel’s emissions, it contained immediate cost-effective, energy efficiency measures. Despite rhetorical support for renewable energy, in practice, most Israeli leaders consistently perceive ensuring supply of fossil fuels as the best means to achieve energy security. The gas finds thus effectively ended a potentially significant switch towards renewable energy production. The development of commercially competitive Israeli renewable energy technology may change this prevailing economic calculus alongside renewed international and domestic leadership and a resolution of the region's conflicts. Although Israel's political circumstances are idiosyncratic, the dynamics shaping its climate policy reflect wider trends such as competing economic priorities and failure to consider long term energy security.

In this literature review, we analyze existing research on climate change and its impact on mental health and well-being, primarily among Pacific Islanders. To compensate for a lack of research in this area, we also address some of the projected mental health implications resulting from disasters linked to climate change, such as flooding, hurricanes, and cyclones. This broader scope enables the identification of areas where more research into mental health concerns related to climate change in the Pacific is needed. In closing, we provide recommendations for further research into the mental health and well-being of Pacific peoples and suggest ways to develop resilience to the effects of climate change.

En este artículo se muestra que la lógica de género configura la construcción sociopolítica del cambio climático estructurando los términos que lo posicionan como un problema público. Con el propósito de mostrar cómo se articula la crisis ecológica con la desigualdad se propone una base analítica en la que se concibe el género como una lógica y se realiza un análisis de contenido tomando como objeto de estudio el discurso de los organismos internacionales y nacionales responsables de generar la política climática. Analicé un corpus conformado por 62 documentos (informes, comunicaciones, programas, marco legal) abarcando un período de 1994 a 2015. Los resultados indican que la lógica de género configura las operaciones cognitivas, las producciones normativas y los referentes simbólicos del discurso climático. En este proceso se reproduce un orden social signado por la dominación masculina y la instrumentalización de la naturaleza que se expresa en una visión antropocéntrica, utilitaria y mercantilista de las relaciones socioambientales, la normalización de la distribución sexual del trabajo, el control de los hombres de la esfera pública, la tipificación de las mujeres como sujetos anclados a funciones maternas y al espacio doméstico. Con base en hallazgos empíricos se demuestra la importancia de enmarcar el vínculo entre género y cambio climático en términos de justicia.

Stroombergen and Reisinger’s (2012) modelling suggests global pricing of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including agricultural emissions, would be beneficial for the New Zealand economy, with higher GHG prices leading to greater economic benefit. Though this inference may seem counter-intuitive for a country in which agriculture is economically important, when the effects of GHG charges flow on to global commodity prices, the rise in global prices more than compensates NZ for the costs of our GHG emissions. These conclusions rest on a single set of models and several assumptions; however, the broad direction of the conclusions makes sense given the relatively low GHG emissions intensity of agriculture in NZ and the high importance of global commodity prices for NZ’s economic fortunes. In this paper we investigate the implications of Stroombergen and Reisinger’s (2012) results for a model NZ dairy and model NZ sheep and beef farm. We consider three climate policy scenarios that differ by whether agricultural emissions are included and priced globally, and in NZ. We find that NZ farmer interests generally align with NZ’s economic interests, though farmers are more greatly affected by differing international policy scenarios compared with the NZ economy as a whole. We find that the impact of the choice of metric (that is, how agricultural emissions are traded off against carbon dioxide emissions) is minor, especially when compared with the differences between international and domestic policy scenarios. On balance, our results suggest that long term, the best scenario for NZ and our farmers is to fully price global agricultural emissions within an international climate change agreement that allows NZ farmers to exploit their competitive advantage.

Low-and middle-income countries have the largest health burdens associated with air pollution exposure, and are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Substantial opportunities have been identified to simultaneously improve air quality and mitigate climate change due to overlapping sources of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions and because a subset of pollutants, short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), directly contribute to both impacts. However, planners in low-and middle-income countries often lack practical tools to quantify the air pollution and climate change impacts of different policies and measures. This paper presents a modelling framework implemented in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform-Integrated Benefits Calculator (LEAP-IBC) tool to develop integrated strategies to improve air quality, human health and mitigate climate change. The framework estimates emissions of greenhouse gases, SLCPs and air pollutants for historical years, and future projections for baseline and mitigation scenarios. These emissions are then used to quantify i) population-weighted annual average ambient PM 2.5 concentrations across the target country, ii) household PM 2.5 exposure of different population groups living in households cooking using different fuels/technologies and iii) radiative forcing from all emissions. Health impacts (premature mortality) attributable to ambient and household PM 2.5 exposure and changes in global average temperature change are then estimated. This framework is applied in Bangladesh to evaluate the air quality and climate change benefits from implementation of Bangladesh's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and National Action Plan to reduce SLCPs. Results show that the measures included to reduce GHGs in Bangladesh's NDC also have substantial benefits for air quality and human health. Full implementation of Bangladesh's NDC, and National SLCP Plan would reduce carbon dioxide, methane, black carbon and primary PM 2.5 emissions by 25%, 34%, 46% and 45%, respectively in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario. These emission reductions could reduce population-weighted ambient PM 2.5 concentrations in Bangladesh by 18% in 2030, and avoid approximately 12,000 and 100,000 premature deaths attributable to ambient and household PM 2.5 exposures, respectively, in 2030. As countries are simultaneously planning to achieve the climate goals in the Paris Agreement, improve air quality to reduce health impacts and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, the LEAP-IBC tool provides a practical framework by which planners can develop integrated strategies, achieving multiple air quality and climate benefits.