Huns

As far as we know, no information was preserved about Inner Asia before the era of the Principate. A possible exception is Amometus’ data about the Attacora people, cited by Pliny and Solin. Amometus was an almost unknown author in Egypt, probably in the period of the diadochs or Ptolemy I. The citation seems to refer to a mythical people (like the Hyperborei), but its analysis shows that Amometus knew two other peoples beyond the Attacorae: the Brisari and ‘Cicones’. However, the name ‘Cicones’ is probably corrupted from an original Conae/Cones. The real existence of the Attacorae is supported by the fact that Ptolemy, Orosius and Pseudo-Aethicus know a variant of this name, and give a rough geographic position too. According to them, the Attacorae were accessible from two sides, southwards getting round the Himalaya Mts., northwards via Gandhara and Bactria. Consequently, the Attacorae lived in an Inner Asian basin, presently not specifiable, and the more northern Conae people can be related to the Chuni people by Orosius and the Old Chinese pronunciation of the Xiongnu name (as modern reconstructions show it), that is, possibly it was the first European mention of the Huns.

O conceito de Bárbaro surge ainda no império romano que definia povos e culturas diferentes como inferiores ao estado de civilização atingida pelos romanos, cuja certas características eram elencadas para definir tais diferenças de comportamento, até hábitos alimentares. Este processo perdurou no contexto medieval e se acentuou no discurso de religiosos durante incursões Vikings em territórios cristãos europeus.O presente artigo visa analisar como o processo de Barbárie foi redesenhado para classificar os nórdicos da Era Viking e como esta visão continua a influenciar o processo de escrita de materiais de leitura informativos sobre os mesmos. A fim de identificar a problemática da questão e alertar sobre para os cuidados que se deve ter aos estereótipos criados a partir de uma visão do “outro” pelo ponto de vista externo aquela sociedade.

A késő Árpád-kori érméken, valamint II. András pecsétjén feltűnik a Nap és a Hold együttes ábrázolása, ami
szokatlan az európai érmék világában, hasonlóakkal csak a tőlünk keletre birodalmat alapító sztyeppéi lovas
népek érméin találkozhatunk. A hazai numizmatikai irodalom nem fordít különös figyelmet e jelképek felkutatására. Jelen írásunkban annak jártunk utána, hogy vajon mely népeknél volt jelen ugyanez a jelkép.

early ninth century. In Eastern Europe, it is also possible to study the relations the Empire established not only with its agriculturist neighbours (such as the Goths), but also with its pastoralist and 'nomadic' ones (such as the Cutrigurs) (Figs 43.1 and 43.2). Jordanes' Getica contains the quintessential account of a migration across Scythia. The Goths, who hailed from Scandza, crossed the sea and moved across Scythia until reaching the shores of the Black Sea. Taking this account at face value, generations of archaeologists have identified the Gothic migration with one of two (or both) archaeological cultures in Eastern Europe -Wielbark in northern Poland and (Sântana de Mureș-)Černjachov in Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. While the former started in the mid first century ce in Pomerania before moving to the south and south-east during the second and third centuries, when it reached Ukraine, Černjachov emerged in the third century and reached its peak around 300. By that time, the Goths appear to have been the dominant ethnic group in a large area of Eastern Europe stretching from the Danube to the Don rivers. Within this vast area, there may have been between six and ten political units, only two of which -the Tervingi and the Greutungi -appear in the sources. The Passion of St Saba, for example, written shortly after 373, offers inestimable details about the Tervingian society in an area close to the river Danube in what is now south-eastern Romania. Military status was apparently gaining in importance there, with a group of prominent men called reiks in Gothic playing a great role in local communities. Their status was more one of formal 9781107037243c43_p759-776.indd 759 17/12/24 12:19 PM fig. 43.1 location map of the main sites in Eastern Europe mentioned in the text.

In the 4th century, the European Huns started a mass migration to the north of the Black Sea, joining the Alans, Eastern Goths and various Slavic tribes in front of them and initiating the event known in the literature as the Migration of Tribes. As the Huns moved westward, they were mentioned in many sources of the period, and they were mentioned with fear and admiration. From their appearance north of the Black Sea until Attila's death in 453, the Huns became an important power of the period in a short time by keeping the Western and Eastern Roman Empire under pressure with the tribes under their rule. Underlying this success was undoubtedly the military structure of the Huns. From the moment they first arrived in European lands, they attracted attention with their strategies and equipment, and they were mentioned in all sources with their military skills. They encountered the Germans immediately after the Alans whom they displaced when they first started to settle in Europe. They established relations with Germanic tribes such as the Eastern Goths, Western Goths, Gepids, Langobards, Vandals, Burgundians, Scyrians and Rugis. With the military system they brought with them from Turkestan and the lifestyle required by the Turkish steppe culture, the Turks were naturally good soldiers. Their warlike nature was met with curiosity and fear by other nations, and their armies, which were based on mounted troops, made them unique in speed and maneuverability. When they came to Europe, traveling great distances in a short time thanks to their horses, they encountered the Germanic tribes living here in a settled state, and they had no difficulty in gaining superiority over them because they had an army that the Germans had never seen before. This superiority had such a great impact that even the Roman Empire, the most powerful state in the region, could not break this influence. While the effects of the great Migration of Tribes that started with their arrival in Europe continued on all states and communities in the region, the Germanic tribes who could not resist the Huns started a second great migration movement and Europe was exposed to the Migration of Tribes twice in a period of about twenty years. The second great migration, which took place at the beginning of the 5th century, helped to shape today's Europe ethnically and culturally. Another military achievement of the European Huns was the strengthening of the central authority as a result of the expansion of borders and the recruitment of large numbers of soldiers from other nations. They were able to use the military differences of the non-Hunnic tribes in their favor and reorganized the Hun army, which was basically composed of horse-cavalry units, according to the military styles of these tribes. The most striking area of this arrangement is the changes in weapons. Along with weapons such as bows and arrows, spears, lassos and other weapons that were more suited to the art of distant warfare, weapons such as short swords and knives were also introduced. This led to great success and military superiority over all European nations, most notably the Germans. The Germans, like the Roman Empire, had to change their military system to cope with the Huns. This study will focus on the military structure of the European Huns and the role of the Germans in this structure.

