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    The Universe
    The Universe
    The Universe
    Ebook114 pages1 hour

    The Universe

    By Richard Osborne

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    About this ebook

    The single biggest and most difficult question that exists? From early religions through Greek Philosophy and Western Science, man has attempted to discover the meaning of the Universe and our place within it.
    In the last twenty year these debates have all been stood on their head by amazing discoveries, big bang theory and ideas about new sub-atomic layers. The nature of Time and Space are truly up for grabs.
    With a witty and accessible style Osborne leads us on a historical and informative adventure through the philosophies of the universe; including the importance of telescopes, mathematics and relativity theory and ending with contemporary mind-expanding concepts such as the reversibility of time and parallel universes.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPocket Essentials
    Release dateMay 23, 2012
    ISBN9781842439319
    The Universe
    Author

    Richard Osborne

    Richard Osborne is the author of the internationally bestselling Philosophy for Beginners and the guide to all things cultural, Megawords.

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      Book preview

      The Universe - Richard Osborne

      Where did the Universe come from?

      The single biggest and most difficult question that there is. From early religions through Greek Philosophy and Western Science man has always attempted to discover the meaning of our place in the Universe.

      In the last twenty years these debates have all been stood on their head by amazing discoveries, big bang theory and ideas about new sub-atomic layers. The nature of Time and Space are truly up for grabs.

      With a witty and accessible style Osborne leads us on a historical and informative journey through the philosophies of the universe including the importance of telescopes, mathematics and relativity theory and ending with contemporary mind-expanding concepts such as the reversibility of time and parallel universes.

      Richard Osborne, author of the internationally bestselling Philosophy for Beginners and the recent guide to all things cultural, Megawords, now looks at the biggest picture - The Universe.

      Throughout this work, I am assuming that most scientists most of the time are rigorous in attempting to produce clear knowledge based on sound mathematical principles, and I cannot be held legally or morally responsible for outcomes, conclusions or facts that are proven to be untrue, irrelevant or simply wrong.

      The Universe

      Explained, Condensed and Exploded

      RICHARD OSBORNE

      POCKET ESSENTIALS

      For Harriet, Helen, the Havenhands and my Chemistry A level teacher whose name I’ve forgotten.

      Contents

      Introduction – The Beginnings of Cosmology

      1: From Stars in their Eyes to Telescopes and Beyond

      2: The Newtonian Revolution: Mechanics and Maestros

      3: The Rise of Modern Cosmology: From Here to Eternity

      4: New Dimensions

      5: Holes, Bangs and Curvature: Eternity Gets Bigger

      6: Looking at Things Differently

      7: Life Gets More Complicated

      Postscript

      Further Reading

      Internet Sites

      Copyright

      Introduction

      The Beginnings of Cosmology

      Somewhere out past The Venus Love Bar there is a notice that reads ‘Last fuel before the end of the Universe’ and, on the back of it as you go past, it says ‘Last fuel at the start of the Universe’, and as both could be true, there we have the conundrum. How does one define a beginning and an end in something that could possibly be limitless, or could be expanding, or might well bend back on itself? The latest theory suggests that the Universe is still expanding, like a nice big balloon, but then it might contract again into a much smaller thing. (Although we’re talking pretty big spaces here.) The trouble is it’s not just the spaces that are a bugger. It turns out that time mightn’t be quite what we thought (and you have to be quick to get that one). Whichever way you look at it, the great spaces and vast distances of our galaxy alone are enough to bend the mind, and our galaxy, it turns out, is just one of thousands, or millions. Trying to think about what we call the Universe means trying to think about everything that might have existed, and anything else that might also come into being and what might exist in the future. As Winnie the Pooh once pointed out, this does make your brain ache. Are there parking meters at the end of the Universe, and what time limit is there on the meter? This is the stuff that we all worry about and it reflects our basic human desire to know about the Universe, and also to try and grasp it on a human scale. ‘There’s nowt so queer as the Universe,’ as some famous Northerner once said. Interestingly, the more we learn about the Universe, the more peculiar it seems to get. This doesn’t stop people, or theoretical physicists anyway, from trying to develop a unified theory of everything. This is like trying to establish some basic principle, or set of rules, that will describe everything in the Universe forever.There are those who suggest that this might be a little bit over-ambitious, but we’ll consider that question later (along with the question of black holes and the no-boundary proposal). Here we are just going to look at exactly why the Universe is such a problem, and why we worry about it (if we do).

