Intersexuality

The surgical reconfiguration of the genitalia is still a standard intervention in the management of human intersexuality. In this paper, we present a case study of an adolescent with hypospadias who had required multiple surgeries to illustrate the latest thinking of biomedical knowledge and intersex knowledge on genital surgeries. We noticed that cosmetic criteria will not be sufficient to justify surgical interventions for the management of intersexuality and its variants, which will allow for further questioning and discussion about the management and optimal treatment of medical conditions associated with human intersexuality beyond genital appearance. We conclude that a greater appreciation for the aesthetic of genital variations will, possibly, impose a new frontier to intersex surgeries.

I am José. I was born in Manaus, and because of a hospital infection, I acquired septic arthritis in my right knee, which left me with one leg 10cm shorter than the other. Growing up with my mother as the only provider, I faced multiple surgeries before I even turned 18. I decided to ‘quit’ my medical treatments and study social sciences in Manaus. This is how I ‘came out crip’. I chose to live with my disability and refused normalization. The study of social sciences led me on a journey to Europe that began in 2009 when I went to Porto, Portugal, as an Erasmus Mundus exchange student. I then took a Master’s program at Lund University in social studies of gender, and returned to sociology for my PhD. In 2022, I presented my thesis at Charles University in Prague. That year, I discovered that I had a classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma. I am still fighting cancer. In 2024, I published my first book. On the surface, it has nothing to do with my personal life. It’s not about crip theory or disability studies, but sports migration. It presents a multi-sited ethnography of Brazilian professional athletes who migrated to Central and Eastern Europe for better salaries and working conditions. As my fieldwork developed, I discovered that injuries and pain affect athletes’ decisions to engage in transnational migration. Brazilian football and futsal leagues do not respect FIFA’s calendar, and professional athletes there often complain about working conditions. In this personal account, athletes’ constant need for medical assistance throughout their careers inspired me to think about the usefulness of queer and crip theories to understand both my own trajectory and sports migrants’ lives more broadly.

Nos últimos 25 anos, temos acompanhado o aumento do interesse pelos homens e as masculinidades como objeto de investigação acadêmica, tanto no Brasil quanto internacionalmente, por parte das ciências humanas e sociais, sobretudo no campo de estudos de gênero (Nolasco, 1995; Arilha et al., 1998;. Como afirmaram Heilborn & Carrara (1998), no final do século passado, definitivamente, "os homens entraram em cena". Nesse sentido, o livro organizado pelas historiadoras Mary del Priore e Marcia Amantino é uma excelente contribuição para aqueles que se interessam pela "masculinidade dos homens" (Vale de . Nas palavras das organizadoras, tratar da história dos homens significa falar sobre um sujeito plural e não universalizado: [...] é de homens sexuados e não universais que vamos tratar. Homens cuja masculinidade, longe de ser natural, foi socialmente construída. Trata-se de uma história plural, na qual a masculinidade não é um dado "natural", mas uma variável edificada de acordo com as diferentes temporalidades,

Quizás para muchos de ustedes este análisis pueda sonar gracioso o fuera de sentido, pero déjenme que me explaye más a profundidad sobre estas ideas, y luego de ahí en más tome usted sus propias decisiones. A no ser que sea un maldito homofóbico, si ese es su caso, le pido amablemente que se retire. Muchas gracias.

Quizás para muchos de ustedes este análisis pueda sonar gracioso o fuera de sentido, pero déjenme que me explaye más a profundidad sobre estas ideas, y luego de ahí en más tome usted sus propias decisiones. A no ser que sea un maldito homofóbico, si ese es su caso, le pido amablemente que se retire. Muchas gracias.

Quizás para muchos de ustedes este análisis pueda sonar gracioso o fuera de sentido, pero déjenme que me explaye más a profundidad sobre estas ideas, y luego de ahí en más tome usted sus propias decisiones. A no ser que sea un maldito homofóbico, si ese es su caso, le pido amablemente que se retire. Muchas gracias.

Esta investigación se propone el objetivo de arrojar luz sobre la relación entre lectura, identidad de género e identidad sexual a través de la obra de J.R. Ackerley de 1968 Mi padre y yo. Partiendo de la premisa de que el ejercicio lector, igual que es la escritura, es un acto performativo, nos sumergimos en la (re) construcción de la identidad del biógrafo, el cual, a través de un valiente viaje de recuperación de la memoria de su padre, va configurando y comprendiendo el relato que dio forma a su vida.

