Not a Chance: God, Science, and the Revolt against Reason

© 1994, 2014 by R. C. Sproul

Chapter 11 and Appendix © 2014 by Keith Mathison

Published by Baker Books

a division of Baker Publishing Group

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakerbooks.com

Ebook edition created 2014

Ebook corrections 07.23.2020

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

ISBN 978-1-4412-4655-4

Photographs of Bohr and Heisenberg courtesy of the Bettmann Archive; of Einstein, Jaki, and Russell, Religious News Service. Portraits of Copernicus, Descartes, Galileo, Hume, Kant, Kepler, Locke, Ptolemy, and Voltaire courtesy of North Wind Picture Archives. Paintings by Magritte courtesy of Artists Rights Society, U.S.A. representative of C. Herscovici (Brussels), representative of the estate of René Magritte. Copernicus’s model of the universe is from his De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543); Kepler’s model of the universe, from his Mysterium cosmographicum (1621); and Kepler’s diagram of planetary orbits, from his Harmonices mundi (1619).

The Proprietor is represented by the literary agency of Wolgemuth & Associates, Inc.

In memory of

Stanley L. Jaki

(1924–2009)

Contents

Cover    1

Title Page     3

Copyright Page    4

Dedication    5

Illustrations and Figures    9

Preface to the Expanded Edition    11

Preface to the First Edition    13

1. The Soft Pillow    17

2. The Mask of Ignorance    33

3. A Quantum Leap    47

4. The Voice of Reason    65

5. Light and the Light    83

6. Framing the Question    101

7. The Policeman of Science    125

8. Cosmos or Chaos?    145

9. A Being without a Cause    161

10. No Chance in the World    185

11. Ex Nihilo, Nihil Fit    205

Appendix: A Review of Stephen M. Barr’s Modern Physics and Ancient Faith    225

Notes    231

Bibliography    239

Index of Scholars    243

Index of Foreign Words    247

Index of Subjects    249

About the Authors    253

Back Cover    256

Illustrations and Figures

Illustrations

1. Stanley L. Jaki    23

2. Immanuel Kant    26

3. Thomas Aquinas    38

4. Voltaire    41

5. Charles Darwin    44

6. Ptolemy    50

7. Werner Heisenberg    53

8. Niels Bohr    68

9. Albert Einstein    69

10. Nicolaus Copernicus    75

11. Francis Schaeffer    98

12. Gordon H. Clark    99

13. The Air and the Song (1928) by René Magritte    106

14. The Air and the Song (1964) by René Magritte    106

15. The Two Mysteries (1966) by René Magritte    106

16. Johannes Kepler    137

17. Galileo Galilei    150

18. John Locke    152

19. Bertrand Russell    169

20. René Descartes    183

21. David Hume    194

Figures

1. Ptolemy’s Model of the Universe    51

2. Paradoxes of Christianity    92

3. Ferris’s Hourglass    105

4. Awareness and Words    122

5. Categories of Propositions    129

6. Copernicus’s Model of the Universe    136

7. Kepler’s Model of the Universe    138

8. Kepler’s Diagram of Planetary Orbits    139

9. Origin of the Cosmos: Four Options    154

10. Aristotle’s Six Causes    188

Preface to the Expanded Edition

IN THE TWENTY YEARS since the publication of the first edition of Not a Chance, science has continued to make great advances. In 1995 astronomers detected the first extra-solar planet. Since then, over two hundred planets outside of our solar system have been discovered. The mapping of the human genome in 1999 was a milestone in biology. An amputee was fitted with robotic limbs directed by nerve impulses in 2001, opening new doors for the disabled. In 2012 physicists at the world’s largest particle accelerator (CERN) announced that they had discovered an elementary particle consistent with the theorized Higgs boson (a particle that had eluded scientists since the 1970s).

These discoveries and many others have added to man’s store of knowledge regarding God’s creation. But along with the genuine scientific advances, there still exists an undercurrent of irrationalism in the writings of scientists. I wrote Not a Chance to protest against nonsensical statements in scientific theories—statements that violate the laws of logic. The original chapters of the book focused on the irrational idea that chance is a causal force or power and the equally irrational idea of self-creation. While many critics of the book argued that no scientists actually believe that chance has the power to do anything, some scientists continue to speak as if they believe this, and this careless use of language remains as harmful to science today as it was twenty years ago.