'ihe .Byzantine Studies Contere.ace is _planned-as an annual autumn forum "i"or the read.in, and discussion of papers embodyi___ ng c:.urr�ht "?"esearch in .all as� pects of' By2.antine studies. The present Abstracts a.re being s�nt to al.l regis• tered partic ipants in adv.a.nee of the Conte.rence _, to fa.cilitate discussions. We expect to :follow this-pattern in future years. Fol' turtber _in.formation, or to obtain an additional. copy of those Abstracts ($2. 50 i=luding postage), write• t>o: llyiantine Studies Con:feren.ce, c/o Prof.

'ihe .Byzantine Studies Contere.ace is _planned-as an annual autumn forum "i"or the read.in, and discussion of papers embodyi___ ng c:.urr�ht "?"esearch in .all as� pects of' By2.antine studies. The present Abstracts a.re being s�nt to al.l regis• tered partic ipants in adv.a.nee of the Conte.rence _, to fa.cilitate discussions. We expect to :follow this-pattern in future years. Fol' turtber _in.formation, or to obtain an additional. copy of those Abstracts ($2. 50 i=luding postage), write• t>o: llyiantine Studies Con:feren.ce, c/o Prof.

The late ancient chronicles gave us a detailed report on Attila's deeds and campaigns. Unfortunately, only some fragments remained on those Huns, who settled down in the Carpathian basin. In the second half of the 19th century some Western-European historians created a special theory on the fast disappearance of the Huns from there, but it lacked any real evidences. In my paper I am trying exploring the traces of the Huns in the Carpathian basin or former Hungarian Kingdom. I recline upon some late ancient sources and Hungarian historical chronicles of Middle Ages, reports of contemporary Byzantine and Gothic sources and I used archaeological findings and anthropological surveys.

Най-добрият лангобардски историк, както и най-добрият историк на готите – Йордан повече от 225 години преди него, започва разказа за съдбините на своя народ в митологично-легендарни времена от пренаселения северен остров Скандинавия или Скадан. По пътя си на юг в търсене на нова родина чак до Панония, винилите-лангобарди непрекъснато се сблъскват с упоритата съпротива на старото местно население. Така е в „областта, наречена Скоринга“, където воюват с вандалите; така е при опита им да пресекат Мауринга, но „асипитите им преградили пътя, забранявайки им да преминават по какъвто и да е начин през техните територии“; така е на брега на „неотъждествената“, „баснословна“ река, охранявана от амазонките; така е и „в затънтените краища на Германия“, които „не са добре познати и описани от историците“ и където през нощта съвсем ненадейно ги нападат вулгари (Vulgares), убиват първия им крал Агелмунд и вземат в плен дъщеря му. По-натам при десетия крал на лангобардите Албоин, пътищата им се срещат и с вулгарите-сирмиянци, наречени 250 години по-рано от Касиодор Bulgares. В търсенето на „нови земи за заселване“, Албоин отвежда част от тях като Vulgares от Панония в Италия, където и до днес съществуват техни селища. Единственият случай, в който е възможно, самият Павел Дякон да е използвал името БЪЛГАРИ е когото пише за помощта, оказана от Terebelli Bulgarum regis на Юстиниан II да си върне престола, но и в този случай населението около Дунав за него е Vulgarum gentem. Цялата тази историческа картина в течение на векове и до днес е поправяна, подправяна, подменяна и манипулирана от професионални преписвачи, преводачи и професори историци, така както им изнася, за да се превърнат вулгарите (Vulgares) на Павел Дякон в днешните наши, а и италиански БЪЛГАРИ, наследници на измислените, но „страшни по целия свят“ тюркско-монголски номади.

Amid the large-scale excavations of recent decades, we tend to forget about the smaller sites that have emerged during rescue excavations, sewer constructions, and other public utility trenching. From the rescue excavations of the Ferenczy Museum in Pest County, I would like to present a few Late Roman burials. In Budaörs, a grave excavated by Éva Maróti in 1987 contained a glazed jug dated by seven coins. In Leányfalu, near a Late Roman watchtower enclosed by a fence, a stone casket grave was de¬stroyed, which could indicate the location of the fortress’s previously unknown cemetery. In the main square of Szentendre, near the old entrance of the Ferenczy Museum, graves dateable by onion-knobbed fibulae, along with burials previously excavated by Sándor Soproni at the same site, form a small cemetery.