Neste artigo serão abordadas as injustiças, apagamentos e bifobias recorrentes nas experiências de pessoas bissexuais e como afetam negativamente a saúde mental desta população. Em diálogo com a obra de Didier Fassin, apresentamos os conceitos de injustiça epistêmica de Miranda Fricker e contrato epistêmico de apagamento bissexual de Kenji Yoshino, que permitem notar que bissexuais não são considerados sujeitos legítimos para denunciar e relatar sofrimentos ou violências vividas. Em seguida, explicitamos a relação entre bifobia e a situação de saúde mental precária de pessoas bissexuais, combinando dados estatísticos e qualitativos. Voltamos nossa atenção, ainda, para o atendimento psicoterapêutico e a revitimização de pessoas bissexuais através de violências praticadas por profissionais sem o devido preparo. Por fim, apontamos alguns caminhos possíveis para um atendimento mais acolhedor à população bissexual.

In German family court rulings on questions of custody and/or visitation, the criterion of attachment tolerance is frequently referenced. This criterion must be evaluated alongside the other test criteria of parenting and support skills, the child's attachment to family members, the child's will, the principle of continuity, and the parents' ability and willingness to cooperate. The aforementioned criteria are assessed in the individuals to be evaluated, including parents, foster parents, and others. This article seeks to integrate the concept of attachment tolerance into an explanatory model and introduce the novel concept of attachment care.

The surgical reconfiguration of the genitalia is still a standard intervention in the management of human intersexuality. In this paper, we present a case study of an adolescent with hypospadias who had required multiple surgeries to illustrate the latest thinking of biomedical knowledge and intersex knowledge on genital surgeries. We noticed that cosmetic criteria will not be sufficient to justify surgical interventions for the management of intersexuality and its variants, which will allow for further questioning and discussion about the management and optimal treatment of medical conditions associated with human intersexuality beyond genital appearance. We conclude that a greater appreciation for the aesthetic of genital variations will, possibly, impose a new frontier to intersex surgeries.

Quelles sont les véritables origines de l’idéologie du genre que German Arce Ross appelle du terme de genrisme ? Qu’est-ce qui nous permet de situer le genrisme comme un mouvement totalitaire ? Comment expliquer la substitution identitaire du sexe par le genre et quelles sont ses conséquences psychiques et macropsychiques ?

Avec quels arguments Lacan s’opposa farouchement à la théorie du genre pendant les années 1970 ? Comment la psychanalyse d’aujourd’hui ne peut que rejeter frontalement le genrisme ? Pourquoi l’auteur peut établir un lien intrinsèque entre genrisme et jouissance transidentitaire ? Quelle évolution prévoir pour la nouvelle macropsychopathologie produite par le genrisme ?

Le présent volume correspond au Livre IV des Séries de German Arce Ross ainsi qu’à la suite logique du Livre III sur Jouissance identitaire dans la civilisation, paru en 2020. Ces deux ouvrages appartiennent à la série Troubles de civilisation.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

