Cadets in Gray

Cover

Title page

CADETS

IN GRAY

The Story of

the Cadets of the

South Carolina Military Academy

and the Cadet Rangers

in the Civil War

by

Gary R. Baker

Palmetto Image298.JPG Bookworks

Lexington, South Carolina

Copyright page

Copyright © 1989 by

Palmetto Bookworks

1249 Counts Ferry Road

Lexington, SC 29072

All Rights Reserved

Hard cover edition

manufactured in the United States of America by

The Guild Bindery Press

P.O. Box 1827

Oxford, MS 38655

ISBN: 978-1-887301-30-5

Hardcover ISBN 0-9623065-0-9

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-061483

Dedication

To

The Corps of Cadets

and Alumni

of The Citadel,

the Military College of South Carolina

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

August 31, 1989

As a teenager, I, along with some high school buddies, nurtured an interest in the Civil War, acquiring a very small collection of books and relics. Our interest was stimulated by a handful of bicycle trips to the battlefields in proximity to my Maryland home. Gettysburg, Sharpsburg, Harpers Ferry, Ball’s Bluff, Manassas, Fredericksburg, Wilderness, Chancellorsville, and Spotsylvania Court House were toured as only a group of pedaling high schoolers could.

This interest in the Civil War period probably had a major impact on my eventual matriculation at The Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina. During my four years there, I was aware of the tradition of the Cadets’ firing on the Star of the West, however, I never really took the time to seriously research the activities of the Cadets during the war period. Almost ten years ago, I happened to be visiting The Citadel Museum with the intent of obtaining some information on the subject and was informed that, except for some newspaper articles and some citations in histories of The Citadel, no major research had been done. The speaker then challenged me to do that research. I took it seriously and have spent many hours searching through libraries, archives, cemeteries, and talking to many folks about what has become an exciting avocation. This book, a labor of love, is the result of that conversation some ten years ago.

It is difficult to remember or thank each and every person who has contributed to this effort. Two people who have provided invaluable assistance, guidance, and friendship deserve special attention. Several years ago, I became acquainted with Jim Moody, Citadel ‘65, who has an incredible knowledge of the Civil War period and the Cadets of the war and pre-war period. He and I have shared a large amount of information for a project he has undertaken to publish biographical information on the Cadets who attended The Citadel and Arsenal from 1842 to 1865. Jim has edited, offered suggestions, provided valuable research citations, helped immeasurably with the biographies contained in the appendices, and provided expert editorial expertise. Finally, I am greatly indebted to one of my bike-riding high school buddies, Tom Low, who did the illustrations and maps. Tom and I were soaked in our trip to Gettysburg, spent a cold night in a warehouse in Sharpsburg, nearly fell off the cliff at Ball’s Bluff in the dead of night, and camped on the grounds of Ferry Farm, George Washington’s boyhood home, in Fredericksburg. Tom edited and provided other valuable advice. To these two friends, I salute you!

Mike Story did an excellent job with the dustjacket. Ms. Jane Yates of The Citadel Archives/Museum has been patient with me and provided research materials, photographs, and much valuable assistance. Herb Hartsook and the rest of the staff at the South Caroliniana Library, and Robert Mackintosh and the remainder of the research staff at the South Carolina Archives Department also deserve my thanks. The fine ladies of the United Daughters of the Confederacy gave me access to their scrapbooks. I would be remiss if I failed to thank the staff of the Confederate Relic Room, the South Carolina State Library, the South Carolina Historical Society, and the Confederate Museum in Charleston.

I must also express my appreciation to the alumni and friends who responded to my appeals for information and gave me needed encouragement. They responded and their efforts are graciously noted.

But a special group of people need also to be acknowledged. My parents Harry and Freda Baker and my brother Dan have long tolerated my interest in the Civil War and have encouraged me in my endeavors. My wife, Judy, has felt neglected at times as I have devoted much of my time to this project. Her love and encouragement have led me to the completion of this book. I thank her for her patience.

I also must mention my children who, like Judy, have had to tolerate my penchant for long hours engaged in research, banging away on my computer, talking on the phone, or traipsing through cemeteries. Mark, Gara, Marshall, Hamp, and Theresa have all provided encouragement to me. Mark begins his senior year at The Citadel this fall, soon to also wear the ring I have cherished and, hopefully, to share my interest and pride in the exploits of our predecessors.

To all who have given input, assistance, or encouragement, I can only say Thank You.