A napokban röppent fel a hír a Homoródkarácsonyfalva templomában újonnan felfedezett székely rovásfeliratról. 24 órán belül elkészültem az alábbi olvasattal. A kezdetén az volt a legnagyobb kérdés, hogy ez a szemmel láthatóan archaikus jeleket használó szöveg szójelekkel van-e írva, vagy alfabetikusan? Nos, ez bizonyult a negyedik viszonylag hosszabb hieroglifikus (ősvallási kötődésű szójeleket használó) rovásfeliratunknak.

Geç Antik Çağ’ın en popüler anlatılarından biri olan Kavimler Göçü, içerisinde pek çok hikâyeyi barındırmaktadır. Hunların Orta Asya’dan yaptıkları göç hareketi ile başlatılan Kavimler Göçü, Avrupa’nın bütününü etkileyen bir olgudur. Hunların Volga Nehri’nin batısına geçişleriyle birlikte Alanları daha batıya ilerleme mecburiyetinde bırakmaları göçün başlangıcını teşkil etmektedir.
Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde başlayan bu göç hareketi, bilhassa Alanlar ve Germenlerin doğu koluna mensup Tervingiler ve Greuthungiler ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Hun baskısı, bu topluluklar üzerinde adeta domino etkisi yaparak onlara, Hunlarla iş birliği yapmak ya da daha batıya göç etmek dışında başka bir seçenek bırakmamıştır. Meseleye bölgenin en istikrarlı gücü olan Roma İmparatorluğu açısından bakıldığında ise Tervingilerin etkisi daha da artmaktadır. Nitekim 376’da Roma İmparatorluğu’ndan yardım isteyen Tervingiler, geniş çaplı olarak imparatorluk sınırları içerisine dâhil edilen ilk “barbar” topluluk olmuşlardır. Tervingilerin imparatorun izniyle Tuna sınırını geçmeleri, Roma İmparatorluğu ile Tervingiler arasında çatışmalar yaşanmasını engelleyememiştir. Bu çatışmaların bir yansıması olarak 378’de gerçekleşen Hadrianopolis Savaşı, İmparator Valens’in ölümüyle sonuçlanmıştır.
Hunların Karadeniz’in kuzeyine gelişleriyle birlikte gerçekleşen istikrarsızlık sadece siyasi değil, aynı zamanda dini, kültürel ve askeri pek çok değişimi beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda Hunların başlattığı göç neticesinde ortaya çıkan kaotik ortamdan kurtulmak isteyen Tervingiler, Roma İmparatorluğu’nun etkisiyle paganizmden yüz çevirerek Hristiyanlığı benimsemişlerdir. Tervingilerin Ariusçu Hristiyanlığı benimsemeleriyle sonuçlanan bu ihtida hareketi, Ariusçuluğun diğer Germen topluluklar arasında da yayılımını kolaylaştırmıştır.
Bu araştırma içerisine Kavimler Göçü’nün ne olduğu ve ne zaman başlayıp ne zaman sona erdiği gibi konular dâhil edilmekle birlikte ağırlıklı olarak Hunların Karadeniz’in kuzey sathında görünmeye başladıkları dönemden itibaren bölgede yarattıkları siyasi, kültürel ve dini etkiler ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda Hunların Karadeniz’in kuzeyine yaptıkları saldırılar Roma İmparatorluğu’nun batı yakasının çöküşüne kadar giden bir etki yaratmıştır. Dahası bu etki, Orta Çağ’da oluşmaya başladığı kabul edilen “Avrupa Medeniyetinin” temellerinin atılmasını sağlamıştır. Çalışmanın Hunların Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde görünmeye başladıkları tarih olan 370’lerden Attila’nın kardeşi Bleda ile Hun hâkimiyetini sağladığı tarih olan 434’e kadar yaşanan gelişmeleri içermesi planlanmaktadır.