      This is another funny thing. Here we are wafting around in the middle of nowhere and we try to make the Universe fit our bug-eyed, small-brained view of everything. To put that scientifically, we might say that ‘man is the measure of all things’ and that our view of the earth, the planets and the stars has always been limited by our humanness. We have always been convinced that we are the centre of the Universe, the key factor in everything. To suggest otherwise has, throughout the ages, been seen as ridiculous, illogical and generally treasonable or heretical, or both. It’s obvious, surely, that the moon, the sun and the stars circle the earth, which must therefore be at the centre of the Universe and everything goes around it in nice circles. God ordained all this and it all works perfectly, so there is no sensible reason to doubt what we see with our own eyes. That, at least, was the general line of argument for a couple of thousand years. This idea has, of course, changed in the last few centuries as technology has allowed us to see, and hear and record, many more things than we ever dreamed of. Our little human view of the Universe is being blasted apart all over the place. Without a doubt the telescope is the single most revolutionary bit of technology we have ever dreamed up and, with it, our views of the Universe began to change dramatically. That was where Copernicus and Galileo came in, pointing out to everyone that the earth went around the sun and not the other way around. There was actually hardly any reaction when Copernicus first said it, and almost no widespread reaction for 50 to 100 years. This was a very quiet revolution indeed. Now we look at the stars and we think,‘The light from that place definitely took 500 years to get here,’ because we all now know that galaxies go on forever and we last for little specks of time. Some people’s reaction to the real difficulties involved in thinking about all of this stuff is to drink beer and watch football, or to take up knitting, and try not to worry about it.This is a very human reaction but everyone, at some point, has to have a quiet worry about it all and that’s what we’re doing here. We’re taking a look at the Universe for Simpsonites (and if the Universe could be as funny as The Simpsons, that would probably be a good thing). Indeed, the episode where Homer Simpson gets to grips with the various natures of different realities is the best bit of scientific popularising in existence. The questions Homer may well have put are, ‘Where are all those aliens?’, ‘Are they boring?’ and ‘Do they drink beer?’ These are very important questions as it’s really a way of saying, ‘Are aliens like us?’ If they’re not, it could be difficult to get on with them, since we’re not very good at getting on even with our own types. Conceptually speaking, it’s all about thinking outside the box, thinking in a way that is critical rather than commonsensical. Imagining the Universe and what is in it is the really hard bit for all of us. It’s yoga for the brain. As Einstein once said, ‘I’m going sailing.’

      Anyway, first of all, what do we mean by the Universe? To quote the Oxford English Dictionary, the Universe is, ‘The whole of existing or created things regarded collectively, all things, including the earth, the heavens, and all that is in them, considered as constituting a systematic whole’. When astronomers talk about the Universe, they mean everything that is accessible to our observations, but that keeps expanding, as does the way that all of these things interact. The Universe includes all that we can survey or experiment on, from the moon that orbits our own planet out to the most distant islands of stars in the vastness of space.We also assume that the Universe is all joined up, and made of the same sort of things. Since we cannot visit most of the Universe, we rely on the information it can send to us. Fortunately, we receive an enormous amount of cosmic information all the time, coded into the waves of light and other forms of energy that come to us from objects, stars and galaxies at all distances. Now that we have learnt, or theoretical physicists have, to decipher all this information, we can seriously analyse the Universe. So the main task of astronomy is to decode all that information and assemble a coherent picture of the cosmos.We could say that at the

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