Nicos Poulantzas

Noch vor kurzem erschien der Nationalstaat in den internationalen staatstheoretischen Debatten bestenfalls als ein Überbleibsel aus vergangenen Zeiten. Neuerdings ist jedoch sein erstaunliches Comeback in den sozialwissenschaftlichen Debatten zu beobachten. Insbesondere im deutschsprachigen Raum gibt es wieder vermehrt staatstheoretisch angeleitete Forschungsprojekte.

Die Beiträge in dem vorgestellten Band fragen nach der Transformation des Staates als Herrschaftsverhältnis und danach, wie Staatskritik heute möglich ist, wie sich die Geschlechterverhältnisse durch den Staat hindurch reproduzieren, wie sich der Staat im Prozess der Globalisierung räumlich restrukturiert, wie der neue Nationalismus beschaffen ist und welche Bedeutung die Debatten der transnationalen Migrationsforschung für eine Theorie des Staates im Postfordismus haben.

The first edition of this Research Handbook offers unparalleled insights into the large-scale resurgence of interest in Marx and Marxism in recent years, with contributions devoted specifically to Marxist critiques of law, rights, and the state.

The Research Handbook brings together thirty-three scholars of Marx, Marxism, and law from around the world to offer theoretically informed introductions to the Marxist tradition of social critique, contemporary Marxist analyses of law and rights, and future orientations of Marxist legal analysis. Chapters testify to the strength of Marxist critical tools for understanding the role of law, rights, and the state in capitalist societies.

Exploring Marxist critique across an extraordinarily wide range of scholarly disciplines, this Research Handbook is a must-read for scholars of law, politics, sociology, philosophy, and political economy who are interested in Marxism. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students in these and related disciplines will also benefit from the Research Handbook.

The volume is edited by Paul O'Connell (Reader in Law, SOAS, University of London) and Umut Özsu (Associate Professor of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University).

Contributors include Max Ajl (Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Social Sciences, Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen University & Research), Rémi Bachand (Professor of Law, Université du Québec à Montréal), Miriam Bak McKenna (Lecturer in Law, Lund University), Clyde W. Barrow (Professor of Political Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), Enzo Bello (Associate Professor, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro), Bill Bowring (Professor of Law, Birkbeck, University of London), Honor Brabazon (Assistant Professor of Sociology and Legal Studies, St. Jerome’s University in the University of Waterloo), Gustavo Capela (PhD Candidate in Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley), Cosmin Sebastian Cercel (Associate Professor of Law, University of Nottingham), B. S. Chimni (Distinguished Professor of International Law, OP Jindal Global University), Pablo Ciocchini (Lecturer in Criminology, University of Liverpool), Natalia Delgado (Lecturer in Law, University of Southampton), Matthew Dimick (Professor of Law, University of Buffalo), Radha D’Souza (Reader in Law, University of Westminster), Michael Head (Professor of Law, Western Sydney University), Nate Holdren (Associate Professor of Law, Politics, and Society, Drake University), Rob Hunter (Independent Scholar, PhD in Politics, Princeton University), Talina Hürzeler (Independent Scholar, LLB, University of New South Wales), Bob Jessop (Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Lancaster), Rene José Keller (Independent Scholar, PhD in Law, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, and PhD in Social Work, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul), Rafael Khachaturian (Lecturer in Critical Writing, University of Pennsylvania), Stéfanie Khoury (Independent Scholar, PhD in Sociology of Law, Università degli Studi di Milano and Universidad del País Vasco), Dimitrios Kivotidis (Lecturer in Law, University of East London), Daniel McLoughlin (Senior Lecturer in Law, Society, and Criminology, University of New South Wales), Eva Nanopoulos (Senior Lecturer in Law, Queen Mary, University of London), August H. Nimtz (Professor of Political Science and African American and African Studies, University of Minnesota), Paul O’Connell (Reader in Law, SOAS, University of London), Chris O’Kane (Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley), Rebecca Schein (Associate Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies, Carleton University), Igor Shoikhedbrod (Assistant Professor of Political Science and Law, Justice, and Society, Dalhousie University), Nimer Sultany (Reader in Law, SOAS, University of London), Christine Sypnowich (Professor of Philosophy, Queen’s University), and Ahmed White (Professor of Law, University of Colorado at Boulder).