Gary R. Baker

‘66

NOTE: Considerable research has been done to verify the facts as contained herein but, due to the type of records, there are bound to be errors. Errors are quite possible in the biographical section where cemetery records, unit rosters, family records, or other sources have been consulted. Many of the extant records contain initials or misspellings. While the author has been careful to obtain the best information available, he apologizes for any errors which may occur. Any such errors should be brought to his attention for correction.

Abbreviations:

Citadel ‘62 - Refers to the year of graduation

ex- ‘62 - Refers to the class year the person was supposed to graduate but left, withdrew, resigned, etc. before graduation.

PROLOGUE

The history of the Citadel emanates from an 1822 slave insurrection in Charleston, South Carolina, led by a free black, Denmark Vesey. The unrest was inspired by antislavery propaganda and fueled by a successful, bloody revolt in Santo Domingo. Vesey and his fellow conspirators planned to take possession of the arsenals and public buildings. Once weapons were seized and distributed, the conspirators along with other negroes from the countryside would slaughter the local white population to follow Vesey’s rather brutal interpretation of selected portions of the Old Testament.[1] Two slaves, included in the plot, revealed the details to authorities shortly before the time, June 16, 1822, at midnight, when the uprising was to begin. This disclosure resulted in the capture, trial, and subsequent hanging of Vesey and many of his co-conspirators. From this aborted insurrection, the authorities in Charleston realized their vulnerability and quickly established a Municipal Guard and the Citadel, an arsenal for arms and munitions. Another arsenal was also established in Columbia, the State capital.

A decade later, as the Nullification Crisis in 1830-32 raged, the State asserted its sovereignty and prepared to defend itself. Two hundred thousand dollars was appropriated for the purchase of arms, ordnance, and ammunition. The Citadel and the magazine were expanded. Although a compromise on the issue of nullification precluded any bloodshed after extensive debate in 1832, legislation was passed authorizing the employment of sixty officers and men to guard the Citadel. Four years later, an appropriation was made to erect a small magazine there.

The Arsenal evolved from an 1833 Act providing for establishment of an arsenal in Columbia’s old jail. All State arms and munitions would be divided between the Arsenal and Citadel. Four years later, an appropriation was made to erect a magazine and barracks. The next year, an additional appropriation provided for another building.

After much debate, the General Assembly determined that these two arsenals could be more efficiently utilized by converting them into military academies, the students of which would then constitute the public guard of the Arsenal and Citadel while obtaining a military education. On December 20, 1842, the South Carolina General Assembly passed a bill creating the two schools, ultimately to become the South Carolina Military Academy. The school in Columbia, the Arsenal, was to be a preparatory school. After successfully completing one year of studies there, students would then transfer to the Citadel in Charleston to continue their education. The two academies were to operate under the same set of regulations and under a common regulatory Board of Visitors but were to be otherwise independent of one another.

Students to be admitted were to be at least fifteen but not over eighteen. The Cadets would receive instruction in South Carolina history, modern history, French, mathematics, bookkeeping, rhetoric, architectural and topographic drawing, moral philosophy, sciences, civil and military engineering, United States Constitutional law, and the law of nations. Military instruction, including infantry and artillery, rounded out the curriculum. Those students who could pass an examination involving the curriculum of the Arsenal could bypass the first year and directly enter the Citadel.

The original plans for the academies provided for fifty-four-Cadets to man the Arsenal and Citadel. They were to be maintained and educated at the public expense. These beneficiary, or State Cadets, were to be selected from the twenty-nine districts of the State in proportion to their population. They were further selected from those not able to bear their own expenses. There were to be admitted in the same proportions an equal number of pay Cadets. These pay Cadets were charged $200 a year, a figure which was not changed until wartime inflation mandated it.

In 1842, the Citadel consisted of a rectangular two-story brick building with a wooden parapet located on Marion Square between King and Meeting Streets. The parade ground, the Citadel Green, adjoined to the south. In 1849, a third story was added while five years later, two wings were built. The buildings managed to survive the war and two fires to now serve as a county office building.

Two rectangular, detached brick structures comprised the Arsenal on Arsenal Hill at Richland Street. The adjoining square contained two small, circular magazines. In 1852, a three story brick structure was built connecting the two detached buildings. Then, three years later, a separate building housing the officers’ quarters was constructed. This last facility was left standing at the end of the war and currently serves as the Governor’s Mansion for the State of South Carolina.