Voice virilization in women may occur due to increased levels of androgens. Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are at risk for voice virilization due to an enzyme deficiency that causes increased production of androgens and lack of cortisol. Female-to-male transsexual persons, trans men, are treated with testosterone, with virilization of the voice as a desired outcome. The overall aim of the project was to provide new knowledge on how female voice and vocal folds are affected by endogenous and exogenous androgen exposure, and the consequences virilization of the voice may have in a patient's life. Study I: Thirty-eight women with CAH and 24 age-matched controls participated. Their voices were recorded and acoustically and perceptually analyzed. They answered questions about subjective voice problems. Endocrine data were obtained from medical journals. The results showed that women with CAH spoke with significantly lower mean fundamental frequency (F0), had darker voice quality, and rated higher on the statement "my voice is a problem in my daily life" than the controls. Voice virilization was associated with late diagnosis or problems with glucocorticoid medication, but not with severity of mutation. Proper treatment with glucocorticoids is important to avoid long periods of increased androgen levels to prevent irreversible voice virilization. Study II: Forty-two women with CAH and 43 age-matched controls filled out the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and answered questions about voice function related to virilization. Endocrine data were obtained from medical journals. Women with CAH scored significantly higher than the controls on VHI when the results were divided into groups by voice handicap: none/mild, moderate, and severe. A virilized voice in women with CAH correlated with less voice satisfaction. Seven percent of the women with CAH had voice problems related to voice virilization. Voice virilization was associated with long periods of under-treatment with glucocorticoids and higher bone mineral density, confirming results and conclusions from study I. It is recommended that women with CAH who experience voice problems are referred for voice assessment. Study III: Four women with CAH and virilized voices, and 5 female and 4 male controls participated. A procedure for magnetic resonance imaging of the vocal folds was developed. The results showed that the cross-sectional area of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle was larger in women with virilized voices than in female controls, and smaller than in males. The larger TA area correlated with lower F0 values obtained from acoustic analysis of habitual speech range profiles. Thus, the anatomical explanation for voice virilization may be a larger crosssectional area of the TA muscle, suggesting androgen receptors in the vocal folds. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger study. Study IV: Fifty trans men participated in a longitudinal study. Voice assessments, performed before testosterone treatment started and regularly up to 24 months, included audiorecordings of speech and voice range profiles and self-ratings of voice function. A significant lowering of mean F0 was found after 3 months, after 6 months, and up to 12 months, when group data were congruent with reference data for males. No correlations were found between levels of testosterone, EVF, Hb, SHBG or LH, and F0 values. Lower F0 values correlated with greater satisfaction with the voice. A quarter of the participants had received voice therapy for problems associated with virilization, such as vocal fatigue or unstable voice. Voice assessment during testosterone treatment is important to detect the potentially large subgroup of trans men that needs voice therapy. Röstvirilisering hos kvinnor kan förekomma på grund av ökade halter av androgener. Kvinnor med kongenital binjurehyperplasi (congenital adrenal hyperplasia, CAH) riskerar att få en viriliserad röst på grund av en enzymdefekt som medför ökad produktion av androgener och kortisolbrist. Transsexuella kvinnor-till-män, transmän, behandlas med testosteron med röstvirilisering som önskat resultat. Det övergripande syftet med projektet var att tillhandahålla ny kunskap om hur kvinnors röster och stämband påverkas av endogen och exogen exponering för androgener och vilka konsekvenser röstvirilisering kan ha i patienters liv. Studie I: Trettioåtta kvinnor med CAH och 24 åldersmatchade kontrollpersoner deltog. Deras röster spelades in och analyserades akustiskt och perceptuellt. De besvarade frågor om subjektiva röstproblem. Endokrinologiska data inhämtades från journaler. Resultaten visade att kvinnor med CAH talade med signifikant lägre grundtonsfrekvens (MF0), hade mörkare röstkvalitet och skattade högre värden på påståendet "min röst utgör ett problem i mitt dagliga liv" jämfört med kontrollpersoner. Röstviriliseringen var associerad med sen diagnosticering eller problem med kortisonmedicinering, och inte med svårighetsgraden av CAH. En korrekt medicinering med kortison är avgörande för att undvika långa perioder av ökade halter av androgener med risk för irreversibel röstvirilisering. Studie II: Fyrtiotvå kvinnor med CAH och 43 åldersmatchade kontrollpersoner besvarade Rösthandikappindex (RHI) och frågor gällande röstfunktionen relaterade till röstvirilisering. Endokrinologiska data inhämtades från journaler. Kvinnor med CAH skattade signifikant högre värden på RHI när resultaten delades in i grupper: ingen/mild, måttlig och hög grad av rösthandikapp. En viriliserad röst hos kvinnor med CAH korrelerade med att de var mindre nöjda med sina röster. Sju procent av kvinnorna med CAH hade röstproblem relaterade till röstvirilisering. Röstvirilisering var associerad med långa perioder av underbehandling med kortison och högre benmineraldensitet, vilket bekräftade resultat och slutsatser från delstudie I. Kvinnor med CAH som har röstproblem bör remitteras för röstbedömning. Studie III: Fyra kvinnor med CAH och med viriliserade röster, 5 kvinnliga och 4 manliga kontrollpersoner deltog. En procedur för inspelning och analys med magnetisk resonanstomografi utvecklades för stämbandsmätningar. Resultaten visade att tvärsnittsarean av thyro-arytenoidmuskeln (TA) var större hos kvinnor med CAH jämfört med de kvinnliga kontrollpersonerna, och mindre jämfört med de manliga. En större TA-area korrelerade med lägre F0-värden från akustisk analys av talfonetogram. Den anatomiska förklaringen till en viriliserad röst kan därför vara en större tvärsnittsarea av TA-muskeln, vilket tyder på att androgenreceptorer finns i stämbanden. Resultaten behöver bekräftas av större studier. Studie IV: Femtio transmän deltog i en longitudinell studie. Röstbedömningar, innan testosteronbehandling inleddes och regelbundet upp till 24 månader, omfattade röstinspelningar av tal-och maxfonetogram samt egenskattningar av röstfunktionen. En signifikant sänkning av MF0 skedde efter 3 månader, efter 6 månader och efter 12 månader, då gruppdata var i nivå med referensvärden för manliga talare. Ingen korrelation kunde påvisas mellan nivåerna av testosteron, EVF, Hb, SHBG eller LH och F0-värden. Lägre F0värden korrelerade med att deltagaren var mer nöjd med rösten. En fjärdedel av deltagarna hade fått röstbehandling för röstproblem relaterade till viriliseringen, såsom rösttrötthet och instabilitet. Därför är röstbedömning under testosteronbehandling viktig för att upptäcka den relativt stora grupp transmän som behöver röstbehandling.

