An Outline of Occult Science: Onyx Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition.

Author's Remarks To First Edition

Chapter I. The Character of Occult Science

Chapter II. The Nature of Man

Chapter III. Sleep and Death

Chapter IV. The Evolution of the World and Man

Chapter V. Knowledge of the Higher Worlds

Chapter VI. The Present and Future Evolution of the World and of Humanity

Chapter VII. Details from the Domain of Occult Science Man's Etheric Body

Footnotes

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

One who undertakes to represent certain results of scientific spiritual

research of the kind recorded in this book, must above all things be

prepared to find that this kind of investigation is at the present time

almost universally regarded as impossible. For things are related in the

following pages about which those who are today esteemed exact thinkers,

assert that they will probably remain altogether indeterminable by human

intelligence. One who knows and can respect the reasons which prompt many

a serious person to assert this impossibility, would fain make the attempt

again and again to show what misunderstandings are really at the bottom of

the belief that it is not given to human knowledge to penetrate into the

superphysical worlds.

For two things present themselves for consideration. First, no human being

will, on deeper reflection, be able in the long run to shut his eyes to

the fact that his most important questions as to the meaning and

significance of life must remain unanswered, if there be no access to

higher worlds. Theoretically we may delude ourselves concerning this fact

and so get away from it; the depths of our soul-life, however, will not

tolerate such self-delusion. The person who will not listen to what comes

from these depths of the soul will naturally reject any account of

supersensible worlds. There are however people--and their number is not

small--who find it impossible to remain deaf to the demands coming from the

depths of the soul. They must always be knocking at the gates which, in

the opinion of others, bar the way to what is incomprehensible.

Secondly, the statements of exact thinkers are on no account to be

despised. Where they have to be taken seriously, one who occupies himself

with them will thoroughly feel and appreciate this seriousness. The writer

of this book would not like to be taken for one who lightly disregards the

enormous thought-labour which has been expended in determining the limits

of the human intellect. This thought-labour cannot be put aside with a few

phrases about academic wisdom and the like. In many cases it has its

source in true striving after knowledge and in genuine discernment.

Indeed, even more than this must be admitted; reasons have been brought

forward to show that that knowledge which is to-day regarded as scientific

cannot penetrate into supersensible worlds, and these reasons _are in a

certain sense irrefutable_.

Now it may appear strange to many people that the writer of this book

admits this freely, and yet undertakes to make statements about

supersensible worlds. It seems indeed almost impossible that a person

should admit _in a certain sense_ the reasons why knowledge of

superphysical worlds is unattainable, and should yet speak about those

worlds.

Yet it is possible to take this attitude, and at the same time to

understand that it impresses others as being inconsistent. It is not given

to every one to enter into the experiences we pass through when we

approach supersensible realms with the human intellect. Then it turns out

that intellectual proofs may certainly be irrefutable, and that

_notwithstanding this_, they need not be decisive with regard to reality.

Instead of all sorts of theoretical explanations, let us now try to make

this comprehensible by a comparison. That comparisons are not in

themselves proofs is readily admitted, but this does not prevent their

often making intelligible what has to be expressed.

Human understanding, as it works in everyday life and in ordinary science,

is actually so constituted that it cannot penetrate into superphysical

worlds. This may be proven beyond the possibility of denial. But this

proof can have no more value for a certain kind of soul-life than the

proof one would use in showing that man's natural eye cannot, with its

visual faculty, penetrate to the smallest cells of a living being, or to

the constitution of far-off celestial bodies.

Just as the assertion is true and demonstrable that the ordinary power of

seeing does not penetrate as far as the cells, so also is the other

assertion which maintains that ordinary knowledge cannot penetrate into

supersensible worlds. And yet the proof that the ordinary power of vision

has to stop short of the cells in no way excludes the investigation of

cells. Why should the proof that the ordinary power of cognition has to

stop short of supersensible worlds, decide anything against the

possibility of investigating those worlds?

