Musical Instruments, Historic, Rare and Unique

Alfred J. Hipkins

Musical Instruments, Historic, Rare and Unique

Published by Good Press, 2022

goodpress@okpublishing.info

EAN 4064066134693

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION.

PLATE I. BURGMOTE HORNS.

PLATE II. QUEEN MARY’S HARP.

PLATE III. THE LAMONT HARP.

PLATE IV. CORNEMUSE, CALABRIAN BAGPIPE, MUSETTE.

PLATE V. BAGPIPES.

PLATE VI. CLAVICYTHERIUM OR UPRIGHT SPINET.

PLATE VII. OLIPHANT.

PLATE VIII. QUEEN ELIZABETH’S VIRGINAL.

PLATE IX. QUEEN ELIZABETH’S LUTE.

PLATE X. THE RIZZIO GUITAR.

PLATE XI. POSITIVE ORGAN.

PLATE XII. REGAL.

PLATE XIII. PORTABLE ORGAN AND BIBLE REGAL.

PLATE XIV. CETERA.

PLATE XV. LUTE.

PLATE XVI. THEORBO.

PLATE XVII. DULCIMER.

PLATE XVIII. VIRGINAL.

PLATE XIX. VIOLA DA GAMBA.

PLATE XX. DOUBLE SPINET OR VIRGINAL.

PLATE XXI. THREE CHITARRONI .

PLATE XXII. SPINET.

PLATE XXIII. QUINTERNA AND MANDOLINE.

PLATE XXIV. WELSH CRWTH. RUSSIAN BALALÄIKA.

PLATE XXVI. VIOLINS, THE ALARD STRADIVARIUS, THE KING JOSEPH GUARNERIUS DEL GESÙ.

PLATE XXVII. VIOLA D’AMORE .

PLATE XXVIII. CETERA, BY ANTONIUS STRADIVARIUS.

PLATE XXIX. GUITAR, BY ANTONIUS STRADIVARIUS.

PLATE XXX. BELL HARP AND HURDY-GURDY.

PLATE XXXI. SORDINI.

PLATE XXXII. CLAVICHORD.

PLATE XXXIII. THE EMPRESS HARPSICHORD.

PLATE XXXIV. PEDAL HARP.

PLATE XXXV. STATE TRUMPET AND KETTLEDRUM.

PLATE XXXVI. CAVALRY BUGLE, WITH TASSELS. CAVALRY TRUMPET, EMBOSSED. TRUMPETS, THREE INSTRUMENTS—WITH CROOKS, GILT, AND SILVER MOUNTED.

PLATE XXXVII. LITUUS, ROMAN CAVALRY. BUCCINA, ROMAN INFANTRY. CORNET, WITH TWO VALVES. TRUMPETS.

PLATE XXXVIII. TWO DOUBLE FLAGEOLETS, A GERMAN FLUTE, AND TWO FLÛTES DOUCES .

PLATE XXXIX. DOLCIANO . OBOE. BASSOON. OBOE DA CACCIA . BASSET HORN.

PLATE XL. SITÁRS AND VÍNA.

PLATE XLI. INDIAN DRUMS.

PLATE XLII. SAW DUANG & BOW. SAW TAI & BOW. SAW OO & BOW. KLUI. PEE.

PLATE XLIII. RANAT EK. KHONG YAI. TA’KHAY.

PLATE XLIV. HU-CH’IN & BOW. SHÊNG. SAN-HSIEN. P’I-P’A.

PLATE XLV. CHINESE TI-TZU, SO-NA, YUEH-CH’IN. JAPANESE HIJI-RIKI. CHINESE LA-PA.

PLATE XLVI. JAPANESE KOTO.

PLATE XLVII. SIAMISEN, KOKIU, BIWA.

PLATE XLVIII. MARIMBA, OF SOUTH AFRICA.

INDEX

INTRODUCTION.

Table of Contents

IT is claimed for this book, intended to illustrate rare historical and beautiful Musical Instruments, that it is unique. Classical, Mediæval, Japanese, and other varieties of Decorative Art, Weapons, and Costumes, have found worthy illustration and adequate description, but hitherto no attempt has been made to represent in a like manner the grace and external charm of fine lutes and harps, of viols, virginals, and other instruments. Engravings have been produced, in historical or technical works; but the greater number of these are mere repetitions continued from one to the other, and have no specially æsthetic interest. Beauty of form and fitness of decoration demand more than the commonplace homage paid to simple use, and while we should never lose sight of the purpose of a musical instrument, its capacity to produce agreeable and various sounds, we can take advantage of its form and material, and, making it lovely to look upon, give pleasure to the eye as well as the ear. It is hardly necessary to say that the love of adornment or ornament is an attribute of the human race. It is to be found everywhere and in every epoch when life is, for the time being, safe and the means of existence secure. Some favourite manner of decoration is the characteristic stamp of a people, a period, or a country. The earliest monuments we can point to that represent musical instruments, show a tendency to adorn them or to place them with decorative surroundings. The Egyptians, the Assyrians, the ancient Greeks supply a record that has been continued by the Persians and Saracens, in the Gothic age and the Renaissance, always repeating, as it were, in an ineffaceable script, the precept that the hand should minister to the gratification of the eye, and satisfy it by alternating excitement with repose. And so it was, until the marvellous mechanical advance in the present century has not only caused us to forget, by its overwhelming power, what our predecessors so steadfastly continued, but has induced us to regard the ugly as sufficient if the mere practical end is served. By thus chilling the appreciation and pursuit of decorative invention, that faculty has been numbed for the time being, and there is danger of its being lost altogether. It may be answered that real artistic work is occasionally done, and there are examples of it to be found in musical instruments; a good organ case is sometimes made, sometimes a fine decoration for a piano case. If there is any hope of an awakening of the love for musical instruments that finds expression in their adornment, its promise lies in the beautiful designs that have been, of late years, so meritoriously carried out for pianos—the invention of Mr. Alma Tadema, Mr. Burne Jones, Mr. Fox, and Miss Kate Faulkner. Good decoration need not be a privilege of the rich; the old Antwerp clavecin-makers, who were all members of the guild of St. Luke, the artists' guild, knew how to worthily decorate their instruments at little cost, as may be seen in the Ruckers Virginal, Plate XVIII. They painted their sound-boards with appropriate ornamentation, and used bright colour to heighten the effect of their instruments when open. The Italians went even farther in richer details, and beautified other stringed instruments besides those with key-boards. The persistence of noble traditions is shown in the exquisite ornament of the Siamese instruments (Plates XLII. and XLIII.) and of the Japanese Koto (Plate XLVI.). It would be grievous if this Eastern inheritance were lost through the engrafting of Western ideas and reception of our material civilisation. The incentive to all such work is the pleasure found in it, and without pleasure in work the life of the worker is aimless and sad.