En este ensayo se discute la noción de deporte entendida como una institución de la modernidad y como una institución de género, lo que la convierte en una institución clave en la subjetivación o producción de masculinidades, es decir, de sujetos masculinizados. Debido a lo anterior, el deporte contribuye a la instalación de imaginarios sobre la superioridad física masculina. Esto se da por medio de la naturalización de la diferencia sexual, la cual se problematiza con los casos de algunas atletas trans, pues más que un dato duro, el sexo debe comprenderse como una elaboración definida por complejos criterios siempre a discusión. Palabras clave: institución moderna, institución de género, diferencia sexual, masculinidades, atletas trans.

The distinction between "medicalised female genital mutilation (FGM)" as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and "female genital cosmetic surgery" (FGCS) is unclear, particularly given the lack of an age distinction or consent criterion in the WHO definition. In practice, the former term is applied exclusively to practices performed primarily by people of colour in the Global South, while excluding anatomically comparable practices in Global North countries, raising concerns about discrimination and double standards. We propose a clear ethical standard that does not discriminate based on cultural origin, sex, or gender. We define "unethical genital modification" as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of a person's genitalia, or other injury to a person's genital organs, that are medically unnecessary and done without the informed consent of the affected individual." The terms medically unnecessary and informed consent are defined in the article.

"Bajo el velo". En Irán la homosexualidad está castigada con la muerte, sin embargo, la transexualidad sólo se considera una enfermedad que se puede solucionar con la cirugía. El edicto religioso que en 1980 emitió el ayatolá Jomeini, legalizó las operaciones de cambio de sexo que permitirían corregir esta desviación. La cuestión es que este aparente avance en materia de derechos de los transexuales, en la ultraconservadora Irán, es una salida desesperada de muchos homosexuales, que tras la presión y el acoso de la familia, la sociedad y la policía toman la decisión de cambiar de sexo para sentirse seguros y amparados dentro de la ley.

Current debates on the nature of human biological sex often revolve around the question “is sex binary?”. In this paper, I argue that framing the debate in these terms is problematic, as it constitutes already a significant theoretical commitment, which results in oversimplistic characterizations of human sex. I argue, thus, that neither the positive nor the negative answer to the question “is sex binary?” is satisfactory and that a more nuanced approach is required. More positively, I suggest that conceptual engineering provides promising tools to engage in this debate more fruitfully and transparently. Finally, I defend conceptual pluralism about human biological sex, the view according to which the term ‘sex’ may legitimately be paired with more than one concept of sex.

