European Studies: Past, Present and Future

Understanding Europe

The Council for European Studies book series

This series of books in association with the Council for European Studies publishes research-based work that contributes to our understanding of contemporary Europe, its nation states, institutions and societies. The series mirrors the CES’s commitment to supporting research that plays a critical role in understanding and applying the lessons of European history and integration to contemporary problems, including those in the areas of global security, sustainability, environmental stewardship, and democracy.

Published

European Studies: Past, Present and Future

Edited by Erik Jones

© Editorial matter and selection 2020 Erik Jones. Individual contributions, the contributors.

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.

No reproduction without permission.

All rights reserved.

First published in 2020 by Agenda Publishing

Agenda Publishing Limited

The Core

Bath Lane

Newcastle Helix

Newcastle upon Tyne

NE4 5TF

www.agendapub.com

ISBN 978-1-78821-282-3 (hardcover)

ISBN 978-1-78821-283-0 (paperback)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Typeset by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan

Printed and bound in the UK by TJ International

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Contributors

Part I The study of Europe

1.The Council for European Studies at 50: looking back and looking ahead

Erik Bleich

2.European studies as an intellectual field: a perspective from sociology Michèle Lamont

3.From Western civilization to critical European studies

Hélène B. Ducros and Louie Dean Valencia-García

4.Beyond exceptionalism in European studies

Catherine Guisan

5.Diversity or unity? The role of culture in European studies

Simon Fink and Lars Klein

6.The horizons of European culture

Randall Halle

7.Welcome to the family: integration, identity, and inclusivity in European studies

Sarah Cooper and Koen Slootmaeckers

8.Unexpected Europeanists: building a new cadre of European studies

William Collins Donahue and Martin Kagel

9.Europe past, present, and future: changing governance in higher education

Beverly Barrett

10.The future of European studies and higher education reform in Africa

Patricia W. Cummins

Part II Lessons from Europe

11.Studying Europe as a path to understanding the state of democracy today

Sheri Berman

12.Economic challenges and electoral politics in Europe

Peter A. Hall

13.Lessons from Central Europe’s dissidents

Lisa A. Baglione

14.Federalism, borders, and citizenship

Willem Maas

15.History’s lessons from the single market and the Maastricht years?

George Ross

16.The extraordinary, taken-for-granted achievement of Europe’s single market

Craig Parsons

17.Economic and Monetary Union: a live issue after 50 years

Dermot Hodson and Alison Johnston

18.Putting deprived neighborhoods back at the core of EU urban policy

Sonia De Gregorio Hurtado

19.The political integration of the middle class

Paul Marx

20.The leftovers: vulnerable populations in the global, post-industrial age

Cathie Jo Martin

Part III The changing face of Europe

21.Nativism across the Atlantic: the end of exceptionalisms?

Jan Willem Duyvendak

22.Governing migration: political contestation and policy formation

Jennifer Elrick and Oliver Schmidtke

23.Can Europe recover from its latest wave of us-versus-them politics?

Karen Umansky, Alberto Spektorowski, and Joel Busher

24.Fearing Muslims as the other

John R. Bowen

25.The challenge of Europe’s nations

Gregory Baldi

26.Can European states be countries of migration?

Justin Gest

27.Battling over Europe’s identity: right-wing politics, religion, and an uncertain future

Fabio Capano

28.Bosnia and Herzegovina between EU accession, unhealed trauma, and migrant crisis

Alma Jeftić

29.Social movements as a solution to European aporia?

Marcos Ancelovici and Guya Accornero

30.Belonging to Berlin: a case of bureaucratic dystopia, minority agency, and solidarity

Anlam Filiz

Part IV Europe’s future

31.Quo vadis Europa?

Juan Díez Medrano

32.Exit, voice, or loyalty? The collapse of national elite consensus on Europe’s future

Matthias Matthijs

33.Differentiated integration through more integration, decentralization, and democracy

Vivien A. Schmidt

34.Reflections on the direction of the European project

Mare Ushkovska

35.The EU’s rule-of-law crisis and the problem of diagonality

Csongor István Nagy

36.More union, more states

Josep M. Colomer

37.The EU’s challenge with size, sovereignty, and mutual benefit

Ludmila Bogdan and Twamanguluka N. Nambili

38.Brexit: the golden chalice of European demos formation?

