The Divine Spark of Syracuse

The MANDEL LECTURES in the Humanities at Brandeis University

Sponsored by the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Foundation

Faculty Steering Committee for the Mandel Center for the Humanities

Ramie Targoff, chair

The Mandel Lectures in the Humanities were launched in the fall of 2011 to promote the study of the humanities at Brandeis University, following the 2010 opening of the new Mandel Center for the Humanities. The lectures bring to the Mandel Center each year a prominent scholar who gives a series of three lectures and conducts an informal seminar during his or her stay on campus. The Mandel Lectures are unique in their rotation of disciplines or fields within the humanities and humanistic social sciences: the speakers have ranged from historians to literary critics, from classicists to anthropologists. The published series of books therefore reflects the interdisciplinary mission of the center and the wide range of extraordinary work being done in the humanities today.

For a complete list of books that are available in the series, visit www.upne.com

Ingrid D. Rowland, The Divine Spark of Syracuse

James Wood, The Nearest Thing to Life

David Nirenberg, Aesthetic Theology and Its Enemies: Judaism in Christian Painting, Poetry, and Politics

Ingrid D. Rowland

The

DIVINE SPARK

of

SYRACUSE

Brandeis University Press

Waltham, Massachusetts

BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY PRESS

An imprint of University Press of New England

www.upne.com

© 2019 Brandeis University

All rights reserved

For permission to reproduce any of the material in this book, contact Permissions, University Press of New England, One Court Street, Suite 250, Lebanon NH 03766; or visit www.upne.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

NAMES: Rowland, Ingrid D. (Ingrid Drake), author.

TITLE: The Divine Spark of Syracuse / Ingrid D. Rowland.

DESCRIPTION: Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press, 2019. | Series: The Mandel Lectures in the Humanities at Brandeis University | Includes bibliographical references and index.

IDENTIFIERS: LCCN 2018008864 (print) | LCCN 2018024205 (ebook) | ISBN 9781512603064 (epub, pdf, & mobi) | ISBN 9781512603040 (cloth: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781512603057 (pbk.: alk. paper)

SUBJECTS: LCSH: Syracuse (Italy)—Intellectual life. | Syracuse (Italy)—Civilization—Greek influences. | Italy, Southern—Civilization—Greek influences. | Greeks—Italy—Syracuse. | Plato. | Archimedes. | Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, 1573–1610.

CLASSIFICATION: LCC DG55.S9 (ebook) | LCC DG55.S9 R69 2019 (print) | DDC 937/.8103—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018008864

To Sallie Spence

And to the memory of Harry J. Carroll Jr., on whose office door stood the inscription

Μισέω μνάμονα συμπόταν.

CONTENTS

A Note on Transliteration and Translation

Introduction

1 PLATO AND SYRACUSE

2 PLATO IN SYRACUSE

3 ARCHIMEDES IN SYRACUSE

4 CARAVAGGIO IN SYRACUSE

Notes

Index

Color illustrations

A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION

For the most part, Greek names have been transliterated in their Latin versions, because these are more familiar to most readers: for example, Thucydides rather than Thoukydides and Plato rather than Platon. Hieron of Syracuse is an exception, as this is the way classical scholars generally refer to him.

All translations, unless otherwise specified, are my own.

You have heard that Syracuse is the greatest and most beautiful of all the Greek cities. It is . . . just as it is said to be.

CICERO, Against Verres

INTRODUCTION

In a reflective moment, the ancient biographer Plutarch calls the people of Syracuse outsider Greeks ( ektos Hellenon ). ¹ As a Roman citizen writing in the second century CE, when the empire encompassed vast areas of three continents, he is still drawing the same distinction between western and eastern Greeks that Athenian writers were making more than five hundred years earlier, when Greece was a jumble of warring city-states barely united by a common language. Cosmopolitan as he was, Plutarch—born near the sanctuary of Delphi, where he served for three decades as a priest, and educated in Athens—still identified more with the settlers of the Aegean islands and the coast of Asia Minor, who were bound together by related dialects, than he did with the Dorian Greeks who had sailed west to colonize Syracuse in 733 BCE, twenty years after the traditional founding of Rome. Spoken in Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes, Dorian was the dominant speech of the Greek mainland and the language of the western reaches of the Greek world. From the Athenian point of view, it was a dialect of farmers rather than seafarers (never mind that Dorian Corinth, the mother city of Syracuse, had been one of the great ports of the Mediterranean world ever since the Bronze Age). With language, or so the Athenians believed, came culture: the seagoing Greeks of Attica and Ionia prided themselves on their quick thinking and sophisticated tastes. The great Athenian hero was Theseus, who wore an intricately woven cape as his emblem. The Dorians’ champion, on the other hand, was the strong but slow-witted Heracles, whose chosen weapon was a primitive club.

Yet some of those earlier Athenians, like Thucydides and Plato, saw the Greek world differently. Thucydides, who recorded how Syracuse and Athens came into nearly suicidal conflict in the waning years of the fifth century BCE, described their people as the most like one another (malista homoiotropoi) of any other Greeks.² Plato and his brothers, Glaucon and Adeimantus, had close friends from Syracuse who had settled in Athens as permanent residents. When Athens erupted in a virtual civil war and put Socrates, his teacher, to death, Plato traveled south to Egypt and North Africa and then to western Greece, eager to study mathematics. From there he traveled to Syracuse, a city that raised his hopes for a new kind of human government and then cruelly dashed them.