Despite the significance of intersex constituencies for explaining the social nature of sex and gender, intersex linguistic and social practices remain a yet unexplored frontier within sociolinguistics. This article examines fundamental frequency (F0) and vowel formant (F1-F3) production by participants with Turner Syndrome (TS), one of the most common intersex chromosomal conditions, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This analysis demonstrates significant differences in fundamental frequency and F3 among different participant groups. I argue that height, growth hormone, and chromosomes are fundamental in constructing womanhood for TS women. Along with relevant ethnographic data, these results call for a re-examination of the body within linguistic and anthropological understandings of 'womanhood' and 'femaleness'. This article highlights the ways these biological factors intersect with gendered perceptions of age and maturity, which can have real-world effects on linguistic practice and the social life of intersex individuals. (Brazilian Portuguese, fundamental frequency, gender, intersex, Turner Syndrome, vowel formants, critical intersex studies)* I N T R O D U C T I O N Much foundational work in sociophonetics has focused on the place of the 'female' and 'male' voice as it relates to the interplay between the biological and the social. Although the physical body and human sexual dimorphism have been cited as the underlying explanation for gendered linguistic practices, much scholarship, including observations of pitch differences and gendered speech across multiple language families, has demonstrated that purely biological explanations cannot account for the full range of gendered linguistic behavior (Sachs 1975; Simpson 2009; Zimman 2017). Recent research in embodied sociolinguistics and queer linguistics on gender non-normativity in the voice has challenged some of these assumptions about the source of such differences (Calder 2020; Zimman 2020). This coincides with a movement in sociocultural linguistics that has begun to examine the role of the body beyond the voice, bringing us to examine language as not just the voice and speech stream itself, but as part of a larger, embodied semiotic system.

Esta resenha crítica tem por objetivo analisar trajetórias e
depoimentos de atletas transgênero (trans) participantes do
documentário “Quem pode jogar?” no contexto de discussão de
políticas de elegibilidade no esporte e literatura pós-estruturalista
dos estudos de gênero.

The aim of this article is to explore the different demands and priorities of the intersex community as displayed in various Internet sites. It focuses on common and divergent viewpoints and strategies associated with the social, medical and legal regulations affecting intersex persons. It also demonstrates how online-based policy-making can lead to real actions and change, by allowing to provide information and support for intersex people, their families and supporters. This is oriented to reduce, if not eliminate, the shame and secrecy surrounding the topic, as well as inform and educate physicians and professionals specialized in intersex issues.

La historia reciente se preocupa por las rupturas radicales, las excepcionalidades o desviaciones. Busca dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿cómo fue que fue posible? Por lo tanto, su escenario es la guerra, y sus actores, las víctimas y los victimarios. Este es el tema central del libro Historia reciente. Perspectivas y desafíos para un campo en construcción, en donde Marina Franco y Florencia Levín (ambas investigadoras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y colaboradoras en el Programa de Estudios en Historia Reciente y en la Red Interdisciplinaria de Estudios en Historia Reciente de Buenos Aires) compilan once ensayos de diversos especialistas en el pasado cercano.

This essay draws on Michel Foucault’s reflections on his writing practice to develop a reading of his historical inquiries as exercises of what I call “death-writing.” Death-writing is a type of writing that is predicated on death, both the death of the past and the death of others, comprising a way of orienting oneself toward the dead. I argue that Foucault mobilizes the theme of death and writing already since his earlier work in the 1970s. As a practice of death-writing, genealogy aims to diagnose the death of others by tracing their conditions of possibility in death’s entwinement with power. Finally, I suggest that Foucault began experimenting with another practice of death-writing in his Parallel Lives series, a writing that assumes a different affective bearing toward obscure and brief lives.

Körper, Sexualität und Geschlecht im Spätmittelalter von Christof Rolker I. Hermaphroditen gibt es nicht Hermaphroditen gibt es nicht: Dessen war sich der deutsche Gesetzgeber sicher, als er die bis heute gültigen Grundlagen des Personenstandsrechts schuf. Zu dessen Prämissen gehört nicht nur, dass es zwei und nur zwei Geschlechter gebe, sondern auch, dass diese ausnahmslos anhand körperlicher Merkmale unterschieden werden könnten; Zwitter gebe es demnach weder de iure noch de facto. 1 Dass es speziell im Mittelalter keine Hermaphroditen gegeben habe, diesen Eindruck vermittelt auch die Historiographie: Schon in frühneuzeitlichen Prodigiensammlungen klafft 1 Motive zu dem Entwurfe eines bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches. Amtliche Ausgabe. 7 Bde. Berlin 1888, hier Bd.1, 26: "Nach dem heutigen Stand der Wissenschaft darf angenommen werden, daß es weder geschlechtslose noch beide Geschlechter in sich vereinende Menschen gibt, dass jeder sogenannte Zwitter entweder ein geschlechtlich mißgebildeter Mann oder ein geschlechtlich mißgebildetes Weib ist." Ähnliche Positionen finden sich auch in der jüngeren juristischen Literatur, z.B. bei Andreas Wacke, Vom Hermaphroditen zum Transsexuellen. Zur Stellung von Zwittern in der Rechtsgeschichte, in: Heinz Eyrich (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Kurt Rebmann zum 65. Geburtstag. München 1989, 861-903, 866: "Das biologische Geschlecht gehört als seinsgesetzliche Struktur des Menschseins unzweifelhaft zu den ontologischen Vorgegebenheiten für jede Rechtsbildung, zu jenen Realfaktoren, an die die Gesetzgebung anzuknüpfen hat und die sie determinieren." In der medizinischen Forschung waren solche Annahmen allerdings schon um 1900 alles andere als Konsens. Siehe u.a.

Je sexuální práce dobrá práce, nebo vykořisťování? Proč je kolem ní tolik stigmatu, když sex máme skoro všichni? Sexuální práce má mnoho podob a sexuálně pracující nelze vidět jako homogenní skupinu obyvatelstva. Podmínky ve striptýzovém klubu se mohou velmi lišit od podmínek v BDSM nebo masážním studiu, v čem všem je ale rozdíl a jak na svoji práci nahlížejí sexuálně pracující?

in: https://kapital-noviny.sk/sexualni-prace-reportaz/

El presente trabajo pretende hacer un repaso histórico, y necesariamente breve, a la conformación histórica de la figura del hermafrodita y analizar su pervivencia en los imaginarios sociales actuales. Este análisis plantea cuestiones relacionadas con la construcción sociohistórica del sexo e incide particularmente en considerar los elementos que se utilizan para clasificar a los seres humanos en las categorías sexuales establecidas. A través de la exposición de casos históricos y de su tratamiento, pone de relevancia cómo la clasificación sexual ha estado fuertemente influida por lo anatómico y cómo la intersexualidad /hermafroditismo introduce y ha introducido históricamente elementos de incerteza e incertidumbre en los modos de clasificación.

Tale elaborato, a conclusione dell’illuminante Corso di Perfezionamento “Orientamento e career counselling per l’inclusione, la sostenibilità e la giustizia sociale” si propone di analizzare l'evoluzione normativa e le politiche di inclusione nell'ambito della parità di genere e del trattamento delle persone LGBT+, con specifico riferimento al contesto della Pubblica Amministrazione, e in particolare all'Università degli studi di Padova.
La tutela dei diritti fondamentali, sanciti a livello costituzionale e sovranazionale, impone un impegno crescente per l’attuazione di misure volte a garantire l'uguaglianza sostanziale, sia in termini di genere che di orientamento sessuale.
La parità di genere e l'inclusione delle persone LGBT+ costituiscono diritti essenziali per il rispetto dei principi di uguaglianza e non discriminazione, cardini delle moderne democrazie. In particolare, la pubblica amministrazione è chiamata non solo a garantire l’applicazione di tali principi, ma anche a farsi promotrice di pratiche inclusive e paritarie, in quanto struttura portante dell’apparato statale e riflesso della pluralità sociale. L'implementazione di politiche attive in tal senso è essenziale per assicurare che ogni individuo, indipendentemente dal genere o dall’orientamento sessuale, goda delle stesse opportunità, in linea con quanto stabilito dalla Costituzione italiana e dalla normativa europea.
La pubblica amministrazione riveste dunque un ruolo strategico nell’applicazione delle politiche di inclusione, agendo sia come garante del rispetto delle norme, sia come modello istituzionale per il settore privato. L’analisi del caso dell’Università degli studi di Padova, sviluppata nel terzo capitolo, offrirà una prospettiva specifica su come tali politiche siano concretamente attuate in ambito accademico e amministrativo, evidenziando eventuali progressi o criticità ove ancora presenti.
La tesi si articola in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo esamina il contesto normativo di riferimento, sia a livello nazionale che comunitario, in materia di pari opportunità e parità di trattamento delle persone LGBT+. Saranno analizzati i principali atti normativi, dalla Costituzione italiana alle direttive
6
dell'Unione Europea, con particolare attenzione al Codice delle Pari Opportunità, al Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza e alle iniziative specifiche rivolte alla tutela dei diritti LGBT+, come la recente designazione dell'UE come zona di libertà per le persone LGBT+.
Il secondo capitolo si concentra sulla pubblica amministrazione, con un'analisi delle misure adottate per garantire pari opportunità, sia in ambito lavorativo che nell'accesso alle cariche. Verranno esaminate le azioni positive intraprese, come il ruolo del Comitato Unico di Garanzia e la carriera Alias, strumenti che mirano a promuovere un ambiente inclusivo e privo di discriminazioni.
Il terzo capitolo è dedicato allo studio di caso dell’Università degli studi di Padova. Verranno esaminate le politiche di conciliazione vita-lavoro per il personale tecnico-amministrativo, le disparità di genere nelle posizioni apicali e la composizione delle commissioni di concorso. Saranno inoltre analizzate le differenze retributive tra i docenti e il personale amministrativo in una prospettiva di genere, con l’obiettivo di valutare l’efficacia delle misure adottate e proporre possibili interventi migliorativi.
Questa tesi dunque, esaminando gli strumenti giuridici e amministrativi esistenti e offrendo spunti di riflessione per una loro più efficace attuazione, intende fornire un quadro esaustivo dell’attuale stato delle politiche di parità di genere e inclusione LGBT+ nella pubblica amministrazione, con un focus sull’Università di Padova, in quanto studentessa del Corso presso il medesimo Ateneo ma, soprattutto, essendo componente del Personale Tecnico Amministrativo.