The paper discusses the steppe people of the Huns and their language, or languages, because it is assumed that the Hunnic state was extremely multilingual. In Chinese sources the Huns were recorded as the Xiōngnú (匈奴) people. The possible identity between Xiōngnú and Hun was pointed out by the French orientalist Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century. Étienne de la Vaissière showed in 2005 that Xiōngnúi are mentioned in Sogdian sources as γwn [xwn]: Huns. This was the missing link in proving that the Huns and Xiōngnú were the same people; from the Asian steppes to Slavonia in Croatia and Champagne in France where the last battle between the Huns and the Romans took place. In 1941, the Hungarian orientalist Lajos Ligeti cautiously pointed out in a text in Hungarian the possible connection of Xiōngnú with the peoples of the Yenisei languages such as Ket, which today is spoken by barely five hundred people in southern Siberia. This thesis was explained in detail by Ligeti in another paper in French in 1950. The Canadian sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank elaborated it further in 1962, so he is undeservedly considered its originator in many sources, although he clearly refers to Ligeti's work from 1950 and it is precisely Ligeti's Yeniseian material from Chinese sources about the Xiōngnús that he used. It is therefore possible that the Pannonian Huns also spoke some Yenisei language, but the paper also elaborates a whole range of other possibilities, considering the exceptional mobility of the equestrian peoples of the steppe who often moved, constantly entered new alliances with the peoples of various languages of the steppe, and frequently changed their primary language or were persistently multilingual. It describes the linguistic world of the steppe in a period of about 2000 years, the role of various languages such as Iranian (Scythian), Tocharian, Turanian (Turkic languages), Mongolian, Tungusic (Manchurian, Evenkin, etc.), Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, etc. At the end, special attention is paid to the European edges of the Western Steppe, where peoples of Germanic and Slavic languages lived mixed with Western Scythians and in contact with Romans and Greeks. This is where we meet the Croatian name for the first time (Horuathos in Boristen in Crimea) and the very name of Croats and Serbs is the result of contact between the Slavs and the Western Scythians (Sarmatians, Alans and others). With the fall of the Hun power in Pannonia, there was a migration of another steppe people, the Avars (of a Mongolic language?) together with numerous Slavs, from whom the Croats and Serbs are descended. It turns out that the distant steppe against which the Chinese built the Great Wall is not so far because it permanently influenced our history. In the end, the arrival of Hungarians and Turks in the Balkans relates to events in the steppe and the migration of peoples speaking steppe languages. But what language the Pannonian Huns spoke remains unclear. We have only three words left from it, which seem to be all Indo-European, and several proper names and titles of rulers which in turn indicate an Iranian (Saka, Sogdian?), Mongolic or Turanian (Turkic) origin, which is still not proof that the Huns spoke some of those languages. These yields can be easily explained by areal language contact. The Steppe and the Huns influenced various movements of peoples, and even the migration of the Saxons to Britain, the creation of the Frankish state and finally the Croatian state under Prince Borna. This shows that the far reaches of Asia and Europe were connected as joined vessels.

A jelen fejezetcím alá tartozó alfejezetekben azt mutatom be, hogy az Eurázsia-szerte elterjedt világfa ábrázolások mindenütt a magyar hieroglif írást használják és a segítségükkel magyar szavakat, vagy mondatokat rögzítenek. Ez egy megsemmisítő körülmény Pócs Évának a világfa vitában kifejtett álláspontjára nézve. Ő ugyanis a honfoglalás kori magyar világfa képzet létének bizonyíthatatlansága és a későbbi előfordulások idegen eredete mellett kardoskodik, persze minden alap nélkül.

Alaric has often been seen as the leader of the Visigothic people, from 395 to his death in 410. Before his rebellion against the Roman Empire in 395, he served in the Roman military, participating in the campaign against Eugenius and Arbogast in 394. His early career is mentioned in the work of the historian Zosimus. But his background is shrouded in mystery. In the middle of the 6th century, Jordanes wrote about his noble origin and the Visigothic dynasty of Balthi. This has led some historians to look for Alaric's origins among the chieftains and nobility of the Gothic tribe of the Thervingi. Among contemporary authors, only the verses of the poet Claudian mention Alaric's birth. This article explores the possibilities of Alaric's origin and the internal policies of the Goths living in Roman territory. Most likely, the person of Alaric was more closely associated with the Roman army than is usually thought.

A Pócs Éva cikke nyomán kialakult világfa vita egyik témája lett a Szűcs Sándor által ránk
hagyott világfa ábrázolások hitelessége. Az egyik kör felemlegette azok vélt, vagy valós
hiányosságait, a másik kör pedig védte a megbízhatóságukat. Ám - szakmai és etikai-módszertani hiányosságok miatt - egyik akadémikus szekértábor sem ismerte fel, hogy a
világfa ábrázolások szójelekből alkotott mondatjelek. Pedig ez a körülmény (az elolvasható mondatjelek értelme, a sajátos jelhasználat, ezek széles körű párhuzama és
összefüggésrendszere) a rajzok értékességét támasztja alá.

This article discusses the evidence to support a continued official Roman imperial presence in Britain after the traditional date of 409-410, with the possibility of the final loss of the British provinces occurring sometime around 435-440. It will explore the reasons why the later date is to be preferred, commencing with an analysis of why any dating of events based on Zosimus and Gildas should be ignored, including why the replacement of Britain with Bruttium is consistent within Zosimus’s narrative. It then assesses the remaining evidence, looking first at how other official Roman withdrawals were managed, and what the evidence for the continued existence of the Limitanei implies for any official withdrawal around 410. This is followed by an analysis of how ongoing religious appointments to Britain within the framework of an imperial church would co-exist with ongoing civil and secular appointments. It then assesses the material evidence for both pottery and coinage before concluding with an analysis of the empire’s economic situation in 410 compared to 435-440 and its ability to hold on to the British provinces.