Since the original publication of this book, a third irrational idea has gained some prominence in popular scientific writing, namely, the idea that something can come from nothing. I have asked Keith Mathison to address this idea in a new chapter to Not a Chance, "Ex Nihilo, Nihil Fit." He has also written a new appendix, a review of Stephen Barr’s 2003 book, Modern Physics and Ancient Faith, a book that claims the scientific discoveries of the twentieth century support traditional theism. These additional materials bring the argument of the book up to date.

One final point regarding the authorship of these chapters may call for some clarification. Readers will, on occasion, notice the use of the first person pronoun I in these chapters and appendices. In the first ten chapters, which I (R. C. Sproul) wrote, the pronoun I refers to me. In the final chapter and in the new appendix, I refers to Dr. Mathison. We trust that you will find in these chapters a rational response to pseudoscientific nonsense.

R. C. Sproul

Sanford, FL

2013

Preface to the First Edition

IN HIS CONTROVERSIAL BOOK Worlds in Collision, which once piqued the curiosity of Albert Einstein, Immanuel Velikovsky studied the mythology of ancient cultures in search of clues for prescientific information about astronomical perturbations and catastrophic cosmic upheavals. Velikovsky did not regard ancient myths as an exercise in sober historical narrative. He viewed mythology as fanciful, creative, imaginative attempts to explain the unknown powerful forces that impact human life. In a word, what we don’t understand we tend to explain in terms of myths.¹

We have a tendency in our day to think of mythology as a literary enterprise of primitive, ignorant, prescientific cultures. This tendency errs in two directions. On the one hand it is the nadir of arrogance for us to assume that ancient civilizations were primitive, ignorant, or prescientific. The Egyptians, Chinese, Babylonians, Romans, and Greeks, for example, were anything but primitive or ignorant. They all achieved extraordinary levels of scientific advancement. Yes, they had mythology, but they had their serious science as well.

The second error is to relegate mythology to the past, making it an addiction practiced only by premodern cultures. On the contrary, mythical approaches to life and learning persist in every culture. Mythology continues to intrude in the arena of religion. It is commonplace in the superstitions that abound among athletes in professional sports. It is found in a host of medicinal home remedies that are often classified under the rubric of old wives’ tales.

Mythology also intrudes into the realm of science. Uncritically accepted hypotheses and theories of the past die a slow and reluctant death. We have seen the resistance the church has displayed against new advances in scientific knowledge, the Galileo episode being the most famous. But it is not only the church that offers resistance. Even in Galileo’s day opposition to him was heavily laden by scientists whose pet theories and accepted traditions were crumbling under the weight of new empirical evidence.

One myth that has found its way into modern thought and is entrenched in some circles is the myth of chance. In this myth the word chance itself undergoes an evolution and takes on new meaning. Where the word was once largely restricted to describing mathematical probability quotients, it took on a broader application to include far more than probabilities or coincidences. It has been used as a word to describe either the absence of cause or even a causal power itself. Mortimer Adler notes this new usage: There is still a third sense of ‘chance’ in which it means that which happens totally without cause—the absolutely spontaneous or fortuitous.²

With the elevation of chance to the level of a real force, the myth serves to undergird a chaos view of reality. Buttressed by inferences drawn from quantum theory, the idea that reality is irrational rather than coherent gained popularity.

James Gleick, in his book Chaos: Making a New Science,³ describes the new shift away from chaos to new paradigms that seek the coherence underlying the surface appearance of chaos. Part of the struggle of science is the information explosion. As data proliferate, strain is put on old paradigms to accommodate them. The Hubble Space Telescope stretches our reach ever deeper into space, adding new information to the far of the universe. New levels of sophistication in microscopes push the horizons of the near and the small beyond former limits. As we probe the seemingly infinite and the infinitesimal, we are left with aching paradigms stretched to the breaking point.

The Enlightenment dream of discovering the logic of the facts has become a nightmare for many. Some have responded by abandoning logic altogether. It is when logic is negotiated or abandoned that myth is given fresh impetus. The twin enemies of mythology are logic and empirical data, the chief weapons of true science. If either weapon is neutralized, mythology is free to run wild.

This book is an effort to explore and critique the role chance has been given in recent cosmology. It may be viewed as a diatribe against chance. It is my purpose to show that it is logically impossible to ascribe any power to chance whatsoever.

It is not merely a parlor game of logic. There is something huge at stake: the very integrity, indeed the very possibility of science.

Diatribes may represent the unbridled ravings of fools. They may also represent the serious protests of the learned. I hope this work proves to be more of the latter than of the former.

R. C. Sproul

Orlando

Advent 1993

[Chance] has become for me a soft pillow like the one which . . . only ignorance and disinterest can provide, but this is a scientific pillow.

