High rise/density Urban Developments

Nella sezione dedicata alle morfologie territoriali, in riferimento alla tipologie delle case basse ad alta densità (low-rise high-density houses) , viene citata la lezione la lezione "Housing, densità e qualità" tenuta nel Laboratorio di Progettazione Architettonica 3b, Facoltà di Architettura, Università degli Studi di Trieste, AA 2008-2009. La lezione è tratta dall'omonima tesi di dottorato pubblicata dall'Università degli Studi di Trieste nel 2009.

Although planned as the " City of Tomorrow " , the Bijlmer district in Amsterdam quickly became the quintessential symbol of urban decline. Today, even with half of the planned renewal of the Bijlmer completed, the alleged success of this urban revitalisation programme is questionable. Parts of the black middle class did not move out and some are even returning to the Bijlmer; the combination is producing a type of " black gentrification " , which forces the " undesirables " like drug users, homeless people and undocumented immigrants to leave. This revanchist renewal not only benefits the middle and lower-class population of the district, but it also serves the interests of private developers. European revanchism makes the city safe for corporate investment and aims to restore social order as well as stimulating the development of a strong middle class. This paper demonstrates how hard revanchist policies are demanded not only by private developers but also by the middle and lower classes, and they exist alongside soft " caring " policies, even for the " undesirables " . 
Keywords: revanchism, urban revitalisation, gentrification, Amsterdam, black middle class, homeless people, modernist urban planning, undesirables, drug use, public space, high-rise flats

The main point is what is the role of public acceptability? The relevant question is how the public reacts and how we change our socio-cultural perception of Vertical Farming as a new technology or new innovation. The answer shows us the importance of study in related to the of Vertical Farming. There is a lack of comprehensive empirical studies exploring the status quo of Vertical Farming in all its different forms and functions. Existing empirical studies mostly focus on the construction technology or the agricultural technique of Vertical Farming. So far, no research addressed the factors contributing to the acceptance or rejection of Vertical Farming. The present research hopes to fill this gap and contribute to a better awareness of that. In this study, public acceptance as one of the important factor of accepting or rejecting the Vertical Farming is discussed and reviewed by qualitative approach. A comprehensive literature reviewed on public acceptance of Vertical Farming in r...

The main point is what is the role of public acceptability? The relevant question is how the public reacts and how we change our socio-cultural perception of Vertical Farming as a new technology or new innovation. The answer shows us the importance of study in related to the of Vertical Farming. There is a lack of comprehensive empirical studies exploring the status quo of Vertical Farming in all its different forms and functions. Existing empirical studies mostly focus on the construction technology or the agricultural technique of Vertical Farming. So far, no research addressed the factors contributing to the acceptance or rejection of Vertical Farming. The present research hopes to fill this gap and contribute to a better awareness of that. In this study, public acceptance as one of the important factor of accepting or rejecting the Vertical Farming is discussed and reviewed by qualitative approach. A comprehensive literature reviewed on public acceptance of Vertical Farming in r...

With more than half the world’s population living in urban areas which accounts for just under 3% of the world’s land mass, today’s cities face an ever evolving urban crisis. Hong Kong, renowned for its high density
urbanism, was culminated by its now demolished Kowloon Walled City. With living conditions similar to the notorious Walled City, today’s subdivided apartments, locally called ‘butchered flats’, are homes to some 200,000 people, accommodating families in crowded environments, which in some instances, are barely 10 square metres.
The culture of congestion with its spatial and programmatic juxtapositions of the Walled City have continued to manifest today in the city’s composite building typology such as Chungking Mansions and Mirador Mansion situated in Kowloon. With kungfu schools alongside travellers guesthouses, garment factories next to restaurants, private dwellings near social clubs, all occurring along a common corridor above ground, these buildings exhibit certain unexpected orders within apparent disorder. Here, seemingly opposing activities co-exist with legal, illegal, or even extralegal operations, with intricate business networks of various suppliers or retailers in the podium serving the ‘shop-houses’ within the tower above. This produces a sense of a dense ‘city within a building’, whereby the outside pervades the inside, the city enters into domesticity, public blurs with the private, collective contest with the individual, and informalities become formalized.
This paper seeks to re-examine Hong Kong’s composite building typology and its underlying informally-formal urban orders by mapping such unexpected ecologies to reveal the messy vitality of their invisible socio-economic networks within interiorized urban conglomerations. By interrogating these buildings in this manner we can further understand their potential to impact the way we perceive the city, as well as how they can productively foster these unexpected yet everyday practices.