Introduction: the archaeological background and the analysed artefacts At the end of July 2021, volunteers of the Hungarian National Museum's (HNM) Community Archaeology Programme and the HNM Balassa Bálint Museum organised a trip into the Gerecse Mountains to discover new sites in the area. The choice was not random: based on reports of earlier findings, the forest-covered mountains have been a preferred hunting ground of metal detector-equipped treasure hunters for decades. Near Nyergesújfalu (Komárom-Esztergom County, Hungary), positioned on a forest-covered northern high plateau with a 10% slope, the first objects of a Hunnic-period sacrificial assemblage were found (Figure 1) (Schilling, 2022). The Hunnic-period finds were situated at five separate spots, a few metres away from the others. The first objects were found at a shallow depth, probably moved there by the roots of an oak tree. The Hunnic-period assemblage contains fifteen items altogether: gold lunular mounts, cellwork-decorated gold oval mounts, cellwork-decorated gold suspension rings, gold buckles and fragments of a scale-patterned gilded silver plate (Figure 2) (Schilling, 2022). The scale-patterned gilded silver plate is about 0.25 mm thick (Figure 2C); based on available analogies, it could be a part of the decorative cover of

The reconstruction of the history of Buddhism in India and Tibet is complicated by the oftenhaphazard approach to geography found in the Indic sources, and a changing understanding of Indian names in the Chinese material. It is becoming apparent, however, that the shifts in perception of what geographical terms referred to was not always due to a mere lack of adequate information; the article discusses four cases which demonstrate deliberate, ideologically-motivated relocation of sacred sites away from the Indian border areas in the wake of historical changes.

As of the IVth century, the Turks were forced to leave their homeland in theTurkestan region due to various reasons including natural disasters, population increase, insufficient grazing lands, political disputes, severe external pressure andthe idea of world dominance. The Turkic tribes who departed from Asia towards thewest have asserted their dominance on the steppes of the northern Black Sea regionfor a long time. Especially after the arrival of the Huns to the region, numerous tribes had to leave their homeland, which led to the "Great Migration of thePeoples". Between the IVth and VIIth centuries, the Huns, Sabars, Carpathians,Ogur groups, Avars and Bulgars have founded great states in the large geography that also includes the Danube River basin. The Turks have continued their rule in Eastern Europe for a long time and made a great contribution to the transformationin the socio-cultural structure of the region. Since they found the Balkan Regionsuitable for their so...

Kovács Gergő írt egy cikket Miért ne létezhettek volna tündérmesék a honfoglalás korában? – tudósok a Mandinernek címmel. A cikkben Agócs Gergely és Somfai Kara Dávid szólt hozzá Pócs Évának az ősvallás és a világfa létét megkérdőjelező felvetéséhez. Mindketten megvédték Szűcs Sándor és Diószegi Vilmos munkásságát a megalapozatlan támadástól. Ám az előadott érvelésük arról tanúskodik, hogy - az írástörténeti és módszertani elmaradásaik miatt - ők sem látják kristálytisztán a helyzetet. Somfai Kara Dávid szerint: "elfogadhatatlan, hogy a 20. század két meghatározó néprajzkutatója, Szűcs Sándor és Diószegi Vilmos munkásságát amatőrök és áltudósok elméleteivel keverjük össze".

Ebből a véleményből csak az derül ki, hogy egy akadémikus kör számára a legfőbb mumust ma is az "amatőrök és áltudósok elméletei" jelentik. Ám azt nem tudjuk meg, hogy ugyan miért jelentene bármiféle gondot néhány eltérő vélemény. Elfér a könyvtárakban, vagy a világhálón az a sok okos, vagy ostoba gondolat, amit a különféle szerzők ősvallás és világfa témákban előadnak. Az a szerencsés, ha sokan, sokféleképpen gondolkozunk az ősvallásról és a világfáról s eközben az autodidakták előremutató véleményét is figyelembe vesszük, ha ilyen van - hiszen az írástörténet területén mindannyian autodidakták vagyunk, amit a nyomomban legutóbb Fehér Bence is megfogalmazott.

Мозайките от тази резиденция повдигат проблематиката, свързана с епохата на Тетрархията: за използваните схеми, запълващите мотиви и остатъците от изображения. Специално внимание се отделя на стила, който е много характерен за епохата и се проследява в други паметници на Балканите.
Това позволява да се идентифицира резиденцията, заедно с историческите податки, с определен тетрарх и да се открои ролята му за развитието на Сердика и късноантичната ù култура. Освен това се проследяват художествените връзки и влияния с другите мозаечни центрове от епохата на Балканите.

The Xiongnu are genetically heterogeneous, consisting of the Slab Grave and Chandamani cultures, which carry completely homogeneous ANA. It is possible that there was a small ANE legacy due to the spread of the Slab Grave into the Deer Stones culture. The genetic makeup of the Baikal Hunter-Gatherers who formed the Deer Stones is almost common with the Slab Grave. Both carry extremely high ANA.

