Migraciones Internacionales

Abstract: Many have debated whether or not human smugglers, known as coyotes, are involved with drug trafficking organizations. Scholars have largely rejected so-called “narcocoyotaje”, however; we hope to problematize this narrative by adding a new theoretical layer to the discussion. Namely, we explore the ways in which different criminal activities produce hierarchies and control illicit activities within the clandestine geography of the US–Mexico border. These “illicit regimes” operate against the State, creating a hierarchy that dominates other illicit activities in order to maximize profit, avoid detection and consolidate power. While other studies have explored the relationships between the State and illicit practices this article takes the relationship between two illicit industries as its object of study. Doing so will help us move past the simple binary question about whether or not coyotes are involved with drug cartels, and allows us to understand what is being produced by this relationship, and its consequences for everyone involved.

Resumen: El presente artículo analiza el debate sobre el fenómeno del coyotaje y si los coyotes (traficantes de indocumentados) establecen una relación con las organizaciones del narcotráfico. Hasta ahora los estudios han descartado la idea del “narco-coyotaje” (una asociación entre narcotraficantes y traficantes de migrantes). Sin embargo, la investigación presentada retoma este tema y le da un giro empírico y teórico. Examinamos como las diferentes actividades criminales crean jerarquías que controlan los negocios ilícitos en la frontera de México con los Estados Unidos. Estos “regímenes ilícitos” operan en contra del Estado y construyen estructuras compuestas de diversas ramas de negocios “chuecos” para producir mayores ganancias, evitar la ley y consolidar su poder. Aunque otros estudios abarcan la relación entre el estado y los grupos criminales, este articulo toma como tema de investigación la relación entre dos importantes industrias ilícitas (el contrabando de migrantes y el de narcóticos). Este nuevo enfoque nos ayuda a comprender las limitaciones de las investigaciones que se reducen solo a la cuestión sobre una posible relación entre coyotes y los carteles de drogas; a la vez esto nos da una nueva visión sobre las consecuencias sociales de esta relación criminal.

This article explores how intersections of gender, race, and nationality influence both the migration experience and identity processes of Brazilians living in Santiago, Chile. We use a biographicalintersectional analysis of their migratory trajectories collected with the Life Stories Method, in-depth interviews, and Fotohistorias (participatory photography). The analysis suggests that Brazilian female corporality, represented especially by Afro-descendant women, becomes simultaneously an icon of a sexualized Brazilianness and a device of agency and identity negotiations.

This article deals with the production of migration control regimes and the proliferation of borders in Latin America and the Caribbean, within the framework of the recent contemporary processes of regionalization and internationalization of migration policies and the externalization of borders. Specifically, it explores the reconfigurations that both migration and border control policies and practices have experienced over the past two decades in specific socio-historical contexts. Inspired by critical studies on migration and borders, and based on a multi-sited and processual perspective, the article focuses on some border conflicts that are relevant to understand mutations that condense broader or more comprehensive processes in the Latin American and Caribbean border control regimes. Firstly, the article addresses the relationship between border control and "irregular migration", seeking to analyse the emergence of migratory "crises" in the region. Secondly, it unfolds some components of the South American border regime, identifying contested control policies and practices on migrant movements. Finally, it recognizes some characteristic aspects of the North American and Central American border regime, while it problematizes the conformation of Mexico as a "vertical border" and the emergence of new forms of migration in a context of generalized violence.