Erin O’Leary

39.Who wants to live forever? Europe

Veronica Anghel

Part V Reflections on Europe’s world role

40.The world as invention

Benjamin Bennett

41.Defensive institution building

Shawn Donnelly

42.The EU and South–South cooperation

Shengqing Zhang

43.The enduring promise of the EU

Harris Mylonas

Part VI Final thoughts

44.Richie Havens, Beethoven, and the music of revolutions

Steven Johnson

45.The dream of Europe: Camelot in the time of Mordred

Erik Jones

References

About the Council for European Studies

Index

PREFACE

Erik Jones

The study of Europe has never been more active. Whether the conversation turns to populism, Brexit, immigration, or austerity, Europe is at the forefront. The same is true when scholars debate the future of democracy, the stability of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), efforts to combat climate change, or the struggle to maintain a multilateral world order. Europe may be the old continent, but it is a constant source of interest, inspiration, innovation, insight, and hope for the future.

Research on Europe has continued to grow as well. You can see this progression in the page budgets, citations, and download statistics for the major European journals. You can also see it in the length and breadth of the publishing lists on Europe from the major university and commercial presses. The professional associations that focus on Europe have widened their memberships, multiplied their conferences and workshops, and expanded their remits. Meanwhile, the range of scholars involved in this activity extends ever more widely beyond the core group that straddles the North Atlantic to a dynamic new community of scholars in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond into China, South and South East Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

From research to engagement

The study of Europe has also never been more important. You can see this importance in the wide-ranging misperceptions of Europe that are held on both sides of the Atlantic, in the polarizing debate that surrounded the British referendum on European Union (EU) membership, in the divisions that emerged across the European continent during the recent economic and financial crisis, and in the reaction of many Europeans to the sudden upsurge in migration from Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Misperceptions often reveal themselves in European relations with China, Russia, and the United States. Caricatures tend to predominate over subtlety or nuance; increasingly, moreover, both popular discourse and public policy-making seems to bend to stereotypes and away from substance.

The challenge now is to take advantage of this new dynamism in the study of Europe to strengthen and inform popular perception and public policy – not just within Europe and among European countries, but throughout Europe’s relations with the outside world (and particularly in the United States and China). By implication, scholars who study Europe need to find more robust channels for engagement with a wider, global audience. They have to learn to shape their analysis in terms that can be widely understood and to make the insights they generate both accessible and attractive. This kind of engagement does not always come easily for academics, particularly when they work at the boundaries of multiple scholarly disciplines to address real-world problems in particular regions or countries. Nevertheless, it is vital that the insights such scholarship has to offer are not locked away from wider conversation about Europe.

Fifty years in the making

The Council for European Studies (CES) exists to foster this kind of engagement – by promoting research, organizing networks, hosting conferences, publishing commentary, and building bridges between academics and the policy community. The CES started in the United States; now it works equally on both sides of the Atlantic. As it celebrates its fiftieth anniversary, moreover, the work of the CES has never been more important.

This collection of short essays illustrates the kind of insights on Europe that the wider community of scholars has to offer. The contributions touch on the study of Europe, the lessons of the past, the changing present, and the prospects for Europe’s future both as a political project and as an actor in the global arena. The contributors represent a wide diversity of opinion. Some are leading members of the academic community who have guided the CES in the past; others are new to the profession. More importantly, not all contributions agree with one another. The contrasts are sharpest on the changing face of Europe and Europe’s future (including its world role), but there are lines of tension that run across the lessons of the past and the study of Europe as well.

The structure of the volume follows this list of themes, offering clusters of short reflections about Europe’s past, present, and future. Within each cluster, you will find a mix of contributions – some that raise broad claims about what we can learn from Europe and others that focus more narrowly on how Europeans hope to tackle specific problems. Invariably, these contributions run across scholarly disciplines. What unites them is their focus on Europe. The volume concludes with a pair of final reflections. One of these offers a sense of cultural perspective, drawing connections to one of the great works of European music. The other relies on a famous piece of popular literature to frame the encompassing narrative.