One can well sense the feeling which this comparison may evoke in many

people. One can even understand that he who doubts and holds the above

comparison against this labor of thought, does not even faintly sense the

whole seriousness of that mental effort. And yet the present writer is not

only fully convinced of that seriousness, but is of opinion that that work

of thought may be numbered among the noblest achievements of humanity. To

show that the human power of vision cannot perceive the cellular structure

without the help of instruments, would surely be a useless undertaking;

but in exact thinking, to become conscious of the nature of that thought

is a necessary work of the mind. It is only natural that one who devotes

himself to such work, should not notice that reality may refute him. The

preface to this book can be no place for entering into many refutations

of former editions, put forth by those who are entirely devoid of

appreciation of that for which it strives, or who direct their unfounded

attacks against the personality of the author; but it must, none the less,

be emphasized that belittling of serious scientific thought in this book

can only be imputed to the author by one who wishes to shut himself off

from the _spirit_ of what is expressed in it.

Man's power of cognition may be augmented and made more powerful, just as

the eye's power of vision may be augmented. Only the means for

strengthening the capacity of cognition are entirely of a spiritual

nature; they are inner processes, belonging purely to the soul. They

consist of what is described in this book as meditation and concentration

(contemplation). Ordinary soul-life is bound up with the bodily

instrument; the strengthened soul-life liberates itself from it. There are

schools of thought at the present time to which this assertion must appear

quite senseless, to which it must seem based only upon self-delusion.

Those who think in this way will find it easy, from their point of view,

to prove that all soul-life is bound up with the nervous system. One who

holds the standpoint from which this book has been written, can thoroughly

understand such proofs. He understands people who say that only

superficiality can assert that there may be some kind of soul-life

independent of the body, and who are quite convinced that in such

experiences of the soul there exists a connection with the life of the

nervous system, which the dilettantism of occult science merely fails to

detect.

Here certain quite comprehensible habits of thought are in such sharp

contradiction to what has been described in this book, that there is as

yet no prospect of coming to an understanding with many people. It is here

that we come to the point where the desire must arise that it should no

longer be a characteristic of our present day culture to at once decry as

fanciful or visionary a method of research which differs from its own. But

on the other hand it is also a fact at the present time that a number of

people can appreciate the supersensible method of research, as it is

presented in this book, people who understand that the meaning of life is

not revealed in general phrases about the soul, self, and so on, but can

only result from really entering into the facts of superphysical research.

Not from lack of modesty, but with a sense of joyful satisfaction, does

the author of this book feel profoundly the necessity for this fourth

edition after a comparatively short time. The author is not prompted to

this statement by lack of modesty, for he is entirely too conscious of how

little even this new edition approaches that "outline of a supersensuous

world concept" which it is meant to be. The whole book has once more been

revised for the new edition, much supplementary matter has been inserted

at important points, and elucidations have been attempted. But in numerous

passages the author has realized how poor the means of presentation

accessible to him prove to be in comparison with what superphysical

research discovers. Thus it was scarcely possible to do more than point

out the way in which to reach conceptions of the events described in this

book as the Saturn, Sun, and Moon evolutions. An important aspect of this

subject has been briefly remodelled in this edition. But experiences in

relation to such things diverge so widely from all experiences in the

realm of the senses, that their presentation necessitates a continual

striving after expressions which may be, at least in some measure,

adequate. One who is willing to enter into the attempted presentation

which has here been made, will perhaps notice that in the case of many

things which cannot possibly be expressed by mere words, the endeavour has

been made to convey them by the _manner_ of the description. This manner

is, for instance, different in the account of the Saturn evolution from

that used for the Sun evolution, and so on.

Much complementary and additional matter has been inserted in this edition

in the part dealing with Perception of the Higher Worlds. The endeavour

has been made to represent in a graphic way the kind of inner

soul-processes by which the power of cognition liberates itself from the

limits which confine it in the world of sense and thereby becomes

qualified for experiencing the supersensible world. The attempt has been

made to show that these experiences, even though gained by entirely inner

ways and methods, still do not have a merely subjective significance for

the particular individual who gains them. The description attempts to show

that _within_ the soul stripped of its individuality and personal

peculiarities, an experience takes place which _every_ human being may

have in the same way, if he will only work at his development from out his

subjective experiences. It is only when "knowledge of supersensible

worlds" is thought of as bearing this character that it may be

differentiated from old experiences of merely subjective mysticism. Of

this mysticism it may be said that it is after all more or less a

subjective concern of the mystic. The scientific spiritual training of the

soul, however, as it is described here, strives for objective experiences,

the truth of which, although recognized in an entirely inner way, may yet,

for that very reason, be found to be universally valid. This again is a

point on which it is very difficult to come to an understanding concerning

many of the habits of thought of our time.