Tomka Gábor az academia.edu-n megjelent közleményeiben mutatja be az ónodi vár
területén az 1985-1991 között Révész László által vezetett feltárás során napvilágra került kályhacsempe-leletanyagot. Több csempén is felfedezhetők magyarul elolvasható hieroglifikus írásemlékek, ám a szerző ezek felett átlépett. A jelen cikkben ismertetem az egyik ónodi kályhacsempe hieroglifáit (ősvallási kötődésű szójeleit) és azok olvasatát

The sustainability of the usage of the water resources is one of the most
important problems of 21 century. Maritza River, which is one of the most
important river of the Balkans, has 54 billion km2 basin environment in which Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece are. The Water Framework Directive of The European Community (WFD), for which Turkey is the candidate for membership, suggests composing International River Basin District (UNHB) for administration of the Maritza River Basin which has been in more than one country. Thus, on the administration of the Maritza River Basin, there would be national relationships. When Maritza River and the tributary Tunda enter to Turkey from Bulgaria, by transporting dirtiness imposition, they have II. and III. class Dirty Inside Continent Water characteristics. It was confirmed from the analysis on the tributary Arda’s entrance point from Greece that; the river generally included
first class parameters. Furthermore, it was confirmed that nitrogen, cobalt and nickel parameters included second, and third-class dirtiness loaded parameters. The Maritza River shows a more important dirtiness characteristic by carrying the discharges of various industries on the area. According to the measurements made in Edirne Exit Station, a part of the river placed on the sixth-class category. The Maritza-Ergene basins are under a more important risk in terms of agricultural dirtiness.

[Полный текст -- по запросу]

Цель статьи – дать историческую интерпретацию изменениям, которые происходили с течением времени в архитектурном облике поселений и домов поздних скифов Северо-Западного Крыма. Для этого обобщаются главные «тенденции» этих изменений, анализируются факты, «нарушающие» такие «тенденции», привлекаются аналогии. Это позволяет установить факт «эволюции» позднескифской архитектуры, которая, вероятно, происходила как в результате «внутреннего» развития, так и под античным влиянием. Реконструируются два возможных механизма такого влияния – «программы» организации поселений в Северо-Западного Крыма, в разработке которых могли участвовать греческие архитекторы. Одна из таких «программ» могла осуществляться при Скилуре, вторая – под контролем Понтийского царства.

The Huns are part of Europe's rich history. The direct Hunnic impact on Europe as it stood around 370 was massive. Attila is one of the few names from antiquity that is still instantly recognised. Three famous experts on the Huns - Otto Maenchen-Helfen (1973), Edward Thompson (1948, 1996), and Mischa Meier (2020) - contributed significantly to our knowledge, but they failed to answer the five most important questions on Attila and the Huns:

-  Which was the native country of the Huns?
-  Where are the capitals and tombs of Attila's royal ancestors - Uldin, Charaton, and Ruga?
-  Where did Attila's decisive Battle of the Catalaunian Plains really take place?
-  Where is Attila's lost capital?
-  Where is Attila's legendary tomb with his fabled Sword of Mars?

This book provides answers to each of these five questions, while also solving other mysteries - the identity of Priscus’ formerly enigmatic Drecon River, the historical personalities behind Jordanes’ garbled “Sangiban” and “Balamber”, the name of the village of Attila's sister-in-law, the true course of Attila's Gallic campaign in 451 and his Italian campaign in 452, and Attila’s probable birthplace, his age and likely cause of death in the spring of 453.

The book is available from BoD in printed form or as e-book:
https://buchshop.bod.de/attila-the-quest-for-the-sword-of-mars-m-traugott-huber-9783759756879

This Chapter on the major battle of the Huns is only available here on academia.edu. It is published separately from the book because this chapter is voluminous and weakly linked to the other parts and because it deals with one particular topic only.

The book itself is dedicated to the quest to find Attila’s capital (Chapter 5) and his tomb (Chapter 6). This required inquiries into the origins of the Huns and the situation in Eurasia at the time of their arrival in Europe in the 360s (Chapter 2). It was mandatory to study the history of the Huns in Europe and to locate the former Hunnic capitals and the tombs of Attila’s royal ancestors (Chapter 3).

It is the common understanding that the major battle of the Huns was fought in June 451 on the “Catalaunian Plains”. The precise location of this battle between the Huns, Western Romans, and Visigoths, however, has remained elusive. Chapter 4 rejects all of the former locations, in particular Troyes and Châlons. It dismantles Châlons as a fairy tale of the Gothic narrator Jordanes, based on a location error of Hydatius from Chaves. It explains what pugna Mauriacensis of the Lex Burgundionum really meant and that this term has nothing to do with a locus Mauriacus and is devoid of any connection to Troyes. Chapter 4 starts with the facts we know for sure from mid-451. It generates the most likely scenario for this major battle. It names the four, misunderstood or overlooked, ancient sources which concordantly reveal the true location of this battle. It demonstrates that eighteen artefacts, belonging to the Huns, Romans, and Visigoths, which were excavated in the late 19th century, corroborate the true location of this battle in the afternoon of June 15, 451.

The book is available from BoD in printed form or as e-book:
https://buchshop.bod.de/attila-the-quest-for-the-sword-of-mars-m-traugott-huber-9783759756879