When is it ethically permissible for clinicians to surgically intervene into the genitals of a legal minor? We distinguish between voluntary and nonvoluntary procedures and focus on nonvoluntary procedures, specifically in prepubescent minors ("children"). We do not address procedures in adolescence or adulthood. With respect to children categorized as female at birth who have no apparent differences of sex development (i.e., non-intersex or "endosex" females) there is a near-universal ethical consensus in the global North. This consensus holds that clinicians may not perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery, from "cosmetic" labiaplasty to medicalized ritual "pricking" of the vulva, insofar as the procedure is not strictly necessary to protect the child's physical health. all other motivations, including possible psychosocial, cultural, subjective-aesthetic, or prophylactic benefits as judged by doctors or parents, are seen as categorically inappropriate grounds for a clinician to proceed with a nonvoluntary genital procedure in this population. We argue that the main ethical reasons capable of supporting this consensus turn not on empirically contestable benefit-risk calculations, but on a fundamental concern to respect the child's privacy, bodily integrity, developing sexual boundaries, and (future) genital autonomy. We show that these ethical reasons are sound. However, as we argue, they do not only apply to endosex female children, but rather to all children regardless of sex characteristics, including those with intersex traits and endosex males. We conclude, therefore, that as a matter of justice, inclusivity, and gender equality in medical-ethical policy (we do not take a position as to criminal law), clinicians should not be permitted to perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery in prepubescent minors, irrespective of the latter's sex traits or gender assignment, unless urgently necessary to protect their physical health. By contrast, we suggest that voluntary surgeries in older individuals might, under certain conditions, permissibly be performed for a wider range of reasons, including reasons of self-identity or psychosocial well-being, in keeping with the circumstances, values, and explicit needs and preferences of the persons so concerned. Note: Because our position is tied to clinicians' widely accepted role-specific duties as medical practitioners within regulated healthcare systems, we do not consider genital procedures performed outside of a healthcare context (e.g., for religious reasons) or by persons other than licensed healthcare providers working in their professional capacity.

INTRODUCTION: the approach and clinical treatments of intersexuality is a complex and deep subject, it is also a field characterized by debates and controversies where still there are features to be elucidate in relation to current paradigm of health care. The prescription ...

Our main interest in this work is to show in which ways we can find (multivocal) answer(s) to the question “how we evolved into these concepts of sex and gender?” We applied two main ways, with “socio” perspective as the first one and the “bio” view on that subject as the secondary one. We were influenced by many theories, mostly by the work of Konstantinos Maritsas, but in regard to his research conclusions we adopt a slightly different position.