In conclusion, the author would like to observe that it would be well if

even the sympathetic reader of the book would take its statements exactly

as they stand. At the present time there is a very prevalent tendency to

give this or that spiritual movement an historical name, and to many it is

only such a name that seems to make it valuable. But, it may be asked,

what would the statements in this book gain by being designated

Rosicrucian, or anything else of the kind? What is of importance is that

in this book a glimpse into supersensible worlds is attempted with the

means which in our present period of evolution are possible and suitable

for the human soul; and that from this point of view the problems of human

destiny and human existence are considered beyond the limits of birth and

death. It is not a question of an endeavor which shall bear this or that

old name, but of a striving after truth.

On the other hand, expressions have also been used, with hostile

intention, for the conception of the universe presented in this book.

Leaving out of account that those which were intended to strike and

discredit the author most heavily are absurd and objectively untrue, these

expressions are stamped as unworthy by the fact that they disparage a

fully _independent_ search for truth; because the aggressors do not judge

it on its own merits, but try to impose on others, as a judgment of these

investigations, erroneous ideas about their dependence upon this or that

tradition,--ideas which they have invented, or adopted from others without

reason. However necessary these words are in face of the many attacks on

the author, it is yet repugnant to him in this place to enter further into

the matter.

RUDOLF STEINER

_June, 1913._

AUTHOR'S REMARKS TO FIRST EDITION

In placing a book such as this in the hands of the public, the writer must

calmly anticipate every kind of criticism regarding his work which is

likely to arise in the present day. A reader, for instance, whose opinions

are based upon the results of scientific research, after noting certain

statements made here touching these things, may pronounce the following

judgment: "It is astounding that such statements should be possible in our

time. The most elementary conceptions of natural science are distorted in

such a manner as to denote positively inconceivable ignorance of even the

rudiments of science. The author uses such terms, for instance, as 'heat'

in a way that would lead one to infer that he had let the entire wave of

modern thought on the subject of physics sweep past him unperceived. Any

one familiar with the mere elements of this science would show him that

not even the merest dilettante could have made these statements, and they

can only be dismissed as the outcome of rank ignorance."

This and many a similar verdict might be pronounced, and we can picture

our reader, after the perusal of a page or two, laying the book

aside,--smiling or indignant, according to his temperament,--and reflecting

on the singular growths which a perverse tendency of thought may put forth

in our time. So thinking, he will lay this volume aside, with his

collection of similar freaks of the brain. What, however, would the author

say should such opinions come to his knowledge? Would he not, from his

point of view, also set the critic down as incapable of judgment or, at

least, as one who has not chosen to bring his good will to bear in forming

an intelligent opinion? To this the answer is most emphatically--No! In no

sense whatever does the author feel this, for he can easily conceive of

his critic as being not only a highly intelligent man, but also a trained

scientist, and one whose opinions are the result of conscientious thought.

The author of this book is able to enter into the feelings of such a

person and to understand the reasons which have led him to form these

conclusions.

Now, in order to comprehend what the author really means, it is necessary

to do here what generally seems to him to be out of place, but for which

there is urgent cause in the case of this book, namely, to introduce

certain personal data. Of course, nothing will be said in this connection

but what bears upon the author's decision to write this book. What is said

in it could not be justified if it bore merely a personal character. A

book of this kind is bound to proffer views to which any person may

attain, and these views must be presented in such a way as to suggest no

shade of the personal element, that is, as far as such a thing is

possible.

It is therefore not in this sense that the personal note is sounded. It is

only intended to explain how it was possible for the author to understand

the above characterized opinions concerning his presentations, and yet was

able to write this book.