Pierre Delbet

AS LONG AS CHANCE RULES, Arthur Koestler has written, God is an anachronism."¹ Koestler’s dictum is a sound conclusion . . . to a point. It is true that if chance rules, God cannot. We can go further than Koestler. It is not necessary for chance to rule in order to supplant God. Indeed chance requires little authority at all if it is to depose God; all it needs to do the job is to exist. The mere existence of chance is enough to rip God from his cosmic throne. Chance does not need to rule; it does not need to be sovereign. If it exists as a mere impotent, humble servant, it leaves God not only out of date but out of a job.

If chance exists in its frailest possible form, God is finished. Nay, he could not be finished because that would assume he once was. To finish something implies that it at best was once active or existing. If chance exists in any size, shape, or form, God cannot exist. The two are mutually exclusive.

If chance existed, it would destroy God’s sovereignty. If God is not sovereign, he is not God. If he is not God, he simply is not. If chance is, God is not. If God is, chance is not. The two cannot coexist by reason of the impossibility of the contrary.

This book, however, is not about God. It is about chance. It is about the existence of chance and the nature of chance.

What Is Chance?

We begin by asking the simple but critically important question, What is chance? Because this question is so critical, however, I think it is important first to explain why the definition of chance is so crucial.

Words are capable of more than one meaning in their usage. Such words are highly susceptible to the unconscious or unintentional commission of the fallacy of equivocation. Equivocation occurs when a word changes its meaning (usually subtly) in the course of an argument. We illustrate via the classic cat with nine tails argument.

PREMISE A: No cat has eight tails.

PREMISE B: One cat has one more tail than no cat.

CONCLUSION: One cat has nine tails.

We see in this syllogism that the word cat subtly changes its meaning. In premise A no cat signifies a negation about cats. It is a universal negative. In premise B no cat is suddenly given a positive status as if it represented a group of comparative realities. Premise B assumes already that cats have one tail per cat. If we had two boxes, with one box empty and the second containing a single cat, we would expect to find one more cat in that box than in the empty one. If cats normally have one tail, we would expect one more cat’s tail in one box than in the other.

The conclusion of this syllogism rests on the shift from negative to positive in the phrase no cat. The conclusion rests upon equivocation in the first premise. No cat is understood to mean a class of cats (positively) that actually possesses eight tails.

Such equivocation frequently occurs with the use of the word chance. We find this in the writings of philosophers, theologians, scientists—indeed pervasively. Here’s how it works.

On the one hand the word chance refers to mathematical possibilities. Here chance is merely a formal word with no material content. It is a pure abstraction. For example, if we calculate the odds of a coin flip, we speak of the chances of the coin’s being turned up heads or tails. Given that the coin doesn’t stand on its edge, what are the chances that it will turn up heads or tails? The answer, of course, is 100 percent. There are only two options: heads and tails. It is 100 percent certain that one of the two will prevail. This is a bona fide either/or situation, with no tertium quid possible, unless of course it is wedged on edge.

If we state the question in a different manner, we get different odds or chances. If we ask, What are the chances that the coin will turn up heads? then our answer will be fifty-fifty.

Suppose we complicate the matter by including a series of circumstances and ask, What are the odds that the coin will turn up heads ten times in a row? The mathematicians and oddsmakers can figure that out. In the unlikely event that the coin turns up heads nine consecutive times, what are the odds that it will turn up heads the tenth time? In terms of the series, I don’t know. In terms of the single event, however, the odds are still fifty-fifty.

Our next question is crucial. How much influence or effect does chance have on the coin’s turning up heads? My answer is categorically, None whatsoever. I say that emphatically because there is no possibility, real or imagined, that chance can have any influence on the outcome of the coin toss.

Why not? Because chance has no power to do anything. It is cosmically, totally, consummately impotent. Again, I must justify my dogmatism on this point. I say that chance has no power to do anything because it simply is not anything. It has no power because it has no being.

I’ve just ventured into the realm of ontology, into metaphysics, if you please. Chance is not an entity. It is not a thing that has power to affect other things. It is no thing. To be more precise, it is nothing. Nothing cannot do something. Nothing is not. It has no isness. Chance has no isness. I was technically incorrect even to say that chance is nothing. Better to say that chance is not.

What are the chances that chance can do anything? Not a chance. It has no more chance to do something than nothing has to do something.

It is precisely at this point that equivocation creeps (or rushes) into the use of the word chance. The shift from a formal probability concept to a real force is usually slipped in by the addition of another seemingly harmless word, by. When we say things happen by chance, the term by can be heard as a dative of means. Suddenly chance is given instrumental power. It is the means by which things