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Fig. 4.11 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents

Figure 4 11 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents

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Fig. 2.1 CBR moisture content relationships for natural and lime treated ML soil (Thompson, 1970)
Fig. 2.1 CBR moisture content relationships for natural and lime treated ML soil (Thompson, 1970)
Fig. 2.2 Ettringite formation in lime stabilised cohesive soils (Buttress, 2013) lime stabilisation of cohesive soils is shown in Figure 2.2.
Fig. 2.2 Ettringite formation in lime stabilised cohesive soils (Buttress, 2013) lime stabilisation of cohesive soils is shown in Figure 2.2.
Fig. 2.3 Fibrous crystals of ettringite damages the soil structure through mineral expansion during its precipitation
Fig. 2.3 Fibrous crystals of ettringite damages the soil structure through mineral expansion during its precipitation
Fig.2.4(a) Ettringite formation in koalinite-lime system (after 6 months curing) (Rajasekaran, 2005)
Fig.2.4(a) Ettringite formation in koalinite-lime system (after 6 months curing) (Rajasekaran, 2005)
Fig.2.4(b) Ettringite formation in quicklime-sodium sulphate treated marine clay (after 45 days treatment) (Rajasekaran, 2005)
Fig.2.4(b) Ettringite formation in quicklime-sodium sulphate treated marine clay (after 45 days treatment) (Rajasekaran, 2005)
Table 3.1 Sulphate content of Panampilly Nagar clay (clay 1)
Table 3.1 Sulphate content of Panampilly Nagar clay (clay 1)
Table 3.2 Sulphate content of Kaloor clay (clay 2) 3.3.2 Sample preparation
Table 3.2 Sulphate content of Kaloor clay (clay 2) 3.3.2 Sample preparation
Fig. 3.1 Location of sampling points (Rajasekaran et al. 1999) Hence the present study focuses on a maximum sulphate content of 4%
Fig. 3.1 Location of sampling points (Rajasekaran et al. 1999) Hence the present study focuses on a maximum sulphate content of 4%
Narasimha Rao and Rajasekaran (2005) reported the presence of day
Narasimha Rao and Rajasekaran (2005) reported the presence of day
Fig. 3.4 (a) & (b) Micrographs of clay 1
Fig. 3.4 (a) & (b) Micrographs of clay 1
Grain size distribution curves of clay 1 and clay 2 are given in Fig. 3.5.
Grain size distribution curves of clay 1 and clay 2 are given in Fig. 3.5.
Table 3.3 Physical properties
Table 3.3 Physical properties
Table 4.2 Physical properties of clay 1 treated with 3% lime and sulphate
Table 4.2 Physical properties of clay 1 treated with 3% lime and sulphate
Fig. 4.1 Variation of liquid limit with sulphate content for clay1 treated with 3% lime
Fig. 4.1 Variation of liquid limit with sulphate content for clay1 treated with 3% lime
Fig. 4.2 Variation of liquid limit with sulphate content for clay 1 with treated 3% lime and BaClz
Fig. 4.2 Variation of liquid limit with sulphate content for clay 1 with treated 3% lime and BaClz
Fig. 4.3 Variation of liquid limit with sulphate content for clay 1 with 6% lime
Fig. 4.3 Variation of liquid limit with sulphate content for clay 1 with 6% lime
Fig. 4.5 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 3% lime treated clay 1with varying sulphate contents
Fig. 4.5 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 3% lime treated clay 1with varying sulphate contents
Fig.4.6 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig.4.6 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.7 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents
Fig. 4.7 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents
Fig. 4.8 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.8 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.9 Grain size distribution curves for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents
Fig. 4.9 Grain size distribution curves for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents
Fig. 4.10 Grain size distribution curves for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.10 Grain size distribution curves for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.12 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.12 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 4.14 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate
Fig. 4.14 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate
Fig. 4.15 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium chloride
Fig. 4.15 Grain size distribution curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium chloride
Table 4.6 Physical properties of lime treated clay 2 with sulphate and treated with barium chloride and barium hydroxide additive
Table 4.6 Physical properties of lime treated clay 2 with sulphate and treated with barium chloride and barium hydroxide additive
Table 4.7 Physical properties of clay 2 treated with 6% additives
Table 4.7 Physical properties of clay 2 treated with 6% additives
Fig. 4.18 Variation of plasticity index with curing period for clay 2
Fig. 4.18 Variation of plasticity index with curing period for clay 2
Fig. 4.19 Variation of shrinkage limit with curing period for clay 2
Fig. 4.19 Variation of shrinkage limit with curing period for clay 2
Fig. 4.20 Variation of free swell index with curing period for clay 2
Fig. 4.20 Variation of free swell index with curing period for clay 2
Fig. 4.21 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate
Fig. 4.21 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate
Fig. 4.22 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium chloride
Fig. 4.22 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium chloride
Fig. 4.23 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium hydroxide
Fig. 4.23 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium hydroxide
Fig. 4.24 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium additives
Fig. 4.24 Liquid limit vs. plasticity index for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium additives
Table 5.1 Experimental program for consolidation tests 5.3. Results and discussions
Table 5.1 Experimental program for consolidation tests 5.3. Results and discussions
