RDA

Epiphytic bryophytes and lichens are an important component of the endangered forest biota in temperate forests, their diversity and composition patterns being regulated by tree, stand and landscape scale factors. The aim of this study is to improve ecological understanding of such factors in managed coniferous-deciduous mixed forests of Hungary in the context of forest management. In particular, this study investigate the effect of tree species composition, stand structure (tree size distribution, shrub layer and dead wood), microclimate (light, temperature and air humidity), landscape and historical factors on the stand level and tree level composition of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens. The relationships were explored by multivariate methods (redundancy analysis, canonical correspondence analysis and variation partitioning) and indicator species analysis. Tree species is among the most important driver of species composition in both organism groups. For bryophytes, the continuity of forest microclimate and the presence of shrub layer are also important, while lichen assemblages are influenced by light availability. Landscape and historical variables were less influential than stand scale factors. On the basis of our results, the main strategy of management focusing on epiphyte diversity conservation should include:

This article discusses the changes that are occurring in the world of cataloging. It argues that these changes need to be coordinated. It also discusses the feature of current OPACs, FRBR, the Paris Principles and its proposed replacement (ICP), AACR2 and its proposed replacement (RDA), ISBD, and the relationships between and among these standards. It argues that the syntax of ISBD is an essential component of RDA and all future international and national cataloging codes.

DE: Die Informationsräume Bibliothek und World Wide Web (WWW) stehen vor der gleichen Herausforderung: Eine korrekte, umfassende und nutzergerechte Erschließung ihrer Dokumente zu leisten. Eine Lösung aus beiden Perspektiven wäre eine einfache und universelle Ressourcenbeschreibung, die implizit generiert wird. Hieraus ergibt sich eine zentrale Frage für die Bibliothekswissenschaft: Inwieweit und auf welche Weise können solche Techniken auch für die Bibliografische Kontrolle nutzbar gemacht werden? Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die klassischen Konzepte der Bibliografischen Kontrolle analysiert. Als aktuelle Umformungen dieser Komponenten wird auf die Konzeptmodelle des "Bibliografischen Universums" FRBR, FRAD und FRSAD eingegangen. Das Begriffskontinuum Metadaten und Ressourcenbeschreibung wird erläutert und als Bibliografisches System redefiniert, bevor die gegenwärtigen Metadatensystemen abschließend kritisch betrachtet werden. Im zweiten Teil werden Prinzipien und Technologien beschrieben, die unter dem Begriff Semantic Web zusammengefasst werden und die Struktur des WWW durch maschinenverarbeitbare Informationen erweitern sollen. Ein Überblick über aktuelle Anwendungen in Form von Linked-Data-Projekten schließt den Teil ab. Im letzten Abschnitt wird erläutert, wie Bibliografische Metadatensysteme durch die vorgestellten Semantic-Web-Techniken reformuliert und integriert werden können. Dies wird danach anhand des DCAM und konkreter Darstellungen von bibliografischen Metadatenschemata, Normdaten und Kontrollierten Vokabularen mittels RDF(S)/SKOS veranschaulicht. Schließlich wird das neue Katalogisierungsregelwerk Resource Description and Access (RDA) vor diesem Hintergrund betrachtet. Die Arbeit endet mit der Schlussfolgerung, dass Semantic-Web-Techniken dazu geeignet erscheinen, die strukturelle und inhaltliche Komplexität von bibliografischen Metadaten einheitlich darzustellen sowie diese hochgradig anpassungsfähig und universell verarbeitbar zu gestalten. Im Gegenzug können qualitativ hochwertige bibliothekarische Daten als wichtige Referenzpunkte in der sich rasch entwickelnden Linked Data Cloud fungieren - und ihrerseits in ungeahntem Ausmaß verknüpft und somit angereichert werden.