The goal of the collection is to provoke thought, conversation, and interest. The best way to celebrate the fiftieth birthday of the CES, is to remember the importance of studying Europe. Looking ahead, however, the CES has broader ambitions. One of the most important of these is to use this volume as the starting point for a series of books to be produced by Agenda Publishing that will push forward the conversation on major developments in Europe. The goal with these books is to create a new form of engagement that combines depth of insight with accessibility and relevance.

Another ambition is to widen the conversation. The American Century has waned, and China has risen. Other parts of the globe are also asserting their influence and importance. What happens in Europe is already a focus for attention. The challenge is to make sure that the insights of this wider scholarly community are accessible to researchers and policymakers across the globe. The CES plans to widen its networks and deepen its strategy for engagement in response; it has had a very successful half-century, but remains committed to an even more successful future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project was developed within the publications committee of the CES. The original members of the committee – Erik Bleich, Jan Willem Duyvendak, Karl-Orfeo Fioretos, Evelyne Huber, and Nicole Shea – each played important roles in conceptualizing the volume, formulating the strategy for soliciting the papers, reviewing those contributions that were received, and making suggestions for how to widen involvement from the membership of the organization. Previous chairs of the CES generously agreed to share their insight, as did the directors of the council’s 15 research networks. Nicole Shea introduced this project to the World Society Foundation, which was crucial not only in providing much needed financial assistance but also in encouraging us to look for non-traditional voices to add into the conversation about Europe. The contributors were all very flexible with any suggestions and very responsive to any questions or queries. Zoë Strauss, a student at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in Bologna, played an important role in helping to organize the sections and to identify the key themes that emerged across the essays. In short, this was not only a team effort, but also a very large and cooperative team.

Finally, and perhaps most important, Alison Howson and Steven Gerrard at Agenda Publishing were enthusiastic and understanding supporters of the project, providing much needed encouragement as I missed one editorial deadline after another. Organizing a celebratory project like this is not a standard publication venture. I am very grateful that Agenda has agreed to take this on – not only as a way of celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the CES or even as a vehicle to launch the new publication series that the CES will produce with Agenda, but also and more importantly to open up a global conversation about the future of Europe. The CES is celebrating 50 years of excellence in fostering European studies in North America and across the Atlantic. That kind of inquiry has never been more important. With partners like Agenda Publishing and the World Society Foundation, I am confident that the CES will continue to flourish and to widen the conversation for the next 50 years and more.

Erik Jones

Bologna

ABBREVIATIONS

CONTRIBUTORS

Guya Accornero, University Institute of Lisbon

Marcos Ancelovici, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

Veronica Anghel, Stanford University and European University Institute

Lisa A. Baglione, Saint Joseph’s University

Gregory Baldi, Western Illinois University

Beverly Barrett, University of St Thomas

Benjamin Bennett, University of Virginia

Sheri Berman, Columbia University

Erik Bleich, Middlebury College

Ludmila Bogdan, Harvard University

John R. Bowen, Washington University in St. Louis

Joel Busher, Coventry University

Fabio Capano, independent researcher

Josep M. Colomer, Georgetown University

Sarah Cooper, University of Exeter

Patricia W. Cummins, Virginia Commonwealth University

Sonia De Gregorio Hurtado, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Juan Díez Medrano, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

William Collins Donahue, University of Notre Dame

Shawn Donnelly, University of Twente

Hélène B. Ducros, North Carolina State University

Jan Willem Duyvendak, University of Amsterdam and Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIAS-KNAW)