This paper attempts to summarize recent debates on tall buildings. It first explains the driving forces of constructing tall buildings including population increase, rural-to-urban migration, demographic change, agglomeration, and human aspiration. Next, it discusses disadvantages and challenging factors that are frequently raised in making a case against tall buildings including economics, environmental factors, historic context, public safety, and psychological issues. The paper concludes by affirming that tall buildings will persist in the 21 st century due to strong commitment to urban sustainability and significant population increase worldwide.

This doctoral thesis aims to identify new patterns that recently occurred in multi-family high-density housing of urban areas in Romania, and to analyse in comparison local trends and European trends. The ultimate goal is to synthesize the essential features of these models and to verify the possibility that they could be applied systematically to generate better living environments and to offer a better response to current needs.
The thesis aims to pursue the manifestation of a new type of multi-family housing, that were built in the last decade in Romania and which are inscribed in the current European trends. These multi-family dwellings, all concentrated in Bucharest, were considered as quality examples of architecture by the architecture professional body, earning their recognition through various awards obtained in architectural competitions or through publishing. The initial supposition is that these particular examples of architecture have a range of distinct qualities, that are the result of their composition and spatial configuration, which makes them desirable compared to forms of standardized multifamily housing. On the basis of these distinct qualities, they represent living environments of higher quality, that and configured according to recent social changes, offering to potential users a greater satisfaction in relation to previous models of standardized homes.
The main research questions are:
• Are there new patterns in designing multifamily housing built in the last decade in Romania?
• Do the new patterns have similarities with the European trends of multifamily housing?
• If those new patterns exist, can they generate a new type of multifamily housing, of higher quality than the common standardized housing?
Based on these initial questions, a more complex question related to the design process emerges:
o How to develop by means of architectural design future housing that best meet contemporary needs and are best linked to the local context?
The products of the research are:
• A questionnaire regarding the public perception on the existing multifamily housing and its forecasts on the character of future homes
• A critical system of quantitative and qualitative analysis of existing multifamily housing, and examples of best practice
• A synthetic material that that can provide a key for analysis and synthesis of possible design elements that can be integrated in the design process in order to achieve a quality contemporary architecture for multifamily housing
The aim of the study was to research the manifestation of new architectural patterns in multifamily residential buildings in Romania, joined by an attempt to position this phenomenon in a much broader interdisciplinary context. The main concerns included the verification of the manifestation of new forms of multifamily housing patterns in the local context, establishing the resorts behind their occurrence and verifying the way in which new and quality housing environments can be generated in the future. The main and secondary objectives of the study were achieved, as demonstrated throughout the thesis.

"paradossalmente e con abbastanza plauso, non pochi architetti non resistono a trasformare qualche 'cellula di tessuto' (per vocazione, salvo momenti di rottura, opportunità inestimabili di una ricostruzione dell'anonimato) in oggetto singolare, o preteso monumento. Ma non può esserci monumento senza un tessuto compatto e ripetitivo. L'uno e l'altro valgono per il senso delle proporzioni, pietra di paragone dell'Architettura" (A. Siza). Questo volume si occupa proprio del tessuto compatto e ripetitivo della città europea, della regola piuttosto che dell'eccezione, della residenza più che dell'edificio specialistico. La scansione dello spazio urbano in isolati, che fin dall'antichità ha costituito lo strumento più efficace per lo sviluppo degli insediamenti umani, rappresenta oggi un antidoto sia al modello della città diffusa, diseconomica e insostenibile, sia alla crescita della città moderna, dove l'abbondanza di spazio pubblico a disposizione si è scontrata spesso con l'impossibilità di gestirlo in maniera efficace. Ma progettare l'isolato della città compatta vuol dire anche – e sempre più nei prossimi anni – lavorare sulla sostituzione, sul completamento, sulla trasformazione di manufatti dismessi, sulla densificazione e sull'innesto di nuovi frammenti nell'esistente, tutte pratiche che sono alla base dei processi di rigenerazione urbana. Dopo vent'anni di dissennato consumo di suolo la città europea torna oggi a trasformarsi prevalentemente crescendo su se stessa, riusando le proprie strutture, reinventandone gli spazi e gli usi.

As cities cope with rapid population growth—adding 2.5 billion dwellers by 2050—and grapple with destructive sprawl, politicians, planners, and architects have become increasingly interested in the vertical city paradigm. Given the large-scale problems of skyscrapers, any improvements in their planning, design, and construction would be significant. This paper examines a new crop of skyscrapers that employs green design elements, including aerodynamic forms, greeneries, energy-saving systems, innovative renewable energy techniques, water-saving technologies, rainwater catchment systems, and the like. The examined projects illustrate foremost sustainable design features, strategies, and techniques that help to meet the functional requirements
while resulting in attractive forms. They include towers that are completed, under-construction, on-hold, proposed and on the drawing boards. In an attempt to capture a wide-range of innovative
ideas and concepts, this paper examines 30 major projects representing major world’s regions that have been active in constructing tall buildings including Southeast Asia and the Far East, the Middle East, Europe, and North America. The discussion section also engages the reader with additional buildings that have employed similar sustainable design. The paper concludes by identifying design approaches that could twin sustainability with iconicity, and highlights some of the shortfalls of
intended sustainable design.

How does urban form and density, as expressed in different building typologies, affect energy use and daylight? Architects and planners should ask themselves this question at the very beginning of the design process, and the answer is a matter of great importance because once a typology has been decided, its basic form and structure are likely to remain relatively unchanged during the building's life cycle. The effects of building typologies are long term. If we think of entire districts as being characterized by certain prevalent typologies, it is crucial that we understand the properties of those typologies when developing design guidelines for better, more energyefficient cities with generous daylight availability. This study develops a framework for urban analysis, the "urban shearing layers," and analyzes the potential of passive solar energy and daylight and their impact on the total energy performance of typical urban typologies found in northern Europe, using Copenhagen, Denmark, as a reference. A comprehensive suite of climatebased dynamic thermal and daylight simulations shows how the passive energy properties of buildings are affected by increases in urban density and urban form design choices. We analyze both traditional and contemporary typologies, and the results show that the relative impact of choosing a specific typology may affect up to 16% of the total energy performance and up to 48% of the daylight autonomy in buildings at similar urban densities. This indicates that the design of urban building typologies is a key factor affecting energy consumption and daylight levels, as the impacts are long term. It also suggests that there is a quite specific range of optimal urban density, where energy efficiency and daylight availability are ensured, for a given regional climate. Daylight should be understood as a common resource. Since it is affected by urban form more radically than energy use, we conclude that daylight should receive particular attention in planning and the first stages of building design, particularly in northern Europe, where daylight can be scarce. To this end, urban daylighting strategies should be developed.

In the last decades, several studies have revealed how critical the urban heat island (UHI) effect can be in cities located in cold climates, such as the Canadian one. Meanwhile, many researchers have looked at the impact of the city design over the urban microclimate, and have raised concerns about the development of too dense cities. Under the effect of the " Places to Growth " plan, the city of Toronto is experiencing one of the highest rates of building development in North America. Over 48,000 and 33,000 new home permits were issued in 2012 and 2013 respectively, and at the beginning of 2015, almost 500 high-rise proposals across the Greater Toronto Area were released. In this context, it is important to investigate how new constructions will affect the urban microclimate, and to propose strategies to mitigate possible UHI effects. Using the software ENVI-met, microclimate simulations for the Church-Yonge corridor both in the current situation and with the new constructions are reported in this paper. The outdoor air temperature and the wind speed are the parameters used to assess the outdoor microclimate changes. The results show that the new constructions could increase the wind speed around the buildings. However, high-rise buildings will somewhat reduce the air temperature during daytime , as they will create large shadow areas, with lower average mean radiant temperature.

West European cities like London, Paris, Rotterdam and Frankfurt am Main have seen impressive high-rise developments over the past two decades. The cities with a longstanding tradition of urban management, building regulations and zoning plans seem to feel the need for additional instruments to control the development of what is described by McNeill (2005) as "an extremely complex spatial phenomenon". It was only after the emergence of a new type of high building development in the inner cities and suburban centres in the early 1990s that the image of high buildings started to change for the better, not just in the Netherlands but also throughout much of Europe. Even now, high buildings evoke emotions and provoke controversies. This has led them to develop policies for regulating the planning and construction of tall buildings, high-rise buildings and skyscrapers within their territory.

This article presents a systematic approach for analysing the visual impact of high building development on a city and its surrounding region, using Rotterdam as a case study. This work is based on a previous analysis that included aspects such as architectural height, year of completion, location and functional use of high buildings in the city. It allowed us to compare the actual high building development with the urban policies in place. The showcase city of Rotterdam demonstrates that a considerable distance exists between policy and reality. The city struggles to deliver a consistent and integrated policy for high-rise urban areas, although the high building developments themselves seem to be ruled by a remarkable internal logic that is not fully recognised in policymaking. By studying the height and completion year, identifying the tall building cluster as it is perceived visually, and by conducting a GISc-based visibility analysis, it provides a context to tall building designs, making the assessment of individual projects more transparant and balanced, and removing some of the emotional elements that often enter into the discussions.

This chapter considers Nairobi's multi-storey tenements and the increasingly frequent incidents of building collapse. It locates the state's reaction to the public and media outcry of these events within the context of construction industry regulations and of planning, and makes recommendations on this basis.

As cities cope with rapid population growth—adding 2.5 billion dwellers by 2050—and grapple with destructive sprawl, politicians, planners, and architects have become increasingly interested in the vertical city paradigm. Given the large-scale problems of skyscrapers, any improvements in their planning, design, and construction would be significant. This paper examines a new crop of skyscrapers that employs green design elements, including aerodynamic forms, greeneries, energy-saving systems, innovative renewable energy techniques, water-saving technologies, rainwater catchment systems, and the like. The examined projects illustrate foremost sustainable design features, strategies, and techniques that help to meet the functional requirements while resulting in attractive forms. They include towers that are completed, under-construction, on-hold, proposed and on the drawing boards. In an attempt to capture a wide-range of innovative ideas and concepts, this paper examines 30 major pr...

RESUMO

O presente estudo é parte da pesquisa de doutorado em desenvolvimento pelo autor, cujo tema são os grandes blocos de habitação coletiva vertical construídos na América Latina ao
longo do século XX, que envolve suas origens, documentação das principais realizações, análise crítica de edifícios representativos e que, por fim, tentará avaliar sua pertinência nas cidades atuais.

A premissa envolvida na pesquisa é que tais edifícios, construídos no contexto das chamadas vanguardas de estado na América Latina, talvez sejam mais pertinentes no contexto das cidades atuais do que no momento em que se realizaram e, principalmente, do modo precipitado em que foram implantados. As críticas surgidas ao modelo nas décadas de 60 e 70 colocaram-no em crise em meio à crítica e também à população e levaram praticamente ao banimento de serem considerados como modelos habitacionais possíveis e até desejáveis em determinadas circunstâncias.

O presente trabalho apresenta o recorte adotado na pesquisa a partir da caracterização tipológica que embasa a seleção dos edifícios objeto do estudo, e se propõe a investigar em quais circunstâncias tais edifícios podem ser considerados como uma possibilidade desejável, tendo em vista o potencial de renovação de setores urbanos que apresentam no sentido da
dinamização de seu uso por milhares de pessoas, aumento da densidade e diversidade de usos – e consequentemente de acontecimentos – que podem ensejar, à parte, obviamente, o
fornecimento de moradia de qualidade como elemento central.
O tema tratado apresenta uma interseção importante com as questões de aumento de densidade urbana que colocam de forma recorrente nas discussões acerca das possibilidades
de estímulo e renovação de áreas urbanas degradadas em todo o mundo, questão também abordada no artigo.

Palavras-chave: Arquitetura, Habitação coletiva, América Latina, Densidade

Associated sensory and cognitive declines progress with ageing and profoundly impact the daily living and quality of life of older adults. In the context of an increased ageing population globally, this paper outlines an exploratory study of socio-sensory properties of two high-density housing neighbourhoods in Singapore and the ways senior local residents perceive their familiar built environments. This study employed exploratory on-site exercises with 44 student researchers (including sensory photo-journeys, documentation of sensory properties and daily activity patterns), and 301 socio-perceptual surveys with local residents, the majority of whom were older adults. The findings reveal important aspects related to sensory assessment and appreciation (e.g., crowdedness, noise, smell, cleanliness), walking experience (e.g., safety, wayfinding) and overall satisfaction with the neighbourhood (e.g., available public amenities, opportunities for inter-generational bonding), some of whi...