For the Roman orator Cicero, who had studied in Greece, Syracuse was simply the greatest and most beautiful of all Hellenic cities, surpassing Athens and Corinth—the two gems of mainland Greece. In his opinion the Sicilian capital had long overtaken Athens as the intellectual center of the Greek world, boasting poets; playwrights; and Archimedes, the greatest of all mathematicians since the legendary Pythagoras. To many Roman eyes, if not to those of Plutarch, the western Greeks represented Hellenic culture as certainly as did the Greeks of the mainland, the Aegean islands, or the Ionian coast. But then, the Romans were used to thinking of civic identity on a generous scale: even by Cicero’s time, their homeland had expanded from a settlement on seven hills of volcanic rock to encompass large swathes of the Mediterranean and beyond.

For several centuries, therefore, Syracuse, on the southeastern coast of Sicily, ranked as one of the very greatest cities of the Mediterranean. A German map from 1929 (Plate 1) shows a modern city much smaller than the ancient metropolis (only after World War II would Syracuse surpass its ancient dimensions). As archaeological excavations have revealed in recent years, the sparsely built areas that appear on this map between the railroad line, the Roman amphitheater, and the neighborhood of Santa Lucia were all densely inhabited neighborhoods in antiquity (Plate 2). The first Greek colonists, who sailed from Corinth in 733 BCE, settled on the promontory of Ortygia (Quail Island), a spur of limestone joined to the mainland by shifting sandbars. Aside from a few modern interventions, the street plan of Ortygia still follows the pattern of that original Greek city (the 1929 map shows the island as it was before the Fascists intervened), and the streets are often as narrow as their ancient predecessors (Plate 3). The two largest open spaces in modern Ortygia, Piazza Archimede and Piazza del Duomo, occupy the area of the ancient agora, or marketplace, where two of the city’s most important temples provided the focus for urban life, and still do: the temple of Athena has become the cathedral of Syracuse, columns and all, while the ruins of the temple of Artemis sit directly under City Hall.³ To the west of Ortygia an ample bay provided a broad, deep harbor; and on the east, two spits of limestone curved around a smaller harbor. Two millennia and an endless series of earthquakes have sunk both harbors beneath the surface of the sea.

After about two hundred years, Syracuse began to expand from Ortygia to the mainland. The first new neighborhood to develop was called Achradina (Wild Pear), and until recently, scholars placed it where the area of Santa Lucia appears on the 1929 map. However, recent excavations in front of the train station show that Achradina must have been located instead on the isthmus connecting Ortygia to the mainland. Just north of Achradina, a new suburb developed with the name of Tyche (Fortune); this would have included the southern parts of Santa Lucia on the modern map. The city’s third-century BCE expansion beyond Tyche, in the region of the Greek theater and the stone quarries on the map, was simply called Neapolis (New City). This was the great walled city that faced down the Roman general Marcellus in the siege that lasted from 214 to 212 BCE, defended by the clever war machines of the city’s great mathematician, Archimedes.

At various times, the rivals of Syracuse have included Carthage, Athens, Palermo, and Messina as well as Rome. Ancient visitors included the poets Sappho and Pindar, the playwright Aeschylus, and the orator Cicero, who told his fellow Romans: You have heard that Syracuse is the greatest and most beautiful of all the Greek cities. It is . . . just as it is said to be.⁴ Archimedes and the poet Theocritus were natives. St. Paul stopped to preach there after he was shipwrecked on Malta.

In more modern times, Syracuse has hosted the baroque painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio; Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson of the British Navy; and the troops of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily in World War II. Its fourth-century Greek theater, restored to use in 1914, has become one of the most important theatrical venues in Italy (Plate 4). For all these reasons, Syracuse was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.⁵ Yet like the rest of Sicily, the city’s population has been shrinking in recent years, part of a general pattern of migration to mainland Italy and abroad.

Fortunate in the beauty of its natural setting, the fertility of its soil, and the mildness of its climate, Syracuse has also fallen victim to terrible tragedies. Sicily sits uncomfortably at the junction of the African and European tectonic plates, with an active volcano, Mount Etna, on its eastern edge. Its landscape, therefore, is as treacherous as it is beautiful. The last major earthquake struck Syracuse in 1693, but the 1908 earthquake that leveled Messina, only a hundred miles to the north, ranks as one of the most destructive in human history and the most deadly ever to strike Europe.

Syracuse has also suffered greatly from human folly. Its eighth century BCE founders drove out the region’s earlier inhabitants, Sicanians and Sicels, many of whom migrated north to the mountainous center of the island. These first colonists, called Gamoroi (sharers in the earth), regarded both indigenous residents and later settlers with a mixture of disdain and hostility, until the festering quarrel between old and new citizens was resolved by having a tyrant warlord rule the city. In 415 BCE, the Athenian navy made a reckless attempt to conquer Syracuse that ended two years later in a cataclysmic defeat. The Athenian attack failed (although it crippled the economy of both cities and brought on political chaos), but it was only the first in an endless series of attempts to master a prize port of the Mediterranean. In 409, Carthage began to make its own move on the region by invading wealthy Selinus, the westernmost of the Sicilian Greek city-states, creating a stream of refugees who settled in Syracuse and further strained the resources depleted by the battle with Athens. For the next two hundred years, the Syracusans watched warily as both Carthage and Rome eyed the city’s magnificent ports, fertile countryside, and sophisticated ways, carefully working to maintain a balance between the two powers. At last the Roman general Claudius Marcellus laid siege to Syracuse in 214 BCE, battling one of the greatest military engineers of all time: the elderly mathematician Archimedes, who was tragically killed two years later when the Romans finally breached the city walls. With the fall of Syracuse as an independent kingdom, the whole of Sicily became a province of the Roman Empire. A rapacious Roman governor, Gaius Verres, famously stripped Syracuse