Jennifer Elrick, McGill University

Anlam Filiz, independent researcher

Simon Fink, Georg-August University Göttingen

Justin Gest, George Mason University

Catherine Guisan, University of Minnesota

Peter A. Hall, Harvard University

Randall Halle, University of Pittsburgh

Dermot Hodson, Birkbeck, University of London

Alma Jeftić, International Christian University

Steven Johnson, Brigham Young University

Alison Johnston, Oregon State University

Erik Jones, Johns Hopkins University

Martin Kagel, University of Georgia

Lars Klein, Georg-August University Göttingen

Michèle Lamont, Harvard University

Willem Maas, York University

Cathie Jo Martin, Boston University

Paul Marx, University of Duisburg-Essen and University of Southern Denmark

Matthias Matthijs, Johns Hopkins University

Harris Mylonas, George Washington University

Csongor István Nagy, University of Szeged and Hungarian Academy of Sciences Lendület Federal Markets Research Group

Twamanguluka N. Nambili, Birkbeck, University of London and Pheora Rucci Ltd

Erin O’Leary, University of Chester

Craig Parsons, University of Oregon and University of Oslo

George Ross, University of Montreal

Vivien A. Schmidt, Boston University

Oliver Schmidtke, University of Victoria

Koen Slootmaeckers, City, University of London

Alberto Spektorowski, Tel Aviv University

Karen Umansky, Tel Aviv University

Mare Ushkovska, independent researcher

Louie Dean Valencia-García, Texas State University

Shengqing Zhang, Leipzig University

PART I

THE STUDY OF EUROPE

1

THE COUNCIL FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES AT 50: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD

Erik Bleich

The Council for European Studies (CES) has changed a great deal since our 25th anniversary celebration in 1995. In its earliest years, the CES was supported largely through one major funder, and it held a relatively small biennial conference exclusively in the United States. The primary participants were US-based scholars of European politics and society, their graduate students, and a small number of intrepid Europeans willing to travel to Chicago in March. These gatherings were intimate affairs, counting roughly 500 participants, all of whom stayed in the conference hotel.

Since that time, the CES has grown. Although we still receive support for graduate student dissertation completion grants, the CES does not rely heavily on foundations to carry out its mission. It now organizes conferences every year, with even-year meetings typically held in North America and odd-year conferences in Europe. We have built a wider base of targeted grant-funded projects that integrate individual and institutional members on both sides of the Atlantic.

This transition has proven phenomenally successful for broadening the number and types of people that connect through the CES. Approximately 800–1,000 participants attend our North American conferences and 1,200–1,500 gather in the European years. Our attendees come from traditional areas of strength such as political science, sociology, history, and anthropology, but also from fields like law, communications, economics, geography, cultural studies, urban studies, the humanities, business, and the arts.

Research networks have become hubs of activity for most of our members. They foster interdisciplinary approaches to the study of pressing issues such as immigration, social movements, the welfare state, or gender and sexuality. Our research networks nurture intellectual and social ties that help stitch CES members together. They host mini-conferences, work on collaborative projects, draw on CES resources when applying for grants, and publish collections of their work in our online platform EuropeNow. They allocate funding toward graduate student participation at the annual conference, bestow prizes, hold receptions, connect members with scholarly journals, and much more. Research networks thus often create the intimacy that marked the earliest years of the CES, while simultaneously drawing in new scholars, graduate students, universities, and foundation support.

The CES has evolved quite a bit over the past two and a half decades, and it is still an object in motion. Looking ahead, our goal is to build on the strength of our conferences to expand the role of the CES, the core mission of which is to produce, support, and recognize outstanding, multidisciplinary research on Europe through a wide range of programs and initiatives. We see challenges and opportunities in several areas.

Students

To understand Europe over the long term, we have to support undergraduate and graduate students who have a deep and abiding interest in the continent. In some fields, a focus on Europe remains central and strong. In others, however, the commitment to area studies has waned. In my own discipline of political science, for example, it is rare that graduate students think of themselves as Europeanists and even rarer that there are job opportunities for candidates specifically identifying as European specialists.

Studying Europe in a global context is a welcome development, as is the comparison of European countries to societies elsewhere in the world. Yet the trade-off for many North American students may be a shallower understanding of Europe, disincentives to invest in mastering European languages, and less time spent in Europe itself. European students naturally have easier geographic access. They also benefit from programs that incentivize time spent outside of their home countries. Yet for a British citizen who loses EU scholarships or a Hungarian student unable to pursue gender and sexuality studies a home, it will be harder now than in previous years to delve deeply into the study of Europe.