Las directrices RA (Descripcion y Acceso a Recursos) van a promover un gran cambio en la catalogación. De hecho, pueden ser utilizadas por cualquier persona que desee describir y hacer accesible una colección de patrimonio cultural, además de los profesionales tales como bibliotecarios, archivistas, curadores y de otras ramas del conocimiento. Las RDA tienen como objetivo crear metadatos bien estructurados para todo tipo de recursos, reutilizable en cualquier contexto y entorno tecnológico; ofrecen un “conjunto de directrices e instrucciones para crear datos para el descubrimiento
de los recursos”. Las Directrices abarcan cuatro acciones -identificar, relacionar (de las tareas del usuario FRBR / FRAD y ICP), representar y descubrir- y uno sustantivo: recursos.
RDA permiten el descubrimiento del conocimiento registrado, es decir cualquier recurso que transmite contenido intelectual o artístico por medio de cualquier tipo de soporte y medio de comunicación. RDA es una norma de contenido, no un estándar de visualización, ni un estándar de codificación: da instrucciones para identificar los datos y no se preocupa por la forma de presentación o por la codificación de los datos producidos por las directrices.
RDA requiere un enfoque original, una metanoia, un cambio profundo en la manera en que pensamos acerca de la catalogación. Las innovaciones en la RDA son muchas: se promueve la interoperabilidad entre los catálogos y otros métodos de búsqueda, se adopta la terminología y los conceptos de la Web Semántica, constituye un estándar global que puede ser aplicado por las diferentes agencias para crear datos. Se espera que las RDA sean enriquecidas por toda la comunidad mundial de profesionales, en una perspectiva de colaboración consciente, reconocida y global. Las RDA van un paso más allá de la catalogación tradicional para entrar en la era digital definitivamente.

RDA (Resource Description and Access) is going to promote a great change in cataloguing. In fact, guidelines – rather than rules – are addressed to anyone wishing to describe and make accessible a cultural heritage collection or tout court a collection: librarians, archivists, curators and professionals in any other branch of knowledge. RDA aims to make possible creation of well-structured metadata for any kind of resources, reusable in any context and technological environment. RDA offers a “set of guidelines and instructions to create data for discovery of resources”. Guidelines stress four actions – to identify, to relate (from FRBR/FRAD user tasks and ICP), to represent and to discover – and a noun: Resource. To identify entities of Group 1 and Group 2 of FRBR (Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item, Person, Family, Corporate Body); to relate entities of Group 1 and Group 2 of FRBR, by means of relationships. To enable users to represent and discover entities of Group 1 and Group 2 by means of their attributes and relationships. These last two actions are the reason of users’ searches, and users are the pinpoint of the process. RDA enables the discovery of recorded knowledge, that is any resources transmitting intellectual or artistic content by means of any kind of carrier and media. RDA is a content standard, not a display standard nor an encoding standard: it gives instructions to identify data and does not care about how to display or encode data produced by guidelines. RDA requires an original approach, a metanoia, a deep change in the way we think about cataloguing. Innovations in RDA are many: it promotes interoperability between catalogs and other search tools, it adopts terminology and concepts of the Semantic Web, it is a global standard, it can be applied by different agencies to create data. RDA is expected to be enriched by the wide community of professional, from the whole world, in a collaborative, well-aware, recognized and global perspective. By RDA, the great tradition of cataloguing goes one step further and enters in the digital age definitively.

Questo manuale espone in modo chiaro ed esaustivo lo standard Resource Description and Access (RDA) nella sua struttura complessiva e approfondisce nel dettaglio le singole istruzioni, corredate da molti esempi. Il libro spiega il processo di descrizione mediante la registrazione dei dati per l'identificazione e l'accesso alle risorse. Esso prende in considerazione tutte le tipologie di risorsa prodotte e utilizzate dall'uomo per la trasmissione della conoscenza registrata. Il manuale si rivolge a chiunque desideri creare dati condivisibili e aperti al web semantico.

The user's interest at the center of RDA's objectives RDA, Resource Description and Access, is the international standard for the description of, and access to, resources designed for the digital word. The first version of the standard was released in 2010. 1 RDA replaces AACR2, Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2 nd edition, which was in place from 1978 until the early 2000s, with many revisions. The new standard goes beyond the previous cataloging codes. RDA is not presented as a set of compulsory rules, but as guidelines and instructions developed systematically, and updated continuously, on the basis of new knowledge and different 1 In 2010 and 2013 two loose-leaf editions of RDA were published. For the subsequent editions (2014 and 2015), a bound edition was decided upon and plans for the diffusion of an "update packet" were abandoned, due to the large number of pages affected by changes. On the official RDA website, it states: " Cataloging practice described by RDA has not altered dramatically due to these changes, but over 70 percent of the pages in RDA Print were affected by the changes, making an RDA Print update packet impracticable. " http://www.rdatoolkit.org/rdaprint. For other information on RDA, see the websites: