UNESCO World Heritage and labelling

World heritage sites across the globe are adapting themselves to the homogenizing standards of tourism at the same time as trying to maintain, or even increase, their local particularity. While local and national tourism authorities and tour agencies package and sell so-called 'authentic' cultural landscapes or 'traditional' cultures, what counts as world heritage -be it material or intangible -and the way it is interpreted is increasingly defined and controlled supra-locally. This paper sketches the broad picture of world heritage tourism in the 21st century and illustrates the general trends with examples of on-going ethnographic research on world heritage sites. chapter 8 world heritage and tourism 275

Bu sunumda Safranbolu ve içine yerleştiği kanyonlar ontolojik varlıklar olarak değerlendirilerek, oluşan kent morfolojisinin yetkinliği tartışılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde Karabük'e eklemlenen tarihi yerleşmenin tüm ulaşım aksının değişmesi sonucu şehrin algılanmasındaki bulanıklaşma yanında şehirde oluşan aşırı motorlu trafik yükü tartışılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ise koruma alanındaki restorasyonlardaki hatalar ve sonucunda kaybolan patina örneklenmektedir. Son bölümde ise gerek kent algısının zenginleştirilmesi gerekse motorlu trafik sorununun çözülebilmesi için bir öneri getirilmektedir.

Mimarlık tarihçisi Doğan Kuban ( 1926-), Türkiye’de Kentsel Koruma/ Kent Tarihleri ve Koruma Yöntemleri (2001) adlı eserinde, "tarihi yapıların korunmasının temel amacı sanatsaldır" diye yazar (2001). (İTÜ emekli öğretim üyesi) Prof. Kuban, Haziran 2009'da Safranbolu'da bir konuşma yaptı ve bu kez de, "koruma, kültürel bir tavırdır" dedi (Kuban, 2009). Naçiz görüşüme göre, koruma, bunların hepsinden daha kapsamlıdır. Hatta-aynı zamanda- toplumsal, ekonomik ve politik bir etkinliktir. Bu makalede, geçtiğimiz kırk yıl içinde Safranbolu'da yapılmış korumayı tartışırken, korumanın toplumsal bir olgu olarak ele alındığında nasıl başarıya ulaştığını; buna karşın, halktan kopuk yaklaşımların önemli kayıplara neden olduğunu kanıtlamaya çalışacağım .
"Safranbolu'da koruma" konusuyla ilgili olarak bugüne kadar kaleme alınan yazılarda ve yapılan konuşmalarda, genellikle, hep bardağın dolu tarafı gösterilmeye çalışıldı. Bu makalede ise, genellikle yapıldığı gibi durumu betimlemeyle yetinmek yerine, "Safranbolu'da koruma"yı oldukça geniş bir "kanaviçe" üzerine yerleştirerek değişik dönemlerin değişen koşulları altında tarihi Safranbolu kentinin ve özellikle kentteki Çarşı'nın zaman içinde nasıl değişikliğe uğradığını tartışmak istiyorum.
Bu noktada, ister istemez bazı konularda öznel olmak zorunda olduğumu eklemeliyim:  1993'ten bu yana, şöyle ya da böyle, Safranbolu'da koruma etkinliğinin içinde bulunduğumu; bundan önce ise, Safranbolu ile ilgimin, bir köylüsü̈ olarak kendimi bildim bileli, bir akademik uğraş alanı olarak da 1973-1983 yılları arasında on yıllık bir dönemi kapsadığını' ifade etmek istiyorum.

The chapter gives information on the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ani in Turkey, under the titles of geographic location and boundaries; physical, natural, and cultural characteristics; history and components; history of excavations; state of conservation and conservation measures; UNESCO World Heritage List nomination process and management planning; and present and future scientific research, with a short list of references for further reading.

The number of cultural parks has been steadily increasing in recent years throughout the world. But what is a cultural park? This book provides a detailed answer to this question and sets out the basis for an academic debate that moves beyond the technical narratives that have prevailed to date. It is important to open up the topic to academic scrutiny given that cultural parks are becoming widespread devices being employed by different institutions and social groups to manage and enhance cultural and natural heritage assets and landscapes. The main problem in dealing with this topic is the predominant lack of theory-grounded, critical reflection in the literature about cultural parks. These remain largely conceived as technical instruments deployed by institutions in order to solve an array of problems they must deal with. As cultural parks are generally regarded as positive and constructive tools whose performance is associated with the preservation of heritage, the overcoming of the nature/culture divide, the reinforcing of identity and memory and the strengthening of social cohesion and economic development, this book critically explores these issues through the analysis of the literature on cultural parks. In addition, it provides a novel theoretical conceptualization of cultural parks that is connected with, and underpins, a tentative methodology developed for their empirical analysis.

The City of Safranbolu was inscribed in the World Heritage List in ‚ˆˆ… by virtue of its key role in the caravan trade over many centuries, Safranbolu enjoyed great prosperity and as a result it set a standard for public and domestic architecture that exercised a great influence on urban development over a large area of the Ottoman Empire. Safranbolu has preserved its original form and buildings to a remarkable extent, but continuous efforts must be made to preserve the traditional townscape.

ÖZET
İ.Ö.2.yüzyılda Pergamon/Bergama'da inşa edilen Zeus Sunağı dünyanın 8.harikası sayılacak güzellikte bir yapıdır. Helenistik dönemin şaheseridir. Bundan yaklaşık yüz altmış yıl önce bazı Alman ilgililerce tartışmalı bir şekilde Almanya'ya, o zamanki Prusya'ya götürülmüş, orada adına bir müze yapılarak restore edilmiştir. 1991'de, o günün bilgileriyle, yayınlanan bu kitapta yazar Pergamon'un bazı kültürel değerlerini anlatıyor, Zeus Sunağının Almanya'ya götürülüşüyle ilgili bazı değerlendirmeler yapıyor.

ABSTRACT
Zeus Altar, which was built in Pergamon / Bergama in the 2nd century BC, is a building that can bre considered to be the 8th wonder of the world. It is a masterpiece of the Hellenistic period. About a hundred and sixty years ago, some German/Prussian officials were taken it to Germany in a controversial way, and the State built a museum in Berlin for it and restored the Altar. In this book, published in 1991, the author describes some of the cultural values of Pergamon, making some comments about the transport of the Altar of Zeus form Bergama/Pergamon to Germany.

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The UNESCO World Heritage List has been in existence for nearly 40 years. The original idea of safeguarding the heritage through supranational institution promoting peace and international collaboration goes back to post WW II times. Currently the List includes nearly 1000 sites and the Convention is the most popular UN convention with 187 signatories.

Safranbolu can be described as a Gem City which developed her crystallized beauty in long lasted negligence. With her more than 1200 registered historic monuments, she ranks in 3rd position afte• Istanbul and Bursa. Starting with the extensive academic surveys and researches in 60s as well as early 70s, Safranbolu became a model for historic city conservation in Turkey. Having been included in UNESCO World Cultural Heritage, in 1995 highlighted its name in intellectual spheres. Being acquainted with tourism started in 90s by the initiations of TTOK and opening of the first touristic hotel after the restoration of one of the largest mansions in Safranbolu. Although" towns like Beypazarı, Mudurnu, Taraklı, etc. this time. In this paper we will discuss the past 15 years of Safranbolu in cultural tourism parallel to the developments of conservation practice. There are about 40 historic mansions which were restored as hotels, almost all historic market turned to souvenir shops, and cityscape has been face lifted to satisfy the expectations of tourists. The development of cultural tourism and interaction with conservation will be discussed within the framework of ICOMOS - International Cultural Tourism Charter.

"The average Westerner … was wont to regard Japan as barbarous while she indulged in the gentle arts of peace: he calls her civilized since she began to commit wholesale slaughter on Manchurian battlefields" (Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea, 1906)

The controversy that erupted in March over the publication of Charles Pellegrino’s account of the atomic bombings of Japan, The Last Train from Hiroshima, suggests that the historical legacy of the first military use of atomic weaponry is still fiercely contested in the USA. The spat is merely the latest conflict in a long war over the significance of the bombings, which resurfaces with each new book, exhibition or programme that appears. When the ruins of the Genbaku (Atomic Bomb) Dome – formerly the Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition Hall – were nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995, the United States objected on the basis of concerns over a ‘lack of historical perspective’, arguing that the ‘events antecedent to the United States’ use of atomic weapons to end World War II are key to understanding the tragedy of Hiroshima’. The appeal to historical facts by both US diplomats and, more recently, military veterans contrasts with the dehistoricized emphasis of other Western cultural responses to Hiroshima. But what both kinds of reception share is an occlusion of the prehistory of capitalist liberalism, colonialism and imperialism which produces Japanese modernity, a prehistory which is itself built into the Genbaku Dome’s concrete structure, and an afterlife of nuclear pacification which produces the global context of terrorism as the continuation of war by other means.

Research in prehistoric sites of lakes and bogs around the Alps started more than 150 years ago. In 2004 Switzerland took the initiative to propose an international UNESCO world heritage nomination, which was successful in 2011. Six countries – Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland – joined forces to obtain the precious label for an invisible cultural heritage of outstanding universal value. Archaeological sites under water or in bogs are of special importance because objects made of organic material like wood, bark, plant fibres and others survive in this milieu for hundred or thousands of years. The alpine pile-dwelling sites offer a highly precise dating possibility by using dendrochronology. All in all these sites have a high scientific potential but run also risks of long term conservation. Beside the scientific chances there are risks to consider: public access is difficult and a major challenge. New ideas are demanded to keep alive public interest.

Raising the persistence question about architectural entities consists in asking what is necessary and sufficient for a past or future architectural entity, like a building, to exist now. In this paper I investigate how the persistence question about buildings is affected by their spatial relocation. Why do we normally doubt that Notre Dame can survive its meticulous stone-by-stone transfer to Las Vegas? I argue that, since architectural plans are not capable of specifying all the constitutive properties of a building, the source of differentiation among constitutive and non-constitutive properties for buildings lies in a property’s being eligible or not eligible to be aesthetically relevant in the aesthetic judgements about them. As a matter of fact, our aesthetic judgements about buildings often concern, and are grounded on, extrinsic contextual properties. This explains why buildings can usually not survive relocation: because normally there is no basis for ruling out any extrinsic contextual feature of the building as inessential. I also try to explain why the change from thirteenth century Paris to contemporary Paris proved not to be lethal to Notre Dame’s persistence, in spite of its being more significant than other imaginary context changes that we would easily count as fatal.

ANTI es una publicación anual del Centro de Investigaciones Precolombinas que tiene como objetivos: 1. Conformar un lugar e intercambio entre diferentes especialistas a nivel nacional e internacional, así como también diferentes instituciones del campo de la historia, antropología, arqueología, etnología, y ciencias sociales en general; 2. Ofrecer un espacio para que investigadores y académicos puedan publicar sus producciones; 3. Construir un medio de comunicación a través de la difusión de investigaciones y ensayos; y 4. Jerarquizar la actividad académica.

With Vilnius occupied by Poland in the 1920s and 1930s, Kaunas was made the temporary capital of the Republic of Lithuania proclaimed in 1918. During this time, the city's appearance changed radically. This interwar period is often referred to as a golden age of Lithuanian architecture, and the potential uniqueness of the blend of architecture created in Kaunas at the time has often been mooted. For example, different districts of the city clearly each had their own architecture and displayed their own character as a result.
The impression previously conveyed by researchers that in the 1920s traditional architecture was employed on nearly all new buildings throughout Kaunas, contrasting sharply with the wave of modernism in the following decade, needs to be contested. In fact, both styles of construction are known to be applied, frequently by the same architect working on two projects almost simultaneously. This is borne out by the large number of examples in the article, which paints an innovative picture of Kaunas' interwar architecture.
In addition, especially in the 1930s, and especially in public edifices, it became increasingly common for both modernist and retrospective, traditional stylistic features to be employed on the same building. This is generally interpreted as an attempt by the young state of Lithuania to refer to its historical legitimacy via the medieval grand duchy of the same name, and also to prove its contemporary viability and openness to the rest of the world.
A gradual shift from traditional to modernist style preferences, which indeed take place, is reflected by the long planning history of the Church of Resurrection, destined to become an architectural symbol of country's independence gained in 1918. While buildings such as this church (which was only completed in the post-Soviet era) have been throughly studied, the opposite applies to numerous interwar private buildings, some of which were designed by architects whose names are not even verifiable.

Zu den Aufgabengebieten der UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) gehören seit ihrer Gründung im Jahr 1945 die Förderung von Erziehung (z.B. "Bildung für alle"), Wissenschaft (z.B. Erhalt der biologischen Arten und der Trinkwasserressourcen) und Kultur (z.B. Bewahrung von Kulturgut) sowie von Kommunikation und Information (z.B. Pressefreiheit und Informationszugang). 1 Als 33. Mitglied trat das Großherzogtum Luxemburg am 27. Oktober 1947 der UNESCO bei. Zurzeit zählt die zwischenstaatliche Organisation, deren Hauptsitz in Paris liegt, 195 Mitgliedstaaten.

Sopravvive ancora oggi, nonostante il trascorrere del tempo, l’immenso patrimonio tramandatoci dai cavalieri di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, costituito da monumenti e carte reperibili non solo alla Valletta, città capitale degli Ospedalieri, ma in tutto il mondo grazie alla presenza diffusa delle commende dell’Ordine. Conoscere e conservare la memoria di questi beni, di queste tracce indelebili del territorio, è indispensabile per non cancellare, pur inconsapevolmente, una presenza antica di secoli, certo profondamente legata alla storia di un luogo, ma anche parte di una più ampia storia europea. Con il presente contributo si vuole avviare una riflessione sul cosa rimanga di queste tracce, materiali ed immateriali, e sul come ci si possa porre di fronte ad esse.

RizsuzvuzNz Este ensayo busca el origen de 1a caracterización cultural, o sea la metanarrativaywmaster tmpe de los mayas de Yucatán como un pueblo “modernizandose”. Retoma las representaciones etnográficas de Chan Kom escritas por Redfield y Villa Rojas, y la de Piste escrita por Morris Steggerda para que, a través de dicha comparación y reconstrucción textual, el autor demuestre,“cómo y por que es posible que la 'cultura.

This research work touches on the following topics: Destination marketing and management. Place branding. Stekahoders' management. Evolution of destinations and typologies of attractions. These are applied to the destination of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, a prime tourist destinnation in the Caribbean. The framework used is Case Study Research and the results show a complex place but also give insights into a better place management.

(French below)
This article aims at sheding light on certain aspects of the present globalization and making a methodological contribution to its study. It draws on a case study: the inscription of an Ethiopian site on the UNESCO List of World Heritage. I first describe the different steps of the inscription of the Konso Cultural Landscape, 9th world heritage site in Ethiopia. I then analyse this inscription as the result of the global circulation and coalescence of several "projects" (Tsing) who have in common to value cultural diversity. The circulation and ideologies of their promoters emphasize the leading role of an elite characterized both by its international mobility, and a rhetoric that showcases localness and indigeneity, even to the point that they overshadow the people in the name of which they speak. These observations call for precautions in the use of scales (global, local) in anthropology.

Keywords: cultural landscape, bioculturality, world heritage, anthropology of globalization, UNESCO, Konso, Ethiopia, scale

Cet article prend pour entrée l’étude de la trajectoire de l’inscription d’un site éthiopien sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, pour éclairer certains aspects des dynamiques contemporaines de la globalisation et apporter une contribution méthodologique à son étude. La première partie expose les étapes de l’inscription du Paysage culturel konso, 9e bien inscrit sur la Liste l’UNESCO en Éthiopie. Elle est suivie d’une analyse éclairant cette inscription comme le résultat de la circulation globale et de la coalescence de plusieurs « projets » fondés sur la valorisation de la diversité culturelle. L’examen des circulations et idéologies de leurs promoteurs fait ressortir le rôle prépondérant d’une élite caractérisée à la fois par sa mobilité internationale, et sa rhétorique valorisant le local et l’autochtonie, au point de faire disparaître les acteurs mêmes au nom de qui elle parle. Ces observations appellent à de nouvelles précautions dans l’usage des échelles (globales, locales) en anthropologie.

Mots-clés: paysage culturel, bioculturalité, patrimoine mondial, anthropologie de la globalisation, UNESCO, pays konso, Éthiopie, échelle

Our present is intrinsically bound up with our past, our sense of identity shaped and moulded by the cultural legacies of our forebears. That's why organisations such as UNESCO exist to protect the cultural heritage of the world for current and future generations. Recent years have all too clearly shown the need for that protection, with wars in the Middle East leading to the destruction or looting of many ancient monuments, while others are lost to natural disasters, cultural vandalism and iconoclasm or neglect. What can we do to prevent the loss of

"WORLDS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE(S): HISTORY AND POLITICS", INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, 7-8 FEBRUARY 2019

Offered by the University of Coimbra since 2010,
Heritages of Portuguese Influence (patrimonios.pt)
is an international doctoral programme since 2012. With
an interdisciplinary nature and scope, it studies the
cultural heritages of the communities and territories that
were inuenced by the Portuguese diasporas, focusing
on landscape and language, the cornerstones of living
heritages. Mobilizing approaches coming from
Architecture, Urbanism, Cultural Studies, Arts and
History, it provides a multidisciplinary and multifaceted
assessment of heritage as a cultural as well as a political
argument and practice, placing its history and its
potential as a tool for sustainable development at the
forefront of all enquiries.
Worlds of Cultural Heritage(s) aims to contribute to the
ongoing international debates about the history and politics
of cultural heritage. Addressing the most vital conceptual
and methodological critical assessments of the ways in
which Cultural Heritage Studies can evolve as a discipline
and dialogue with others, the conference aspires to provide
a global empirical engagement with the history of its
languages and programs, but also with its place in
international agendas.

Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Diese Publikation ist außerdem auf der Website des Verlags Hamburg University Press open access verfügbar unter http://hup.rrz.uni-hamburg.de. Die Deutsche Bibliothek hat die Netzpublikation archiviert. Diese ist dauerhaft auf dem Archivserver Der Deutschen Bibliothek verfügbar unter http://deposit.ddb.de. ISBN 3-9808223-2-X (Printausgabe)

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