Globalised neoliberalism does not unify urbanisation processes but rather varies according to local contexts. This article explores the unique neoliberalisation process in large urban developments that have contributed to Seoul becoming a global city. Not only has the formal process of privatisation been important but also the vernacular practice of the ordinary people has informally grown during the process. By establishing a matured market of the mass production and consumption of high-rise apartments since the 1970s, more than half of the housing stock is now composed of high-rise apartments in South Korea. Gangnam represents the wealthiest district shifting from rural sites to highly dense urban areas due to their large-scale high-rise developments. Not only have societal changes made way for super-high-density apartment complexes as a rational response to population and economic growth, high-rise developments have also allowed Seoul to grow its population and expand its spatial footprint. Because of the dominance of universal western knowledge, this phenomenon has not been fully understood. While neoliberalism has been broadly adopted, the actual development process in Korea is distinctive not only from the West but also the East. The article argues that 'vernacular neoliberalism' has evolved not just by the formality of the ideological market system but also by the informality of survival practices of Korean lives largely under the colonial period and the aftermath of the Korean War. It particularly shows how large urban developments have been widespread by integrating a vernacular private rental system called chonsei into the formal structure.

Contemporary urban life has been shaped by two momentous shifts over the twentieth century: these shifts are increasing global mobility and increasing housing density, and both have required changes to personal approaches to dwelling. They have been pronounced in Australia, which has moved from an imperial‐colonial century to an Asian century in just over 100 years. Coupled with compact city policies in some regions, increased international migration has resulted in urban populations becoming more ethno‐culturally diverse, and encouraged urban residents to live in closer proximity to each other. Such trends are evident in the expansion of apartment living in cities. In the academic literature, each of these global shifts has been addressed separately, with much less attention being given to the two together. This oversight is especially the case in places where these changes are experienced most profoundly—private multi‐owned residential buildings that many and growing numbers of urban residents call home. The oversight is concerning because successful apartment living requires sustained participation and cooperation—how we dwell with each other matters. Without such forms of engagement and courtesies, apartment communities cannot run effectively or cohesively in terms of associational participation in management or of the everyday encounters of social life. Arguably, because global mobility is now so pronounced, engagement and civility require that people are respectfully observant of ethno‐diversity. Yet our review of the existing literature on multicultural encounters and participation in multi‐owned private apartment buildings suggests the need for more research on the intersections among global mobility, housing density, and apartment living. This paper begins to bridge this gap.

Although the phenomenon was evident at least several years ago
in various communes of Santiago, it was not until 2017 that housing
hyper-densification by real estate companies exploded: a tweet by
Claudio Orrego, then the mayor of the Metropolitan Santiago, put this
topic on the agenda when showing the image of a real estate building of an impressive density for the local reality. After that, the controversy regarding responsibility was immediate: the State criticized the greed of the private and the permissiveness of the local government, while real estate companies defended themselves by blaming the rules. Now that
the polemic has settled down, and considering that while the controversy
is over the buildings are still there, we think it is necessary to return to this discussion, apropos the subject of this issue of ARQ: how to make massive housing today when the State lacks the capabilities it had 50 years ago? Who is held responsible to lead in this issue? Can this problem be left only in the hands of private companies, as it has happened up to now?

fascinating essay by urbanist Paul Murrain which discusses in great detail the excesses of 'height' and elaborates on  height regulations and the various essential aspects of urban comfort considered in successful cities, and also shows how exceptionally a mid-rise can be acceptable if it contributes to the beauty and comfort of the city and its citizens, etc. Extraordinary essay!

Associated sensory and cognitive declines progress with ageing and profoundly impact the daily living and quality of life of older adults. In the context of an increased ageing population globally, this paper outlines an exploratory study of socio-sensory properties of two high-density housing neighbourhoods in Singapore and the ways senior local residents perceive their familiar built environments. This study employed exploratory on-site exercises with 44 student researchers (including sensory photo-journeys, documentation of sensory properties and daily activity patterns), and 301 socio-perceptual surveys with local residents, the majority of whom were older adults. The findings reveal important aspects related to sensory assessment and appreciation (e.g., crowdedness, noise, smell, cleanliness), walking experience (e.g., safety, wayfinding) and overall satisfaction with the neighbourhood (e.g., available public amenities, opportunities for inter-generational bonding), some of which correlated with age and reported health condition. Multi-sensory assessment shows the capacity to inform more integrated, empathetic, ability-building and contextspecific ageing-friendly neighbourhood design.

Mixed methods research (MMR) is useful for addressing complex and multidisciplinary urban problems. This article demonstrates an integrated MMR approach with a novel two-phase exploratory sequential design while studying play, play space, and children's (age 7-15 years) location preference for play in three residential areas in Dhaka. We used directly administered survey and interviews in the first phase to describe play and play space from children's perspective. Informed by the first, we employed GIS-based spatial and statistical analysis in the second phase to study patterns of children's location preference for play. Our article contributes to the methodological literature by combining MMR with urban spatial analysis in children's play environment studies.

Rapid population growth in India’s cities has led to leapfrogged development and significant transportation problems creating the need for timely and innovative solutions. Using a unique application of the self-financing land readjustment technique, planners in Ahmadabad, India created an outer ring road to address transportation challenges and to supply developable lands in fringe areas of the city with much-needed infrastructure and developable real estate. This idea is diffusing to other rapidly growing cities in India where planners and policy makers are learning from the success of Ahmadabad. This chapter presents a case study of an outer ring road project in Surat, India. Like the Ahmadabad project, the goal in Surat is to supply infrastructure and create developable real estate in the outskirts of a rapidly growing metropolitan city. Surat will utilize the techniques of land pooling (LP) and land readjustment (LR) to create space for the outer ring road’s right-of-way (ROW) and other infrastructure. Surat’s planners have incorporated additional techniques to those used in Ahmadabad to create greater urban density along the outer ring road. This case study presents opportunities for planning professionals who face the challenge of supplying infrastructure and addressing transportation deficiencies in financially constrained and rapidly growing cities, especially those in developing countries.

The concept of child-friendly-city (CFC) originated from the general confession that cities are not as friendly to the child as it could be. A growing number of literatures assert that urban built environment needs to be rethought.
This presentation interprets the notion of ‘child-friendliness’ in urban living environment with reference to five selected articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (formulated in 1990 by UNICEF). The study focuses on spatial interpretation of those articles in Dhanmondi Residential Area -- a planned residential area in the urban context of Dhaka.
A mixed method approach have been adopted. Methods include: structured observation, interviews, formal analysis of street network and building typologies, alternative formal study, and visualisation of an alternative urban form. Street network have been analysed through space syntax. With particular emphasis on a redesigned alternative pattern is proposed for the study area that suggests creating identifiable locality,  safe access to the available open spaces and initiatives to enhance children's independent mobility in the studied area. The study ends with a hypothetic design-exercise to give a visual imagery of the actionable ideas.

This paper sets the elevated pedestrian systems of Hong Kong in the context of planning regulation and land finance. Pedestrian networks have enhanced the internal circulation of major catchment areas around activity centres and transportation interchanges. They have become an administratively and economically successful model in
the absence of a democratic urban design process. By tracking the evolving concept of the grade-separated pedestrian networks in Hong Kong, the paper examines the evolution and
institutionalization of such a spatial system. It argues that quantitative terms in urban design control cannot tackle environment quality as a complicated human experience and
cultural phenomenon. The discussion further raises a concern about increasing public facilities manipulated by private enterprises and the city government as an active mediator
in distributing spatial resources.

This work aims to advance knowledge about the high-rise large-scale housing complexes built in Latin America throughout the twentieth century: its origins, relation with contemporary cities, mapping of the the most representative works and the comparative critical analysis of some of these works. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that such buildings are more suited to the current Latin American cities than at the time they were built, being needed that their present conditions become better known. To examine the proposed hypothesis were selected thirty works of reference, designed from 1945 to 1979 and set in nine countries in Latin America where this type of housing was adopted: Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The work has been divided into two main parts. Part One brings an approach from the historical and historiographical points of view of the subject of high-rise large-scale housing, tracing its origins from Europe, its hybridization with the North American urban researches, extending until its adaptation and adoption in several countries of Latin America from the 1940s on, reaching distinct meanings of those acquired by these buildings elsewhere. Once knowing both the historical conditions as the historiographical construction responsible for the enhancement and subsequent criticism of the studied housing typology, Part Two assesses the current conditions of use of those reference works, being twelve of them subject of critical comparative analysis. Despite the mystique that surrounds the high-rise large-scale residential buildings, their potential is not at all asleep, and its current revaluation can be identified, together with the idea of compact cities and emerging concepts of urban densification. It is also an aim to identify which are the main factors to be considered in the assessment of high-rise large-scale urban collective housing in order to make the most of the potential of these architectures, but avoiding at the same time its possible negative effects.