Fig. 5.1 e - log p curves for 6% lime treated clay 1 (containing 0.5% natural sulphate)
Fig. 5.1 e - log p curves for 6% lime treated clay 1 (containing 0.5% natural sulphate)
Fig. 5.2 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for one week
Fig. 5.2 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for one week
Fig. 5.2 (c) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for one month
Fig. 5.2 (c) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for one month
Fig. 5.2 (d) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for three months
Fig. 5.2 (d) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for three months
Fig. 5.2 (e) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for six months
Fig. 5.2 (e) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for six months
Fig. 5.2 (f) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months
Fig. 5.2 (f) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months
Fig. 5.2 (g) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for 24 months
Fig. 5.2 (g) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 cured for 24 months
Fig. 5.3 (a) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with1% sulphate and cured for 3 months
Fig. 5.3 (a) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with1% sulphate and cured for 3 months
Fig. 5.3 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 1% sulphate and cured for 6 months
Fig. 5.3 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 1% sulphate and cured for 6 months
Fig. 5.3 (c) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 1% sulphate and cured for 24 months
Fig. 5.3 (c) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 1% sulphate and cured for 24 months
barium chloride sufficient enough to counteract the effect of sulphate present.
barium chloride sufficient enough to counteract the effect of sulphate present.
Fig. 5.4 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 2% sulphate and cured for 12 months
Fig. 5.4 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 2% sulphate and cured for 12 months
Fig. 5.5 Effect of varying sulphate content on 6% lime treated clay 1
Fig. 5.5 Effect of varying sulphate content on 6% lime treated clay 1
Fig 5.6 e - log p curves for 3% lime treated clay 1 containing 0.5% natural sulphate
Fig 5.6 e - log p curves for 3% lime treated clay 1 containing 0.5% natural sulphate
Fig. 5.7 establishes the effect of increased lime content in decreasing the Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 5.7 establishes the effect of increased lime content in decreasing the Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 5.10 e - log p curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium chloride
Fig. 5.10 e - log p curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium chloride
Fig. 5.11 e- log p curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium hydroxide
Fig. 5.11 e- log p curves for 6% lime treated clay 2 with 4% sulphate and barium hydroxide
Fig. 5.12 (a) Comparison of effect of barium chloride and barium hydroxide (curing period 3 months)
Fig. 5.12 (a) Comparison of effect of barium chloride and barium hydroxide (curing period 3 months)
Fig. 5.12 (b) Comparison of effect of barium chloride and barium hydroxide (curing period 9 months)
Fig. 5.12 (b) Comparison of effect of barium chloride and barium hydroxide (curing period 9 months)
Table. 5.2 de/d(log p) values for 3% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents
Table. 5.2 de/d(log p) values for 3% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents
Table. 5.3 de/d(log p) values for 3% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.3 de/d(log p) values for 3% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.4 de/d(log p) values for 6% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents
Table. 5.4 de/d(log p) values for 6% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents
Table. 5.5 de/d(log p) values for 6% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.5 de/d(log p) values for 6% lime treated clay 1 treated with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.6 de/d(log p) values for lime treated clay 2 treated with varying sulphate contents and barium compounds
Table. 5.6 de/d(log p) values for lime treated clay 2 treated with varying sulphate contents and barium compounds
Fig. 5.13 (a) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 1 (p = 6.25 - 12.5 k Pa)
Fig. 5.13 (a) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 1 (p = 6.25 - 12.5 k Pa)
Fig. 5.13 (b) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 1 (p = 12.5 - 25 k Pa)
Fig. 5.13 (b) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 1 (p = 12.5 - 25 k Pa)
Fig. 5.14 (a) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 2 (p = 6.25 - 12.5 k Pa)
Fig. 5.14 (a) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 2 (p = 6.25 - 12.5 k Pa)
Fig. 5.14(b) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 2 (p = 12.5 - 25 k Pa)
Fig. 5.14(b) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 2 (p = 12.5 - 25 k Pa)
Fig. 5.14 (c) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 2 (p = 200 - 400 k Pa)
Fig. 5.14 (c) Variation of de/d(log p) with curing period for treated clay 2 (p = 200 - 400 k Pa)
Table. 5.7 Coefficient of consolidation for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.7 Coefficient of consolidation for 3% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.8 Coefficient of consolidation for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Table. 5.8 Coefficient of consolidation for 6% lime treated clay 1 with varying sulphate contents and barium chloride
Fig. 5.15 (a) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 0.5% sulphate
Fig. 5.15 (a) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 0.5% sulphate
Fig. 5.15 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 2% sulphate Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 5.15 (b) Effect of barium chloride on 6% lime treated clay 1 with 2% sulphate Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
significantly altered due to the presence of sulphates.