In describing musical instruments we can refer to no beginnings; those that may be discerned dimly in the glimmering of the historic dawn present a certain completeness that marks an intellectual advance already accomplished. The well-known Egyptian Nefer, a spade-like guitar, or rather tamboura, invited by its long neck the stopping of various notes upon its strings. As early as the Third Dynasty, it had already been so long in use as to have become incorporated in the pictorial language of the Hieroglyphics, in which its representation presented the concept or symbol of the attribute good. This stringed instrument, thus complex in its playing, must have been already grey with age when it was cut in stone in the monument of the beautiful Princess Nefer-t, now in the museum at Bulaq. We cannot conjecture when it was discovered that more tones than one could be got from a single string by taking advantage of the expedient of a long neck or finger-board, or from a single pipe by boring lateral holes in it, and closing those holes to produce different notes with the fingers. Even these remote inventions, certainly prehistoric, seem to require that there should be yet older inventions—those which placed pipes or strings of different lengths, or strings of the same length but of different thicknesses and tension, side by side, as in the syrinx or Pan's pipes, or the harp and lyre.

The late Carl Engel, Music of the Most Ancient Nations (London, 1864), has formed a kind of Development theory for musical instruments, giving the earliest place to the drum, and the latest to the stringed instruments; those of the latter with key-boards having been invented almost in our own time. This theory has lately been reconstructed upon a more scientific basis by Mr. Rowbotham (History of Music, vol. i., London, 1885). The drum and tambourine, and other clashing and mere time-marking instruments, as sistrums, cymbals, castagnettes, and triangles, are on the limit of musical sound and noise, inclining, for the most part, to the latter. The drum is widely used in religious services in different parts of the world, and to play the sistrum was in ancient Egypt the prerogative of a high order of priesthood. The various Buddhist gongs resemble the kettledrums in this respect, that they have a more definable musical element in them, and we find these sonorous metal instruments widely used in China and the Indo-Chinese countries, in Java, and the Indian Archipelago. The Indian drums (Plate XLI.), according to the theory just mentioned, should be aboriginal, but the most ancient, the M'ridang, is attributed to the god S'iva, and is therefore Aryan. Her Majesty the Queen's State Kettledrum (Plate XXXV.) here adorned with a richly embroidered silk banneret, serves to show the highest point the drum has yet attained in estimation and use. On a much higher level is that arrangement of wooden or metal bars in those instruments classed generally as Harmonicons, which are especially at home in Java, Siam, and Burma, and are known to be used from the Hill country of India in the one direction, to Africa in the other. The beautiful Siamese Ranat and Khong (Plate XLIII.) and the Zulu Marimba (Plate XLVIII.) are examples of this wide distribution, and in the latter the gourd resonators attached to the bars show the simplest form of sound reinforcers, which, perfected in various Eastern instruments, such as the Indian Vínas and Sitárs (Plate XL.) has in Europe attained its crowning artistic development in the beautiful pear-shaped Resonance bodies of the Lute and Mandoline. We find also varieties of this beautiful form in the Georgian and Turcoman tambouras, the Colascione of Southern Italy and similar instruments, the migrations of which may here and there be traced along the lines of religious movements, as in Central Asia and Hindostan, in China, the Corea, and Japan. For instance, the shorter-necked lutes and guitars, the rebec, rebab, and other precursors of the viols and violins, which, borrowed from the Arabic population of the Holy Land, actually came to Europe upon the reflex wave of the Crusades. The Saracenic occupation of Spain had, however, its share in the transmission of these instruments, and of a taste for the pizzicato, and also of an elaboration of vocal and instrumental ornament, which has remained in the popular airs and dances of that country, and, an important characteristic of the music of the Troubadours and Trouvères, has left its mark upon our modern music everywhere. The Arab blood in Spain may have tended to preserve the use of the guitar as a national instrument in that country. A Guitar (Plate XXIX.) and a Cetera (Plate XXVIII.) made by Stradivarius, as he usually signed his name, are of especial interest as showing that he was not above making more simple instruments than violins. The beautiful tortoiseshell Guitar (Plate X.) has a tradition that connects it with Mary of Scots and the unfortunate Rizzio. In all these guitar and lute instruments, the roses in the sound-boards show a wealth of invention in design that is truly astonishing. A work of this kind would not be without interest if it were devoted only to these roses, and to those of spinets and harpsichords. Guitars have flat backs, and lutes shell or pear-shaped resonance bodies, and the former are again divided into the guitar proper with