[ Utku Özmakas ile birlikte, Praksis, sayı: 40 ]

Öz: Burjuva tarih yazımı, faşizmi ortaya çıkaran momentumu " sapma " , " doğal düzenin bozulması " ya da " kötücüllük " olarak resmetmektedir. Tarihsel örneklerle birlikte faşizmlere dair " nesnel " bir analiz oluşturulmaya çalışıldığında ise, sınıfsal ilişkilerinin belirlenimindeki " kriz " vurgusu öne çıkar. İdeolojik, siyasal ve ekonomik merhalelere sahip kriz koşulları, sınıfsal çelişkilerin uzun vadede dışavurumunun neticeleridir. Antonio Gramsci ve onu izleyen Nicos Poulantzas'ın faşizm analizinde, faşizmi diğer tip diktatöryel ve baskıcı yönetimlerden ayıran kritik nokta, faşist ideolojinin sınıf yapı-lanmasındaki etkisi ve devlet aygıtlarının kazandığı biçimdir. Krizin derinliğine ve genişliğine bağlı olarak, devletin zor aygıtları ile ideolojik aygıtları arasındaki bütünleşme eğilimi artar. Buna bağlı olarak, faşist ideoloji farklı toplumsal ve ideolojik bileşenlerle tahkim edilir. Bu makalede Marksist bir bakış açısıyla, klasik faşizm dönemlerindeki ideolojinin öğeleri, ilgili toplumsal formasyondaki görünümleri ve kitlenin motivasyonunun sağlanma şekli ele alınacaktır. Sonuç olarak, faşist ideolo-jinin soyut fenomenlerin toplamından veya Marx'ın dediği üzere " bir bireyin zora başvurmasından " ibaret olmadığı, maddi ilişki ve çelişkilerce de şekillendirildiği iddia edilecektir.

Abstract: The bourgeois historiography depicts the moment which created fascism as " deflection " , " breakdown of the natural order " or " malignance ". Together with the historical examples, an " objective " analysis on fascism emphasizes the " crises " which determined by the class relations. The conditions of crisis have ideological, political and economical dimensions which result from contradictions between classes in the long run. In the analyses of Antonio Gramsci and Nicos Poulantzas, the critical point which differentiates fascism from other types of dictatorial and oppresive governments is the effect of fascist ideology on class organization and the form acquired by the state apparatuses. The tendency of integration between coercive and ideological apparatuses increases depending on level and depth of the crisis. In accordance with that, fascist ideology is strengthened by different social and ideological elements. In this article, the elements of ideology during classical fascist periods, the manifestation of social formation at stake, and the ways of motivation of masses will be discussed from a Marxist point of view. Consequently, it is argued that fascist ideology is not only a combination of abstract phenomena or " only the violent act of a single individual " as Marx has stated, but also shaped by material relations and contradictions.

Im Zuge der Globalisierung haben sich sowohl die Voraussetzungen, unter denen Politik stattfindet, als auch die Rahmenbedingungen politischer Auseinandersetzungen
und Kämpfe erheblich geändert. Gleichzeitig wird durch diese Kämpfe aber auch das Terrain des „Internationalen Politischen“ mit konstituiert. Die Veränderungen, die die Medien staatlicher Herrschaft – Geld, Macht und Recht – auf internationaler Ebene erleben, will PROKLA 147 untersuchen, ebenso wie
den Zusammenhang zwischen transnationaler Klassenbildung und der Internationalisierung von Staatlichkeit sowie den Möglichkeiten, die sich für eine herrschaftskritische Politik unter diesen Bedingungen ergeben.