ÖZ: Iordanes'in Getica başlıklı yapıtında Attilâ'nın Hun ordusuna yaptığı konuşmalar muayyen bir garbiyatçı söylemi ve Batı Roma İmparatorluğu’nun eleştirisini yansıtır. Bu pasajlarda Hunlar, zayıflayan Batı Roma İmparatorluğu’nu fethetmeye yazgılı göçebe bir güç olarak tasvir edilir. Attilâ, Romalılara atfettiği olumsuz niteliklerle ile keskin bir tezat oluşturacak şekilde Hunların savaşçılık yeteneklerini ve kaçınılmaz zaferlerini vurgular. İlk söylev Hunların gücünü över ve Roma'nın askeri stratejilerini eleştirirken, ikincisi yenilgilerinin kaçınılmazlığını vurgulamak için Roma şehirlerinden kaçan kuşlar gibi alâmetler kullanır. Garbiyâtçı unsurlar içeren bu anlatı, Hunları çöküş sürecineki bir Batı karşısında kudretli ve muzaffer olarak temsil eder. Hun ordusunu harekete geçirme amacı güden bu söylevlerde, Doğu ile Batı arasındaki tarihsel dinamikler ve tezatlar vurgulanmış, Hunlar gerileyen Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'na karşı kaçınılmaz bir tarihsel değişimin temsilcisi olarak konumlandırılmıştır. Makale ekinde, söylevlerin Türkçe çevirilerine de yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupa Hunları, Attilâ, Iordanes, Erken Ortaçağ Tarihi, Garbiyâtçılık.

ABSTRACT: In Jordanes' work Getica, Attila's speeches to his Hunnic army reflect a distinct occidentalist narrative and a critique of Western Roman Empire. These passages portray the Huns as a nomadic force destined to conquer the weakening Western Roman Empire. Attila emphasizes the Huns' martial prowess and inevitable victory, contrasting sharply with the attiributed negative characteristics of the Romans. The first speech extols the Huns' strength and criticizes Roman military strategies, while the second uses omens, like birds fleeing Roman cities, to highlight the inevitability of their defeat. This narrative which also includes occidentalist elements, representing Huns as vigorous and triumphant over a collapsing West. In these speeches, which aimed to mobilise the Hun army, the historical dynamics and contrasts between East and West were emphasised, and the Huns were positioned as the representatives of an inevitable historical change against the declining Western Roman Empire. Turkish translations of the speeches are also included in the appendix of the article.

Keywords: European Huns, Attila, Jordanes, Early Medieval History, Occidentalism.

ABSZTRAKT: Jordanes Getica című művében Attila hun seregéhez intézett beszédei egy sajátos okcidentalista narratívát és a nyugatrómai birodalom kritikáját tükrözik. Ezek a passzusok a hunokat nomád erőként ábrázolják, amely arra hivatott, hogy meghódítsa a gyengülő Nyugat-római Birodalmat. Attila a hunok harciasságát és elkerülhetetlen győzelmét hangsúlyozza, éles ellentétben a rómaiaknak tulajdonított negatív tulajdonságokkal. Az első beszéd a hunok erejét dicséri és a római katonai stratégiákat kritizálja, míg a második a római városokból menekülő madarakhoz hasonló előjelekkel hangsúlyozza a vereség elkerülhetetlenségét. Ez a narratíva, amely okkidentalista elemeket is tartalmaz, a hunokat erőteljesnek és az összeomló Nyugat felett diadalmaskodónak ábrázolja. Ezekben a beszédekben, amelyek célja a hun sereg mozgósítása volt, a Kelet és Nyugat közötti történelmi dinamikát és ellentéteket hangsúlyozták, és a hunokat a hanyatló Nyugat-Római Birodalommal szemben egy elkerülhetetlen történelmi változás képviselőiként pozicionálták. A beszédek török fordításait a cikk függeléke is tartalmazza.

Kulcsszavak: Európai hunok, Attila, Jordanes, kora középkori történelem, okcidentalizmus.

АБСТРАКТ: В произведении Иордана «Гетика» речи Аттилы, обращенные к его гуннской армии, отражают отчетливый окциденталистский нарратив и критику Западной Римской империи. В этих отрывках гунны изображаются как кочевая сила, призванная завоевать слабеющую Западную Римскую империю. Аттила подчеркивает боевую доблесть гуннов и неизбежность победы, резко контрастируя с атрибутируемыми негативными характеристиками римлян. В первой речи восхваляется сила гуннов и критикуются римские военные стратегии, а во второй используются предзнаменования, например, бегство птиц из римских городов, чтобы подчеркнуть неизбежность их поражения. В этом повествовании также присутствуют окциденталистские элементы, представляющие гуннов энергичными и торжествующими над разрушающимся Западом. В этих речах, направленных на мобилизацию гуннской армии, подчеркивалась историческая динамика и контрасты между Востоком и Западом, а гунны позиционировались как представители неизбежных исторических перемен, направленных против упадка Западной Римской империи. Турецкие переводы речей также включены в приложение к статье.

Ключевые слова: Европейские гунны, Аттила, Иордан, раннесредневековая история, оксидентализм.

