Electric Cars
By James Taylor
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About this ebook
After a century in the shadow of the internal combustion engine, the electric motor is making a seismic comeback. Battery-propelled vehicles in fact predate petrol and diesel engines; indeed, in the Edwardian era, electric vehicles could well have become the dominant form of transport. While limitations to their range and speed meant that fossil-fuelled cars rapidly left them behind, since the 1970s there have been several efforts to revive electric cars, and with recent carbon emissions commitments, offerings such as the Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf have been well received. This fully illustrated introduction explains these developments, charting the most notable electric cars, from the eccentric Amitron and Zagato Zele to the now-mainstream models that are set to dominate the market, such as the BMW i3 and Renault Zoe.
James Taylor
James Taylor has been writing professionally about cars since the late 1970s, and his interests embrace a wide range of older cars of all makes and nationalities, as well as classic buses, lorries and military vehicles. He has written several books about BMW cars within a portfolio that now consists of well over 130 books. Many of these have been definitive one-make or one-model titles, including a number for Crowood. He has also written for enthusiast magazines in several countries, has translated books from foreign languages, and makes sure he always has something old and interesting in the garage.
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Electric Cars - James Taylor
CONTENTS
EARLY DAYS
INSUFFICIENT INTEREST
RESURGENCE OF INTEREST
MARKING TIME, 1980–99
THE HYBRID OPTION
MODERN TIMES
FURTHER READING
PLACES TO VISIT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SLI890_011.jpgUS makers promoted electric cars as easy to drive and therefore suitable for women; it was an attitude very much characteristic of the times. This advertisement from 1909 is for the Baker ‘Queen Victoria’ electric car.
EARLY DAYS
A
t a time
when electric or hybrid electric cars appear to provide the future of personal road transport, it is no surprise to find car manufacturers dredging up claims to early experiments with battery propulsion. In fact, the earliest experiments with battery-powered cars pre-dated the founding of any of today’s car manufacturers. They were, however, just experiments.
The defining feature of an electric car is its use of electricity to power the wheels that provide motion. That electricity must be stored on board the vehicle, and as a result, electric cars are and always have been entirely dependent on the storage capacity of their batteries and on the ability of these batteries to be recharged.
The first true battery was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800, but it suffered from numerous problems and was impractical except as an experimental tool. The technique of storing electricity in a battery was gradually developed by several inventors over the next half century, but the batteries of the period could be used only once: their usefulness ended when the chemical reactions that created electricity were spent.
None of that prevented inventors from seizing on this new source of portable power and designing battery-powered vehicles in the first half of the nineteenth century. Working independently of one another, individuals in Hungary (1828), the Netherlands (1835), the USA (1835), and Scotland (1839) came up with experimental vehicles, but the details and precise dates of some of these inventions are obscure. As demonstrations of theory, they were a start, but they were not by any means practical passenger-carrying vehicles.
SLI890_001.jpgGustave Trouvé added batteries and an electric motor to a British-made tricycle in 1881.
The invention of the lead–acid battery by the French physicist Gaston Planté in 1859 brought a key advance in battery technology: it could be recharged by passing a reverse current through it. However, even then it would be some years before such batteries would become readily available. It was only after some major improvements to the design of the lead–acid battery by another French scientist, Camille Alphonse Fauré, that mass production of batteries was made feasible.
A number of experiments with battery-powered road vehicles followed in Europe. Quickest off the mark was the French inventor Gustave Trouvé, who adapted a German Siemens electric motor to power a British-made Starley tricycle, and tested it on a Paris street in April 1881. Developing his ideas further, he presented an electric car at the Exposition internationale d’Électricité in Paris that November. This unfortunately proved to be a dead end as he was unable to patent his ideas, so he turned his attention towards electricity for marine propulsion instead.
SLI890_003.jpgIn 1887, JK Starley in Britain built an electric version of his company’s tricycle – the latest version of the model that Gustave Trouvé had electrified six years earlier.
Not long afterwards, the British inventor Thomas Parker began to look at the viability of an electric-powered car for his company, Elwell-Parker of Wolverhampton, which was established in 1882 as a maker of accumulators and would later be responsible for major urban electrification projects