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    Rift Valley Fever Action Framework
    Rift Valley Fever Action Framework
    Rift Valley Fever Action Framework
    Ebook158 pages1 hour

    Rift Valley Fever Action Framework

    By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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    About this ebook

    Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arboviral disease affecting humans and livestock transmitted by mosquitoes. It is endemic to large areas of Africa, resulting in widespread abortion and neonatal mortality in livestock, and severe complications in a small but significant percentage of human cases. The range of RVF is largely determined by the distribution of suitable vector habitat and rainfall, which changes over time and as a result of climate change. In addition to which, the movement of animals and animal products for trade may lead to the spread of RVF to previously non-infected areas.

    This RVF Action Framework is intended to provide decision makers with guidance on the best course of action to take in response to an RVF outbreak or the risk of an outbreak, and help them develop a national action plan for this response. A coordinated One Health approach that brings together the public, animal and environmental health sectors is recommended, as is a risk-based approach that uses risk assessment and mapping to determine the appropriate measures to be taken and the locations where they are required.

    A country’s RVF response can be best broken down into the four phases of the epidemiological cycle: the inter-epidemic, pre-epidemic, epidemic and post-epidemic periods. Surveillance, risk assessment and capacity building, for instance, are key during the inter-epidemic period, while the focus during the post-epidemic period shifts to mitigating the disease’s impact.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Release dateApr 25, 2022
    ISBN9789251361085
    Rift Valley Fever Action Framework
    Author

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.

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      Rift Valley Fever Action Framework - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      Required citation

      Mariner, J.C., Raizman, E., Pittiglio, C., Bebay, C., Kivaria, F., Lubroth, J., Makonnen, Y.. 2022. Rift Valley fever action framework. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines, No. 29. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8653en

      The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

      Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

      The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

      ISBN 978-92-5-135775-0

      E-ISBN 978-92-5-136108-5 (EPUB)

      ISSN 1810-0708

      © FAO, 2022

      Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode).

      Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the authoritative edition.

      Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).

      Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

      Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org.

      Photo cover: FAO/Eran Raizman

      Contents

      Acknowledgements

      Abbreviations and acronyms

      EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

      PURPOSE AND APPROACH

      THE CHALLENGE

      Rift Valley fever

      Global epidemiological situation

      Impact

      Climate change

      One Health

      ACTION FRAMEWORKS

      Situation analysis

      Overview

      One Health coordination

      Research, targeted studies and analysis

      Risk assessment and mapping

      Early warning

      Trade measures

      Inter-epidemic period

      National action plan

      One Health RVF objective

      One Health coordination

      Forecasting and early warning systems

      Surveillance

      Disease control

      Capacity building

      Pre-epidemic period

      Forecasting and on-the-ground indicators of evolving risk

      Logistics of risk management

      One Health coordination

      Risk communication

      Surveillance

      Disease control

      Trade

      Economic and social impact mitigation

      Epidemic period

      One Health coordination

      Risk communication and social mobilization

      Surveillance and epidemiological investigation

      Palliative and supportive care

      Disease control

      Trade in livestock and livestock products

      Post-epidemic period

      Surveillance

      Economic and social impact mitigation

      Assessing the impact of past outbreaks

      Infected countries with no history of outbreaks

      Non-infected at-risk countries

      SUMMARY OF KEY ACTION

      Inter-epidemic period

      Pre-epidemic period

      Epidemic period

      Post-epidemic period

      REFERENCES

      ANNEXES

      I. Regional RVF roadmap

      II. Establishing sentinel herds to improve Rift Valley fever surveillance

      FIGURES

      1. Geographical distribution of Rift Valley Fever and years in which there was an RVF notification for animals, humans or both, by country

      2. RVF outbreak scenario following a passive response

      3. Potential impact of early warning and pre-emptive intervention compared to passive response after diagnosis

      4. Agricultural Research Service risk map for RVF in Southern Africa for February 2019

      5. Data used by the FAO RVF Early Warning System

      6. The FAO RVF Monitoring and Early Warning Tool on the Google Earth Engine platform

      7. The FAO web-based RVF Early Warning Decision Support Tool

      8. Examples of RVF alert messages for East African countries

      A1. RVF risk map for Kenya (March 2018)

      A2. Map showing the locations of sentinel herds in Senegal

      TABLES

      1. Elapsed time between milestones in the 2006–2007 RVF outbreak in Kenya

      2. Recent FAO RVF warnings and onset of disease. The observation date is the date a disease event was observed in the field. The reporting date is the date a disease event was reported

      Acknowledgements

      This Rift Valley Fever Action Framework is supported through the USAID-funded Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) – OSRO/GLO/507/USA project. The authors are grateful to USAID for its continued support and partnerships with FAO. The content and views expressed in this work are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of USAID and FAO. The authors would like to thank Elisa Palamara and Wantanee Kalpravidh for their technical input on Text Box 1, Clarisse Ingabire for her contribution to Annex II and the information management and publishing team composed of Claudia Ciarlantini, Enrico Masci and Cecilia Murguia. The authors would also like to record special thanks to the reviewers of this document: Bouna Diop, Madhur Dhingra and Paolo Calistri.

      Abbreviations and acronyms

      Africa CDC Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

      AUC African Union Commission

      AU-IBAR African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources

      AU-PANVAC Pan-African Veterinary Vaccine Center of African Union

      AYAM Abortion and young animal mortality syndrome

      BCR Benefit–cost ratio

      CAHW Community animal health worker

      CHW Community health worker

      CDC United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

      CEA Cost-effectiveness analysis

      CH Community health (human and animal)

      CVO Chief veterinary officer

      CMO Chief medical officer

      DMO District medical officer

      DMS Director of medical services

      DSF Decision Support Framework

      DST Decision Support Tool

      DVO District veterinary officer

      DVS Director of veterinary services

      EAC East African Community

      ECTAD Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease

      EFSA European Food Safety Authority

      ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

      ENSO El Niño–Southern Oscillation

      EWS Early Warning System

      FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      FUO Fever of unknown origin

      GEE Google Earth Engine

      GLEWS Global Livestock Early Warning System

      GHA Greater Horn of Africa

      HIH Hand-in-Hand

      ICPAC IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre

      IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development

      ILRI International Livestock Research Institute

      IO International organization

      MCM Multisectoral Coordination Mechanism

      MoA Ministry of agriculture

      MoH Ministry of health

      NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

      NDVI Normalized difference vegetation index

      NGO Non-governmental organization

      NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

      OH One Health

      OIE World Organization for Animal Health

      PCR Polymerase chain reaction

      PE Participatory epidemiology

      PPE Personal protective equipment

      PSS Participatory syndromic surveillance

      RA Risk assessment

      RECs Regional Economic Communities

      RNA Ribonucleic acid

      RVF Rift Valley fever

      RVFV Rift Valley fever virus

      SH Sentinel herds

      SST Sea surface temperatures

      TZG Tripartite Zoonosis Guide

      USAID United States Agency for International

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