significantly altered due to the presence of sulphates.
Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 5.18 Effect of barium chloride in 6% lime treated clay 1 with 1% sulphate
Fig. 5.18 Effect of barium chloride in 6% lime treated clay 1 with 1% sulphate
Fig. 5.19 Effect of barium chloride in 6% lime treated clay 1 with 2% sulphate
Fig. 5.19 Effect of barium chloride in 6% lime treated clay 1 with 2% sulphate
Fig. 5.20 Variation of bond strength with curing period for 6% lime treated clay 2 also proved in chapter 6.
Fig. 5.20 Variation of bond strength with curing period for 6% lime treated clay 2 also proved in chapter 6.
Fig. 5.22 Effect of barium hydroxide in 6% lime treated clay 2
Fig. 5.22 Effect of barium hydroxide in 6% lime treated clay 2
Fig. 5.23 Comparison of effect of barium hydroxide and barium chloride Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 5.23 Comparison of effect of barium hydroxide and barium chloride Compressibility behaviour of lime stabilised clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Table6.1 Experimental program for unconfined compression tests
Table6.1 Experimental program for unconfined compression tests
Fig. 6.1 Variation of unconfined compressive strength with curing period for clay 1 Strength behaviour of lime stabilised marine clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 6.1 Variation of unconfined compressive strength with curing period for clay 1 Strength behaviour of lime stabilised marine clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 6.2 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay1 (0.5% sulphate)
Fig. 6.2 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay1 (0.5% sulphate)
Fig 6.3 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay 1 (2 % sulphate)
Fig 6.3 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay 1 (2 % sulphate)
Fig 6.4 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay 1 (4 % sulphate)
Fig 6.4 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay 1 (4 % sulphate)
Fig 6.5 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay 1 (with varying sulphate contents)
Fig 6.5 Effect of barium chloride in mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised clay 1 (with varying sulphate contents)
Table 6.3 Unconfined compressive strength of treated clay 2
Table 6.3 Unconfined compressive strength of treated clay 2
Fig. 6.7 Effect of barium chloride in lime treated clay 2 (4% sulphate)
Fig. 6.7 Effect of barium chloride in lime treated clay 2 (4% sulphate)
Fig. 6.8 Effect of barium hydroxide in lime treated clay 2 (4% sulphate) shows the effect of barium hydroxide in counteracting the effect of sulphate
Fig. 6.8 Effect of barium hydroxide in lime treated clay 2 (4% sulphate) shows the effect of barium hydroxide in counteracting the effect of sulphate
effect of sulphate in lime treated soil.
effect of sulphate in lime treated soil.
Fig. 6.13 Stress — strain plots for lime treated clay 2 (4% sulphate & barium chloride)
Fig. 6.13 Stress — strain plots for lime treated clay 2 (4% sulphate & barium chloride)
Strength behaviour of lime stabilised marine clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Strength behaviour of lime stabilised marine clays containing sulphate and treated with barium compounds
Fig. 6.16 X -ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months (4 % sulphate)
Fig. 6.16 X -ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months (4 % sulphate)
Fig. 6.17 X - ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months (4 % sulphate and barium chloride)
Fig. 6.17 X - ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months (4 % sulphate and barium chloride)
Fig. 6.18 X - ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months (4% sulphate)
Fig. 6.18 X - ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1 cured for 12 months (4% sulphate)
Fig. 6.19 X - ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1cured for 12 months (4 % sulphate and barium chloride)
Fig. 6.19 X - ray diffraction pattern of lime treated clay 1cured for 12 months (4 % sulphate and barium chloride)
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