Resumen

A pesar de las propuestas para aumentar los gastos en agentes y equipo para la seguridad fronterizo, la geografía compleja de la militarización de la frontera y la violencia que produce son muy pocos entendidos. Tomamos una perspectiva geográfica para entender el papel de la violencia tanto en sus formas oficiales como el encarcelamiento y castigos para migrantes, que los no-oficiales, tales como los abusos y la violencia perpetrada por agentes. Por medio de los datos del Estudio de Migrantes y el Cruce Fronterizo (MBCS por sus siglas en ingles), basado en más que 1,100 encuestas con un muestreo aleatorio de deportados con un equipo binacional en cinco ciudades fronterizos y la Ciudad de México y una investigación con familiares y migrantes que han devuelto a Puebla. Aprovechamos estos datos para proporcionar una explicación sobre la geografía de violencia y migración. Las diferencias regionales demuestran las prioridades y el uso estratégico de la violencia en ciertas zonas fronterizas. Afirmamos que el entendimiento del papel de la violencia nos permite explicar la prevalencia de varias formas de abuso en las estrategias de control fronteriza. La violencia no es un efecto secundario sino un aspecto central de las prácticas fronterizas militarizadas. 
Palabras claves: Violencia, Trauma, Seguridad Fronteriza, Migración

Abstract
Despite proposed increases in spending on personnel and equipment for border enforcement, the complex geography of border militarization and the violence it produces require further examination. We take a geographical perspective to determine the role of violence in both its official forms, such as the incarceration and punishments experienced by undocumented migrants, as well as through abuses and violence perpetrated by agents in shaping border and immigration enforcement. By drawing on the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS), which is a unique data source based on 1,110 surveys of a random sample of deportees, as well as research with family members and return migrants in Puebla, Mexico, we provide an innovative and robust account of the geography of violence and migration. Identifying regional variation allows us to see the priorities and strategic use of violence in certain areas as part of enforcement practice. We assert that understanding the role of violence allows us to explain the prevalence of various forms of abuse, as well as the role of abuse in border enforcement strategies, not as a side effect, but as elemental to the current militarized strategies.
Key Words: Violence, Trauma, Border Security, Migration

Se analizan imaginarios y rumores sobre la vida sexual de los migrantes que circulan en las comunidades transnacionales, con base en estudios cualitativos con varones mexicanos en Chicago, Estados Unidos, y mujeres peruanas en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Los hallazgos sugieren que en los movimientos latinoamericanos contemporáneos los  imaginarios y rumores transnacionales son producto de las tensiones entre la transformación y el control social. Expresan las inquietudes que surgen ante la posibilidad de que, durante el proceso migratorio, se cuestionen las fronteras normativas impuestas por la organización heteropatriarcal de la sexualidad y del género, y por las construcciones raciales y la estructura de clases.

http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/borderities-and-the-politics-of-contemporary-mobile-borders-anne-laure-amilhat-szary/?isb=9781137468840
The authors look at transformations affecting border spaces, by using the concept of the 'mobile border' to examine the growing dissociation between border functions and border locations. The book bears witness to the claim that de/rebordering and de/reterritorialization processes are not equivalent. It questions them through the analysis of 'borderities,' a concept built
upon a close reading of the writings of Michel Foucault and derived from 'governmentality.' 'Borderity,' any technology of spatial or socio-spatial division, could be defined as the governmentality of territorial limits. Although initially defined as a technology of power,
borderity may also appear as a differentiated social and political quality. The contributors examine the production of mobile borders (section 1: technologies), their incarnation (section 2: biopolitics) and their complex interpretation (section 3: 'dispositifs'). By looking at how political subjects can be disabled and enabled, the proposed 'borderities' approach illuminates the question of how borders can be the site of both power and counter-power.