Asya Hunları (Xiongnu 匈奴), Ak Hunlar / Heftalitler ile Avrupa Hunları hakkında elimizdeki bilgiler genellikle Çinliler ve Romalılar gibi onların yerleşik komşularının kaynaklarında bulunmaktadır. Çoğu zaman önyargılı olan bu kaynaklarda Hun topluluklarının kültürleri anlatılırken onların yalnızca hayvancılıkla geçinen katıksız konargöçerler oldukları vurgulanmaktadır. Hun konargöçerliğinin yaylaklar ile kışlaklar arasında yapılan mevsimsel göçlerden oluştuğu, keçe çadırlar ile arabalarda yaşadıkları, savaşma yöntemlerinin konargöçerlikten etkilendiği görülmektedir. Ancak bu kaynaklar dikkatli bir şekilde incelendiğinde satır aralarında Hun topluluklarının bazı yerleşimlerinden ve tarım faaliyetlerinden de söz edildiği fark edilmektedir. Nitekim arkeolojik buluntular bu kayıtları doğrulamaktadır.
Ayrıca Asya Hunlarının, Ak Hunların / Heftalitlerin ve Avrupa Hunlarının yönetici kesimleri coğrafî nedenlerden ötürü zamanla yerleşik yaşama geçmişlerdir. Anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Hun toplulukları tarihleri boyunca ağırlıklı olarak hayvancılıkla uğraşan konargöçerler olmuşlarsa da kısmen yerleşik yaşam sürüp kısıtlı olmakla birlikte tarımla da uğraşmışlardır. Bu yüzden tarihî kaynaklarda Hun topluluklarının katıksız konargöçerler olduklarına ilişkin genelleyici ifadelere kuşkuyla yaklaşmak gerekmektedir.

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Most of what we know about the Xiongnu 匈奴, White Huns / Hephthalites, and European Huns is generally found within the sources of their sedentary neighbors, such as the Chinese and Romans. While describing the culture of Hunnic groups, these usually biased sources emphasize that they were pure nomads, making their living only from animal husbandry. It is observed that Hunnic nomadism was comprised of seasonal migrations conducted between summer and winter pastures; they lived in felt tents and carts, while their fighting methods were influenced by nomadism. However, when these sources are examined in detail, one can realize that, between the lines, some of the settlements and farming activities of the Hunnic groups are also mentioned. Hence, archaeological finds confirm these records. Besides, the ruling elite of the Xiongnu, White Huns / Hephthalites, and European Huns became sedentary in time due to geographical reasons. As is understood, although throughout their history, Hunnic groups were mostly nomads engaged in animal husbandry, they also lived a partial sedentary life and engaged in limited agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to be skeptical about generic statements found in historical sources regarding Hunnic groups being pure nomads.

Ｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｉｅｓ ｏｆ Ｄａｙｕａｎ ｉｎ Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ Ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｂｏｏｋ ｔｈａｔ ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｇｇｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｓｉｌｋ Ｒｏａｄ． Ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｒｅａｓｏｎ ｔｈａｔ
Ｂａｎ Ｃｈａｏ ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙ ｏｐｅｒａｔｅｄ ｉｎ Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ Ｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ ｆｏｒ ３６ ｙｅａｒｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒ ｏｆ Ｂｏｏｋ ｏｆ Ｈａｎ ｉｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ Ｆａｍｉｌｙ ｏｆ Ｂａｎ， Ｂｏｏｋ
ｏｆ Ｈａｎ ｈａｓ ｍｏｒｅ ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ ａｎｄ ｅｘａｃｔ ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｇｇｉｎｇ， ｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｓｉｌｋ Ｒｏａｄ． Ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ， ｗｉｔｈ Ｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｉｅｓ ｏｆ Ｗｅｓｔ⁃
ｅｒｎ Ｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ ｉｎ Ｂｏｏｋ ｏｆ Ｈａｎ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ， ｍａｐｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｇｇｉｎｇ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ ｏｆ Ｓｉｌｋ Ｒｏａｄ．

Bu araştırmada Tanzimat Döneminde Anadolu Kentlerinin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yapıları genel başlığı altında birinci elden kaynaklardan edindiğimiz ve çok az bilinen ya da hiç bilinmeyen kimi bilgileri aktarmaya çalışacağız. Genel yorumlardan ve sonuçlardan bilerek sakınıyoruz. Amacımız, öncelikle neyin nerede ne zaman, nasıl olduğunu, kurum ve kuruluşların içinde bulundukları gerçek durumu saptamaktır», diyen müellifin «Sunuş» kısmında (s. XII) dile getirdiği bu husus, eserin genel yapısını ifşa eden özlü bir tanıtma gibidir. Gerçekten değerli araştırıcının ele aldığı konular, devrin, inceleme safhasına yer yer henüz yeni girişilen bakir meselelerini oluşturmaktadır. Konuların işlenmelerindeki çetinlik altında, ilk olmaktan gelen zorlukların yatmakta olduğu şüphesizdir. Ama ortaya çıkan çalışmanın da, bu anlamıyla temel, kalıcı ve uzun zamanlar değerini muhafaza edecek ve kullanılacak bir araştırma, bir müracaat eseri olma vasfına daha ilk anında sahip olduğu görülmektedir.
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"In this study, under the general title of 'Social and Economic Structures of Anatolian Cities during the Tanzimat Period,' we will try to convey some information obtained from primary sources that are little known or completely unknown. We deliberately avoid general comments and conclusions. Our goal is to primarily determine what happened, where, when, and how, and to ascertain the real situation of institutions and organizations," as stated by the author in the 'Introduction' section (p. XII), this statement serves as a concise introduction that reveals the general structure of the work. Indeed, the subjects addressed by the valuable researcher form the untouched issues of the period, which have only recently begun to be examined. Undoubtedly, the difficulties in handling these topics stem from the challenges of being pioneers in the field. However, it is evident from the outset that the resulting work possesses the qualities of being a fundamental, permanent, and long-lasting reference that will maintain its value and be utilized over time.