On March 20, 1843, the first students entered the Academy, fourteen Cadets matriculating at the Arsenal and twenty at the Citadel. In 1846, the first class graduated from the Citadel. Charles Courtney Tew, the first honor graduate of that class, would later lose his life commanding the Second North Carolina Regiment at Sharpsburg, Maryland, in 1862. From that first graduating class in 1846 to the time of secession in 1860, the Citadel graduated 175 men, most of whom would serve in some capacity during the coming sectional conflict.[2]

With war fever at high pitch in early 1861, many alumni immediately offered their services to the State while many of the enrolled Cadets left the Academy to enter the army. The service of these men during this period in our history has established a proud tradition, with graduates serving and giving their lives in every American war since. The military and academic environment of the institution has prepared thousands of young men who have gone on to distinguish themselves in public life and private business, as well as the military.

The service of the alumni is chronicled to some extent in Thomas’ History of the South Carolina Military Academy and individual unit histories. A comprehensive chronicle of their service is left for later publication. This book focuses upon the Cadets and their service during the war. It also focuses on the service of a group of high-spirited Cadets who left the Academy in mid-1862. These men played a role in this divisive conflict, and it is only appropriate that their names and story be recorded as fully as possible.

Star of the West Wappoo Cut

1860-1861

Maj. Stevens, the young Superintendent of the Citadel, was awakened by the Cadet Sergeant of the Guard. Wearily leaning over the side of the bed, he listened to the young Cadet explain that one of the battery’s lanyards was unraveled and could not do its intended job. Then, while the Cadet held the unraveled lanyard, Stevens carefully wound it with thread. The repaired lanyard would be needed in a few hours to fire one of the howitzers in the battery. For come dawn of this clear January morning, the Major and the Cadets of his command would find themselves on the threshold of the greatest drama in American history.[3]

Just three weeks before, on December 20, 1860, Charleston had taken on the air of a carnival as bonfires crackled in the streets and rockets rose into the sky. Flags of every description flew from every conceivable location. Impromptu bands led parades through the port city. Salvos from cannon at the Citadel and the clanging of church bells added to the cacophony. The act of secession, so long awaited, was now a fact.[4]

Secession had been debated for years, the crowning blow coming with the November 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln. Dissatisfied with the politics of the Republican President-elect and disgruntled with the direction of the Federal government, the South Carolina General Assembly called delegates to meet in Columbia on the 17th of December to determine a course for the Palmetto State. A brief organizational meeting convened at the First Baptist Church, but adjourned to Charleston on the 18th when an outbreak of smallpox threatened. The Citadel Cadets greeted the convention delegates in Charleston, honoring them with a parade on the Citadel Green.[5]

Gen. David F. Jamison of Barnwell presided over the reassembled convention, meeting first in Institute Hall before adjourning to the hall of the Saint Andrews Society. At the session on December 20th, Chancellor John A. Inglis read the proposed ordinance, a document written by Chancellor Francis H. Wardlaw. The Ordinance repealed the ratification of the United Constitution and further declared that …the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the ‘United States of America is dissolved. A unanimous voice vote of the 169 delegates followed.

That evening, the convention reassembled for the actual signing of the Secession Ordinance in Institute Hall.[6] The Reverend John Bachman of Charleston’s St. John’s Lutheran Church opened the session with a prayer. Delegates signed the document, then, the formalities complete, Jamison announced South Carolina as an Independent Commonwealth. The Republic of South Carolina had now officially declared itself separated from the United States. THE UNION IS DISSOLVED proclaimed the bold headlines of the Charleston Mercury.[7]

Almost immediately, the newly-independent commonwealth found itself compelled to assume the powers which had been formerly delegated to the Federal government. These powers were now assigned to the Executive Council, a group of state agencies headed by a cabinet subordinate to Governor Francis W. Pickens. As Secretary of State, Gov. Pickens appointed Andrew G. Magrath with David F. Jamison as Secretary of War, Christopher G. Memminger as Secretary of Treasury, Lt. Gov. William W. Harllee to be Postmaster General, and Albert C. Garlington as Secretary of Interior. This Executive Council, a national cabinet, met on virtually a daily basis from late December until after the Confederate government assumed the responsibilities later in 1861.[8]