It is true there is one method which would have made the introduction of

the personal element unnecessary--this would have been to specify in detail

all those particulars which would show that the statements here made are

in agreement with the progress of modern science. This course would,

however, have necessitated the writing of many volumes, and as such a task

is at present out of the question, the writer feels it necessary to state

the personal reasons which he believes justify him in thinking such an

agreement thoroughly possible and satisfactory. Were he not in a position

to make the following explanations, he would most certainly never have

gone so far as to publish such statements as those referring to heat

processes.

Some thirty years ago the author had the opportunity of studying physics

in its various branches. At that time the central point of interest in the

sphere of heat phenomena was the promulgation of the so-called "Mechanical

Theory of Heat," and it happened that this theory so particularly

engrossed his attention that the historical development of the various

interpretations associated with the names of Julius Robert Mayer,

Helmholtz, Joule, Clausius, and others, formed the subject of his

continuous study. During that period of concentrated work he laid those

foundations which have enabled him to follow all the actual advances since

made with regard to the theory of physical heat, without experiencing any

difficulty in penetrating into what science is achieving in this

department. Had he been obliged to confess himself unable to do this, the

writer would have had good reason for leaving unsaid and unwritten much

that has been brought forward in this book.

He has made it a matter of conscience, when writing or speaking on occult

science, to deal only with matters on which he could also report, in what

seemed an adequate manner, the views held by modern science. With this,

however, he does not wish in the least to give the impression that this is

always a necessary prerequisite. Any one may feel a call to communicate or

to publish whatever his judgment, his sense of truth, and his feelings may

prompt him to, even if he is ignorant of the attitude taken by

contemporary science in the matter. The writer wishes to indicate merely

that he holds to the pronouncements he has made. For instance, he would

never have written those few sentences on the human glandular system, nor

those regarding man's nervous system, contained in this volume, were he

not in a position to discuss both subjects in the terms used by the modern

scientist, when speaking of the glandular and nervous systems from the

standpoint of science.

In spite of the fact that it may be said that he who speaks concerning

heat, as is done here, knows nothing of the elements of modern physics,

yet the author feels himself quite justified, because he believes that he

knows present day research along those lines, and because if it were

unknown to him, he would have left the subject alone. He knows that such

utterances may be ascribed to lack of modesty, but it is necessary to

declare his true motives, lest they should be confounded with others of a

very different nature, a result infinitely worse than a verdict of mere

vanity.

He who reads this book as a philosopher, may well ask himself, "Has this

author been asleep to present day research in the field of the theory of

cognition? Had he never heard of the existence of a man called Kant?" this

philosopher might ask, "and did he not know that according to this man it

was simply inadmissible, from a philosophic point of view, to put forward

such statements?" and so on, while in conclusion he might remark that

stuff of so uncritical, childish, and unprofessional a nature should not

be tolerated among philosophers, and that any further investigation would

be waste of time. However, here again, for reasons already advanced and at

the risk of being again misinterpreted, the writer would fain introduce

certain personal experiences.

His studies of Kant date from his sixteenth year, and he really believes

he is now capable of criticizing quite objectively, from the Kantian point

of view, everything that has been put forward in this book. On this

account, too, he might have left this book unwritten were he not fully

aware of what moves a philosopher to pass the verdict of childishness

whenever the critical standard of the day is applied. Yet one may actually

know that in the Kantian sense the limits of possible knowledge are here

exceeded: one may know in what way Herbart (who never arrived at an

arrangement of ideas) would discover his naive realism. One may even

know the degree to which the modern pragmatism of James and Schiller and

others would find the bounds of true presentments transgressed--those

presentments which we are able to make our own, to vindicate, enforce, and

to verify.

We may know all these things and yet, for this very reason, feel justified

in holding the views here presented. The writer has dealt with the

tendencies of philosophic thought in his works: "The Theory of Cognition

of Goethe's World-Concept; Truth and Science; Philosophy of Freedom";

Goethe's World Concept and "Views of the World and Life in the

Nineteenth Century."