Este artículo investiga las características de la experiencia migratoria de mujeres colombianas en Chile en la década del 2010, con énfasis en sus motivaciones y llegada a Chile, su proceso de inserción laboral y gestión económica, el ámbito de cuidado y familia, y las experiencias de discriminación y violencia. El análisis se hace a partir del concepto de interseccionalidad, aplicado a la dinámica de las propias mujeres migrantes, cuyo discurso constituye el material empírico. El enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, basado en entrevistas y grupos focales con mujeres migrantes residentes actualmente en Chile, provenientes de los seis países con mayor flujo migratorio femenino hacia ese país en la última década (Colombia, República Dominicana, Bolivia, Perú, Argentina y Venezuela). En particular, el análisis contrasta las vivencias relatadas por las mujeres colombianas con las de migrantes de otros países latinoamericanos, también mujeres e inmigradas durante la década del 2010. Por un lado, esta investigación confirma lo señalado por otros estudios acerca de la relevancia del factor económico en la decisión de migrar, lo fundamental que es la dinámica familiar para las mujeres (cuidado, maternidad a distancia y remesas) y la presencia de diversos tipos de discriminación. Por otro lado, emergen hallazgos para el caso específico de las colombianas en Chile, relacionados con la huida de la violencia de género como una causa importante de la migración; la segmentación laboral que las encasilla en los sectores de comercio y servicios; su mayor conciencia de derechos y actitud proactiva ante los abusos (laborales y no laborales); y la presencia de una presión discriminadora, que las violenta por ser mujeres y migrantes, y que se acentúa cuando además son mujeres negras. La interseccionalidad opera complejizando la comprensión de los procesos de discriminación asociados a la división internacional del trabajo reproductivo por género y a elementos culturales racistas, dado que los hallazgos presentados plantean que, en el caso de Chile, estos se realizan de formas más complejas y heterogéneas, de la mano de procesos de racialización y sexualización.

Resumen: en este estudio construimos una tipología de cuerpos traficados de mujeres migrantes clandestinas en tránsito desde América del Sur y el Caribe en dirección a Chile. Nos aproximamos al tema desde la antropología del cuerpo y de la movilidad humana. Se han utilizado varios métodos para hacer la tipología. Por un lado, se hizo un seguimiento etnográfico colaborativo entre los años 2018 y 2020. Este consistió de tres elementos: 1) una etnografía del tráfico de migrantes en las fronteras de Perú-Chile y Bolivia-Chile, 2) entrevistas en profundidad a las personas que colaboraron en la investigación y 3) un acompañamiento jurídico y psicosocial. Por otro lado, se realizó una intervención con teatro espontáneo en la que participaron las personas colaboradoras. Y, finalmente, se hizo una revisión de la sentencia judicial de la denominada “Operación Desierto”, en la que se describen los hechos producidos en un caso de tráfico de migrantes. La definición de cuerpo en la que se basa este trabajo fue provista por reflexiones filosóficas, estéticas y teorías feministas. Asimismo, la discusión de los resultados se centra en los análisis críticos del gobierno de los dominados a través de los cuerpos migrantes y su racialización. Las principales conclusiones son que el tráfico produce nuevas corporalidades, que la construcción histórica y social de los cuerpos evidencia una exposición de las mujeres a riesgos particulares en el tráfico, que el tránsito clandestino es siempre forzado y que la densidad del tránsito afecta a los cuerpos en sus diferentes dimensiones. La originalidad de esta investigación es la incorporación de elementos interdisciplinares para abordar una temática compleja. No solo se han recogido las experiencias en el tránsito y en el destino migratorio, sino que también ha habido una participación activa de las/os propias/os involucradas/os. Este ha sido un trabajo enmarcado en los planteamientos de la investigación situada y el activismo académico.

Palabras clave: antropología del cuerpo, fronteras latinoamericanas, tráfico de migrantes, tránsito clandestino, violencia de género.

Typology of Bodies Trafficked from South America and the Caribbean to Chile

Abstract: In this study, we construct a typology of trafficked bodies of clandestine migrant women in transit from South America and the Caribbean to Chile, approaching the subject based on the anthropology of the body and human mobility. We used several methods to construct this typology. We conducted collaborative ethnographic monitoring between 2018 and 2020, consisting of three elements: 1) an ethnography of migrant smuggling on the Peru-Chile and Bolivia-Chile borders, 2) in-depth interviews with the research collaborators, and 3) legal and psychosocial accompaniment. We organized an intervention involving spontaneous theatre in which the collaborators took part. Finally, we reviewed the judicial sentence of the so-called "Operation Desert," which describes the facts involved in a case of migrant smuggling. The body definition on which this work is based was provided by philosophical, aesthetic, and feminist theories. The discussion of the results also focuses on critical analyses of the law of dominance through bodies and the racialization of migrant bodies. The main conclusions are that trafficking produces new corporalities, that the historical and social construction of bodies reveals women's exposure to particular risks in trafficking, that clandestine transit is always forced, and that the density of transit affects bodies in their different dimensions. The originality of this research is the incorporation of interdisciplinary elements to address a complex issue, whereby we collected, on the one hand, the experiences of migration transit and destination while, on the other, the study included the active participation of the people involved. This work has been framed within the approaches of situated research and academic activism.

Keywords: Anthropology of the body, clandestine transit, gender violence, Latin American border, migrant smuggling.

Tipologia de corpos traficados da América do Sul e do Caribe ao Chile

Resumo: neste estudo, construímos uma tipologia de corpos traficados de mulheres migrantes clandestinas em trânsito da América do Sul e do Caribe rumo ao Chile. Aproximamo-nos do tema a partir da antropologia do corpo e da mobilidade humana. Foram utilizados vários métodos para realizar a tipologia. Por um lado, fez-se um seguimento etnográfico colaborativo entre 2018 e 2020, o qual se consistiu de três elementos: 1) uma etnografia do tráfico de migrantes nas fronteiras do Peru e do Chile, e da Bolívia e do Chile; 2) entrevistas em profundidade com as pessoas que colaboraram na pesquisa e 3) acompanhamento jurídico e psicossocial. Por outro lado, foi realizada intervenção com teatro espontâneo do qual as pessoas colaboradoras participaram. Finalmente, uma revisão da sentença judicial denominada “Operação Deserto” foi feita, na qual são descritos os fatos produzidos num caso de tráfico de migrantes. A definição de corpo na qual este trabalho foi baseado foi derivada de reflexões filosóficas, estéticas e teorias feministas. Além disso, a discussão dos resultados está focada nas análises críticas do governo. As principais conclusões são que o tráfico produz novas corporalidades, que a construção histórica e social dos corpos evidencia uma exposição das mulheres a riscos particulares no tráfico, que o trânsito clandestino é sempre forçado e que a densidade do trânsito afeta os corpos em suas diferentes dimensões. A originalidade desta pesquisa é a incorporação de elementos interdisciplinares para abordar uma temática complexa. Não somente foram coletadas as experiências no trânsito e no destino migratório, mas também houve participação das/dos próprias/próprios envolvidas/envolvidos. Este trabalho se encontra no âmbito da pesquisa situada e do ativismo acadêmico.

Palavras-chave: antropologia do corpo, fronteiras latino-americanas, tráfico de migrantes, trânsito clandestino, violência de gênero.

Esta edição da revista Sociologias reflete, criticamente, sobre a produção da "ilegalidade migrante" em contextos fronteiriços latino-americanos e caribenhos. Para tal, ela conta com artigos que examinam a produção de ilegalidade através de distintos regimes de fronteira da região. São textos que trazem, através de distintas realidades empíricas analisadas, contribuições conceituais e empíricas para a sociologia pensar como a multiplicação de fronteiras no mundo contemporâneo ganha forma na América Latina e no Caribe. Embora esta seja uma discussão que tem recebido pouca atenção até o momento, a região oferece, como mostra este dossiê, uma importante heterogeneidade de experiências de "ilegalização" da população migrante, ligada às diferentes transformações ocorridas na região. Nessa direção, o dossiê foca, particularmente, em alguns espaços sociais ou áreas fronteiriças de interesse para organizar a proposta: a fronteira sul do México, região estratégica para o governo estadunidense controlar a entrada de centro-americanos em seu território nacional, a qual, atualmente, tem ganhado as manchetes em razão das caravanas de imigrantes; a conflituosa área fronteiriça entre o Haiti e a República Dominicana, onde o estado dominicano, por meio de dispositivos legais, promove a ilegalidade de migrantes; o papel do Equador, enquanto um centro articulador de trabalhadores indocumentados para os Estados Unidos; e, por fim, o processo de criminalização na fronteira norte do Chile, região caracterizada pela alta circulação de migrantes latino-americanos e caribenhos.

Este artículo explora ciertos usos de las "cartografías oficiales" y da cuenta de diversas experiencias de "cartografías heréticas" de la migración y las fronteras con la intención de contribuir a la reflexión sobre las diferentes formas de apropiación de las prácticas del mapeo para la investigación crítica y el activismo político. Así, el texto alienta el uso y la problematización de las cartografías y de las prácticas de mapeo de la migración y las fronteras para el análisis crítico de las disputas y luchas en torno al control y la libertad del movimiento en el espacio sudamericano.

Multicultural commercial neighbourhoods are key spaces where individuals learn to relate to cultural difference in increasingly diverse cities worldwide. Host countries’ pre-existing social dynamics and environmental conditions mutually shape everyday interactions between people from different ethnonational backgrounds within specific spaces. This article examines two kinds of community-making practices consisting of both intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic exchanges and collaborations, under conditions of shared insecurity in a multicultural commercial neighbourhood in Santiago, Chile. Drawing on ethnic Chinese experiences and responses to crime, we discuss how inhabitants of multicultural sites create more hospitable spaces by building and overcoming boundaries with co-ethnics, other migrants and ‘locals’. Our ethnographic study finds that Chinese residents engaged in what we term ‘strategic ethnic groupism’, which aims to prompt the solidarity of an ‘ethnic-based’ collective in order to politically organise towards long-term solutions. Yet, simultaneously, with other migrants and citizens, the Chinese negotiated everyday intercultural conviviality through creating relations of trust and care to address more immediate insecurity concerns. Discussing both strategies, this article contributes to understanding the productive frictions between ethnicity, community and belonging, under shared conditions of insecurity, in multicultural urban spaces.

Las políticas migratorias de República Dominicana (RD) han restringido el acceso a la nacionalidad dominicana de miles de menores haitianos llevados a este país durante la infancia, así como a menores nacidos en RD de padres haitianos, es decir, menores dominico-haitianos; sin embargo, sus padres no se han mantenido pasivos frente a esta situación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar dos estrategias de las familias haitianas en RD para sus hijos menores que tienen como fin minimizar los efectos negativos de esas políticas antiinmigrantes: 1) la obtención de documentos oficiales de RD para los hijos, y 2) su asistencia tanto a escuelas dominicanas como a haitianas. Adicionalmente, se contextualiza histórica y políticamente la situación actual de la población de origen haitiano en RD.

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, changes have occurred in the regional dynamics of international migration and in the ways governments manage human mobility. This article argues that the migratory system connecting the three northern countries of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras) with Mexico and the United States has not been accompanied by regional management of migratory flows. Instead, a succession of government plans and projects reveals a perspective marked by the effects of the “externalization” of US borders, leading to more complex migration routes and increased vulnerability of migrants. The article discusses how externalized control policies influence migratory spaces, routes, and timelines, and leave many stranded in transit countries before they eventually arrive at their intended destinations. Reconsidering the process of mobility in light of migration management policies would appropriately enlarge the traditional economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors that affect migration strategies.

During a post-election TV interview that aired mid-November 2016, then President-Elect Donald Trump claimed that there are millions of so-called “criminal aliens” living in the United States: “What we are going to do is get the people that are criminal and have criminal records, gang members, drug dealers, we have a lot of these people, probably two million, it could be even three million, we are getting them out of our country or we are going to incarcerate.” This claim is a blatant misrepresentation of the facts. A recent report by the Migration Policy Institute suggests that just over 800,000 (or 7 percent) of the 11 million undocumented individuals in the United States have criminal records. Of this population, 300,000 individuals are felony offenders and 390,000 are serious misdemeanor offenders — tallies which exclude more than 93 percent of the resident undocumented population (Rosenblum 2015, 22-24).[1] Moreover, the Congressional Research Service found that 140,000 undocumented migrants — or slightly more than 1 percent of the undocumented population — are currently serving time in prison in the United States (Kandel 2016). The facts, therefore, are closer to what Doris Meissner, former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Commissioner, argues: that the number of “criminal aliens” arrested as a percentage of all fugitive immigration cases is “modest” (Meissner et al. 2013, 102-03).

The facts notwithstanding, President Trump’s fictional tally is important to consider because it conveys an intent to produce at least this many people who — through discourse and policy — can be criminalized and incarcerated or deported as “criminal aliens.” In this article, we critically review the literature on immigrant criminalization and trace the specific laws that first linked and then solidified the association between undocumented immigrants and criminality. To move beyond a legal, abstract context, we also draw on our quantitative and qualitative research to underscore ways immigrants experience criminalization in their family, school, and work lives.

The first half of our analysis is focused on immigrant criminalization from the late 1980s through the Obama administration, with an emphasis on immigration enforcement practices first engineered in the 1990s. Most significant, we argue, are the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) and the 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). The second section of our analysis explores the social impacts of immigrant criminalization, as people’s experiences bring the consequences of immigrant criminalization most clearly into focus.

We approach our analysis of the production of criminality of immigrants through the lens of legal violence (Menjivar and Abrego 2012), a concept designed to understand the immediate and long-term harmful effects that the immigration regime makes possible. Instead of narrowly focusing only on the physical injury of intentional acts to cause harm, this concept broadens the lens to include less visible sources of violence that reside in institutions and structures and without identifiable perpetrators or incidents to be tabulated. This violence comes from structures, laws, institutions, and practices that, similar to acts of physical violence, leave indelible marks on individuals and produce social suffering. In examining the effects of today’s ramped up immigration enforcement, we turn to this concept to capture the violence that this regime produces in the lives of immigrants.

Immigrant criminalization has underpinned US immigration policy over the last several decades. The year 1996, in particular, was a signal year in the process of criminalizing immigrants. Having 20 years to trace the connections, it becomes evident that the policies of 1996 used the term “criminal alien” as a strategic sleight of hand. These laws established the concept of “criminal alienhood” that has slowly but purposefully redefined what it means to be unauthorized in the United States such that criminality and unauthorized status are too often considered synonymous (Ewing, Martínez, and Rumbaut 2015). Policies that followed in the 2000s, moreover, cast an increasingly wider net which continually re-determined who could be classified as a “criminal alien,” such that the term is now a mostly incoherent grab bag. Simultaneously and in contrast, the practices that produce “criminal aliens” are coherent insofar as they condition immigrant life in the United States in now predictable ways. This solidity allows us to turn in our conclusion to some thoughts about the likely future of US immigration policy and practice under President Trump.


[1] These numbers are based on the assumption that “unauthorized immigrants and lawful noncitizens commit crimes at similar rates” (Rosenblum 2015, 22). However, there is research that provides good support that criminality among the undocumented is lower than for the foreign-born population overall (Rumbaut 2009; Ewing, Martínez, and Rumbaut 2015).

Resumen. La industria de la construcción ha experimentado en las últimas décadas importantes cambios a nivel de gestión del trabajo, condiciones laborales y composición de la fuerza de trabajo, destacando la creciente participación de trabajadores migrantes. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la relación entre la subcontratación en cuanto modelo de gestión, las condiciones laborales que devienen del tipo de contrato usualmente utilizado y la presencia de migrantes en las obras. Sostendremos que estos tres elementos, están estrechamente vinculados entre sí, determinando altos grados de precariedad en quienes trabajan en los últimos eslabones de la cadena de subcontratación. A partir de una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas realizadas en Santiago, Iquique y Antofagasta y observaciones participantes en obras en Santiago, este estudio revela que existe una relación entre la precariedad en las condiciones laborales y la creciente inclusión de trabajadores migrantes, cuya vulnerabilidad resulta conveniente para este modelo económico. Abstract. In recent decades, the construction industry has undergone significant changes in labour management working conditions and workforce composition, with a significant increase on the recruitment of migrant workers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between subcontracting as a management model, the working conditions that prevail within the type of contract commonly used, and the presence of migrants in the construction industry. We argue that these three elements that characterize the construction industry are closely related. Based on a qualitative methodological approach that consisted of interviews conducted in Santiago, Iquique and Antofagasta,