An ecstatic celebration of the Secession Ordinance signing lasted throughout the night and the next day. As an outward symbol of the excitement, flags of quaint designs were flying throughout the city. One of Charleston’s more eccentric the citizens, Bill Trapier, had such a flag made for the Citadel, but instead of formally presenting the flag to the Corps of Cadets, he quietly slipped it into the Guard Room. During night, the Guard ran it up the flag staff at the northern end of the parade ground. When Maj. Stevens spotted the strange flag in the morning, he immediately ordered it hauled down and returned to the Guard Room. Within a short time, however, it was again flying, this time from the roof, just above the sally port. Cadet C. Irvine Walker, the senior Adjutant from Charleston, then serving as Cadet Officer of the Day, again returned it to the Guard Room. However, within an hour, it was flying from the northeast bastion of the building. To avoid further trouble with the flag, Walker finally retired it to the Superintendent’s office.[9]

Out in the middle of Charleston harbor, Federal Maj. Robert Anderson was concerned about the results of the convention. Stationed at Ft. Moultrie on Sullivan’s Island less than a month, Anderson was sent to avert war in Charleston. A Kentuckian who was married to a Georgia woman, he was thought to be sympathetic with the South, having himself owned property and slaves in Georgia.[10]

Anderson commanded a 73-man garrison of two skeleton companies of the lst Regiment, U. S. Artillery. Ft. Moultrie was a small Revolutionary War era fort built as a sea-battery four miles from the city of Charleston. Meager forces also manned two other installations in the harbor, Castle Pinckney and Ft. Sumter. Castle Pinckney was a small fort located about a mile from the city of Charleston. However, it was so small and so near the city that it was worthless for the defense of the harbor. In December 1860, it was manned by an officer, an ordnance sergeant, and several laborers. Later it would serve as a Confederate prison. Out in the harbor and dominating it was Ft. Sumter, a large, incomplete fort located three and a half miles from the city on a man-made island. These fortifications were supplied from a Federal arsenal located in the western part of the city of Charleston proper.

Ft. Moultrie could provide effective defense against an attack from the sea. Against a land attack, however, the fort was untenable. With so much outcry to eject Federal troops from the harbor, Anderson decided to seek a more protected position. During the night of December 26, he abandoned Moultrie, spiking its guns and burning the carriages. After cutting down the flag staff, Anderson with his small force and their families moved a mile across the harbor to Ft. Sumter.[11]

Soon after word of Anderson’s transfer to Ft. Sumter reached the authorities in Charleston, Gov. Pickens dispatched two aides to Anderson to demand his return to Moultrie. Anderson refused this demand and was then informed of an unwritten agreement between former Gov. William Gist and lame-duck U.S. President Buchanan that no reinforcements would be sent to Sumter. Anderson replied that he was unaware of such an agreement and argued that he had not reinforced the fort but had merely transferred his command from one fort to another.[12]

Upon being informed that Anderson refused to return to Moultrie, Pickens ordered out the troops in the area. The local military organization then consisted of the Rifle Regiment under Col. J. Johnston Pettigrew, and the l7th Regiment under Col. John Cunningham, supported by four light batteries-the Washington, Marion, Lafayette, and German Artilleries-and two troops of cavalry, the Charleston Light Dragoons and German Hussars.[13] The Charleston Zouave German Riflemen, and the Vigilant Rifles, a local fire company, along with the Citadel Cadets, completed the organization.[14]

Gov. Pickens immediately ordered State troops to occupy the abandoned Ft. Moultrie as well as the harbor island, Castle Pinckney. In the early evening of the 27th of December, the two forts were garrisoned. Soon thereafter, Col. Cunningham was sent to take possession of the Federal Arsenal to prevent any destruction of public property that may occur in the present excited state of the public mind. Thus, with the notable exception of Ft. Sumter, South Carolina troops now held all Federal property in Charleston and the surrounding harbor.

In Ft. Sumter, Maj. Anderson immediately began strengthening his position while awaiting orders from Washington. Guns were mounted, hand grenades prepared, surplus embrasures closed off, and debris removed. The troops and their families settled in, expecting reinforcement momentarily. During the time he remained at Sumter, Anderson was not permitted by the authorities to receive large quantities of provisions. Each morning, though, the city boat brought local laborers along with the mail and fresh meat and vegetables.

The State authorities prepared for a collision of forces, believing that an attempt would be made shortly to reinforce Anderson. The city’s workshops soon constructed gun carriages to replace those burned at Moultrie. The guns were remounted and new batteries constructed on Sullivan’s, Morris, and James