Globalised neoliberalism does not unify urbanisation processes but rather varies according to local contexts. This article explores the unique neoliberalisation process in large urban developments that have contributed to Seoul becoming a global city. Not only has the formal process of privatisation been important but also the vernacular practice of the ordinary people has informally grown during the process. By establishing a matured market of the mass production and consumption of high-rise apartments since the 1970s, more than half of the housing stock is now composed of high-rise apartments in South Korea. Gangnam represents the wealthiest district shifting from rural sites to highly dense urban areas due to their large-scale high-rise developments. Not only have societal changes made way for super-high-density apartment complexes as a rational response to population and economic growth, high-rise developments have also allowed Seoul to grow its population and expand its spatial...

Mixed methods research (MMR) is useful for addressing complex and multidisciplinary urban problems. This article demonstrates an integrated MMR approach with a novel two-phase exploratory sequential design while studying play, play space, and children’s (age 7-15 years) location preference for play in three residential areas in Dhaka. We used directly administered survey and interviews in the first phase to describe play and play space from children’s perspective. Informed by the first, we employed GIS-based spatial and statistical analysis in the second phase to study patterns of children’s location preference for play. Our article contributes to the methodological literature by combining MMR with urban spatial analysis in children’s play environment studies.

The growth of high-rise developments raises questions about how the emotional and social leisurescape of the city is evoked, produced and represented. In this article we examine how advertising images and texts promoting new high-rise developments produce notions of 'liveability' through the depiction of idealised spatial experiences that typify urban leisure lifestyles. The focus of our analysis is three high-rise developments in Brisbane, a selfproclaimed 'New World City', and the capital of Queensland in Australia's northeast. We identify how marketing images evoke particular emotions to construct desirable relationships between consumers, domestic space and urban leisurescapes. Our analysis revealed social tensions between different constructions of the liveable city and the implications for leisure planning. While Brisbane City Council sought to be inclusive in its planning for urban liveability, developers imagined urban renewal projects through exclusive lifestyle practices and normalised consumer identities (white, middle class, heterosexual, without children).

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of high-density zoning on multifamily housing construction from 1990 to 2000 in the suburbs of six US metropolitan areas. Zoning constraints are measured as the total number of high-density units allowed by right in each suburban jurisdiction obtained from local zoning ordinances and geographical information data. Using two-stage least squares, the analysis provides two important results: zoning as practised by suburban governments in the six metropolitan areas limits the construction of multifamily housing below market determined levels; and, multifamily zoning constraints are not exogenous but vary systematically with distance from the central city and with the racial composition of the community in 1960.

ABSTRACT How does urban form and density, as expressed in different building typologies, affect energy use and daylight? Architects and planners should ask themselves this question at the very beginning of the design process, and the answer is a matter of great importance because once a typology has been decided, its basic form and structure are likely to remain relatively unchanged during the building's life cycle. The effects of building typologies are long term. If we think of entire districts as being characterized by certain prevalent typologies, it is crucial that we understand the properties of those typologies when developing design guidelines for better, more energy-efficient cities with generous daylight availability. This study develops a framework for urban analysis, the "urban shearing layers," and analyzes the potential of passive solar energy and daylight and their impact on the total energy performance of typical urban typologies found in northern Europe, using Copenhagen, Denmark, as a reference. A comprehensive suite of climate-based dynamic thermal and daylight simulations shows how the passive energy properties of buildings are affected by increases in urban density and urban form design choices. We analyze both traditional and contemporary typologies, and the results show that the relative impact of choosing a specific typology may affect up to 16% of the total energy performance and up to 48% of the daylight autonomy in buildings at similar urban densities. This indicates that the design of urban building typologies is a key factor affecting energy consumption and daylight levels, as the impacts are long term. It also suggests that there is a quite specific range of optimal urban density, where energy efficiency and daylight availability are ensured, for a given regional climate. Daylight should be understood as a common resource. Since it is affected by urban form more radically than energy use, we conclude that daylight should receive particular attention in planning and the first stages of building design, particularly in northern Europe, where daylight can be scarce. To this end, urban daylighting strategies should be developed.