Resumen: objetivo/contexto: se identifican los factores socioculturales y experiencias de vida que participan en los procesos de incorporación social de migrantes provenientes de Colombia que residen hoy en Chile, junto con el análisis de sus procesos migratorios y de inserción en la ciudad de Santiago. Metodología: a través del trabajo de campo realizado entre los años 2015 y 2018 en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, y a partir de una metodología cualitativa, se observa en los colombianos una lucha por el reconocimiento, la que aquí indagamos a partir de sus tres formas o esferas: los afectos cercanos y la autoconfianza; las relaciones de igualdad, del derecho; y la participación económica, de la solidaridad, ejes transversales de nuestro marco referencial para la comprensión de los procesos de reconocimiento e incorporación social de los migrantes colombianos en la sociedad chilena. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que las personas afrocolombianas —la mayoría procedentes de Cali y del sur de Colombia— señalan ser objeto de recurrentes expresiones de racismo, que se suman a los estereotipos generales sobre la sociedad colombiana. Se constata además una fuerte diversidad y fragmentación entre migrantes colombianos basadas en particularidades regionales, de estrato socioeconómico, ocupación y género. Originalidad: son escasos los textos que han analizado las condiciones y trayectorias de los/as colombianos/as en Santiago de Chile.

Palabras clave: América Latina, incorporación social, migraciones, movilidad Colombia-Chile, reconocimiento social, vulnerabilidad.

Social Incorporation of Colombian Migrants in Chile? Vulnerability and the Struggle for Recognition

Abstract: Objective/context: Identifies the socio-cultural factors and life experiences that are involved in the social incorporation of Colombian migrants currently residing in Chile, also analyzing their migration and insertion in the city of Santiago. Methodology: Through the fieldwork carried out between 2015 and 2018 in the city of Santiago de Chile, and based on a qualitative methodology, we reveal Colombians' struggle for recognition, which we investigate here based on its three forms or spheres: close affects and self-confidence; relations of equality, of rights; and economic participation, of solidarity. These are the transversal axes of our frame of reference through which to understand the recognition and social incorporation of Colombian migrants in Chilean society. Conclusions: The results show that Afro-Colombians - the majority from Cali and southern Colombia - are subject to recurrent expressions of racism, in addition to general stereotypes regarding Colombian society. There is also a marked diversity and fragmentation among Colombian migrants based on regional particularities, socio-economic status, occupation, and gender. Originality: Few texts have analyzed the conditions and trajectories of Colombians in Santiago de Chile.

Keywords: Chile-Colombia mobility, Latin America, migrations social incorporation, social recognition, vulnerability.


Incorporação social de migrantes colombianos no Chile? Vulnerabilidade e luta por reconhecimento

Resumo: objetivo/contexto: identifica-se os fatores socioculturais e experiências de vida que participam dos processos de inclusão social dos migrantes da Colômbia que atualmente residem no Chile, bom como a análise de seus processos migratórios e de inserção na cidade de Santiago. Metodologia: através do trabalho de campo realizado entre 2015 e 2018 na cidade de Santiago do Chile, com base em uma metodologia qualitativa, observa-se uma luta por reconhecimento nos colombianos, que foi estudada aqui a partir de três formas ou esferas: afetos íntimos e autoconfiança, relações de igualdade e de direito, e a participação econômica, de solidariedade, eixos transversais referenciais para a compreensão de processos de reconhecimento e inclusão social dos migrantes colombianos na sociedade chilena. Conclusões: os resultados mostram que os afro-colombianos, a maioria de Cali e do sul da Colômbia, afirmam estar sujeitos a expressões recorrentes de racismo, que são somados aos estereótipos gerais sobre a sociedade colombiana. Há também uma forte diversidade e fragmentação entre os migrantes colombianos, com base em particularidades regionais, status socioeconômico, ocupação e gênero. Originalidade: poucos textos que analisaram as condições e trajetórias dos colombianos em Santiago do Chile.

Palavras-chave: América Latina, inclusão social, migrações, mobilidade Chile-Colômbia, reconhecimento social, vulnerabilidade.