Encouraging undergraduate and graduate education is critical. To maintain this commitment, the CES sponsors undergraduate project prizes, graduate training, and dissertation completion grants, and spotlights teaching and education through a section of its online platform called the EuropeNow Campus. The CES has developed partnerships with institutions committed to the teaching of Europe and has sponsored a new European pedagogy research network that supports teaching and learning about Europe. Ensuring a pipeline of students is particularly important given the dramatic transformations taking place on the continent. We need the study of Europe in all its facets to remain robust in North America, Europe, and beyond.

Diversity

Any well-rounded understanding of Europe depends on integrating diverse perspectives. Our traditional disciplinary strengths are political science and sociology, as well as history and anthropology. This is logical given the CES’s focus on contemporary problems and how such challenges are shaped by historical developments. At the same time, we have made a conscious effort to seek out scholars from a wide variety of other fields. This diversity of backgrounds enriches our research networks, our panels, our collaborative projects, and the CES as a community. If we want to understand the origins and consequences of the refugee flows of the mid-2010s, we have to analyze not only the political decisions, but also how media portrayals affect national discussions, how refugees change the neighborhoods where they settle, and how their presence influences local economies and cultural production that subsequently affects politics and society.

The CES is increasingly attentive to the geographic diversity of our members. Since 2000, we have seen a dramatic growth in the number of European scholars, to the point where Europeans now constitute approximately half of our membership. This has been a boon to the organization and to all participants who now have broader networks for sharing ideas, launching projects, and cross-training students. Yet we have not had comparable success in encouraging participation from all areas of the globe. Since the early 1990s, our conferences have increasingly covered Eastern Europe in an explicit effort to overcome the Cold War mentality of a divided continent. Yet, even among our European members, we still have more to do to enable researchers from Eastern Europe to attend our meetings. In addition, we want to build ties with centers for the study of Europe based outside North America and Europe, and with scholars from the developing world who may provide new perspectives that spark innovative research agendas. For this reason, we are especially pleased to team up with the World Society Foundation to cover the full cost of participation at the fiftieth anniversary conference for 15 scholars, three each from Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

One of our primary goals moving forwards is to institutionalize additional funding for access to our conferences. This will help scholars for whom travel to Europe or North America is structurally more expensive; we will also expand our travel grants for graduate students and for scholars from resource-constrained institutions in Europe and North America. To this end, we have established a 50th Anniversary Access Fund, which will provide grant funding to enable conference participation among a more diverse set of scholars and students.

Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research

The pressing problems of the present and future of Europe require multidisciplinary attention. Given the CES’s longstanding emphasis on applying a historical lens to understand contemporary Europe, this perspective has deep roots within the organization. As we assemble the conference program each year, we often get most excited about panels involving scholars from a variety of disciplines. When we work with members to develop research networks or pursue programmatic funding that supports connections across universities, we do it with an eye toward community building that transcends traditional disciplinary divides.

To give one concrete example of this approach, the CES recently endorsed a proposal from our members for a new research network focused on health and well-being. These are cross-cutting themes of growing attention in Europe because of their political, societal, and cultural significance. The network conveners are interested not only in the provision of health care, but also in how broader structural inequalities shape health outcomes across societies. Network participants come from the disciplines of sociology, political science, history, anthropology, social epidemiology, demography, and public health. This array of experts will help us understand how Europeans live – and how some manage to live well – through their multidisciplinary research.

Looking ahead, two of the biggest challenges facing Europe over the next few decades are the spread of populism and the deterioration of the environment. Far-right political parties, anti-European movements, and sentiments based on xenophobia, homophobia, or other axes of difference have existed in Europe for decades, but they are rising in support and show no signs of abating. There are many existing CES research networks centrally concerned with these challenges. Our networks on immigration, gender and sexuality, social movements, political parties, territorial politics, radicalism and violence, transnational memory and identity, European integration, and European culture analyze these topics from the widest