Many other criticisms might be suggested. Any one who had read some of the

writer's earlier works: "Views of the World and Life in the Nineteenth

Century," for instance, or a smaller work on _Haeckel and his Opponents_,

might think it incredible that one and the same man could have written

those books as well as the present work and also his already published

Theosophy. How, he might ask, "can a man throw himself into the breach

for Haeckel, and then, turn around and discredit every sound theory

concerning monism that is the outcome of Haeckel's researches?" He might

understand the author of this book attacking Haeckel "with fire and

sword"; but it passes the limits of comprehension that, besides defending

him, he should actually have dedicated "Views of the World and Life in the

Nineteenth Century" to him. Haeckel, it might be thought, would have

emphatically declined the dedication had he known that the author was

shortly to produce such stuff as _An Outline of Occult Science_, with all

its unwieldy dualism.

The writer of this book is of the opinion that one may very well

understand Haeckel without being bound to consider everything else as

nonsense which does not flow directly from Haeckel's own presentments and

premises. The author is further of the opinion that Haeckel cannot be

understood by attacking him with fire and sword, but by trying to grasp

what he has done for science. Least of all does he hold those opponents of

Haeckel to be in the right, against whom he has in his book, _Haeckel and

his Opponents_, sought to defend the great naturalist; for surely, the

fact of his having gone beyond Haeckel's premises by placing the spiritual

conception of the world side by side with the merely natural one conceived

by Haeckel, need be no reason for assuming that he was of one mind with

the latter's opponents. Any one taking the trouble to look at the matter

in the right light must see that the writer's recent books are in perfect

accord with those of an earlier date.

But the author can also conceive of a critic who in general and offhand

looks upon the presentations of this book as the out-pourings of a fantasy

run wild or as dreamy thought-pictures. Yet all that can be said in this

respect is contained in the book itself, and it is explicitly shown that

sane and earnest thought not only can but _must_ be the touch-stone of all

the facts presented. Only one who submits what is here advanced to logical

and adequate examination, such as is applied to the facts of natural

science, will be in a position to decide for himself how much reason has

to say in the matter.

After saying this much about those who may at first be inclined to take

exception to this work, we may perhaps be permitted to address a few words

to those on whose sympathetic attention we can rely. These will find all

broad essentials contained in the first chapter, "Concerning the Nature of

Occult Science." A word, however, must here be added. Although this book

deals with investigations carried beyond the confines of intellect limited

to the world of the senses, yet nothing has been asserted except what can

be grasped by any person possessed of unprejudiced reasoning powers backed

by a healthy sense of truth, and who is at the same time willing to turn

these gifts to the best account; and the writer emphatically wishes it to

be understood that he hopes to appeal to readers who will not be content

with merely accepting on blind faith the matters presented, but who will

take the trouble to test them by the light of their own understanding and

by the experiences of their own lives. Above all, he desires _cautious_

readers, who will allow themselves to be convinced only by what can be

logically justified. The writer is well aware that his work would be worth

nothing were its value to rest on blind belief; it is valuable only in the

degree to which it can be justified by unbiased reason. It is an easy

thing for blind faith to confound folly and superstition with truth, and

doubtless many, who have been content to accept the supersensible on mere

faith, will be inclined to think that this book makes too great demands

upon their powers of thought. It is not a question of merely making

certain communications, but rather of presenting them in a manner

consistent with a conscientious view of the corresponding plane of life;

for this is the plane upon which the loftiest matters are often handled

with unscrupulous charlatanism, and where knowledge and superstition come

into such close contact as to be liable to be confused one with the other.

Any one acquainted with supersensual research will, on reading this book,

be able to see that the author has sought to define the boundary line

sharply between what can be communicated now from the sphere of

supersensible cognition, and that which will be given out, at a later

time, or at least, in a different form.

RUDOLF STEINER

_December, 1909._

CHAPTER I. THE CHARACTER OF OCCULT SCIENCE

At the present time the words occult science are apt to arouse the most

varied feelings. Upon some people they work like a magic charm, like the

announcement of something to which they feel attracted by the innermost

powers of their soul; to others there is in the words something repellent,

calling forth contempt, derision, or a compassionate smile. By many,

occult science is looked upon as a lofty goal of human effort, the crown

of all other knowledge and cognition; others, who are devoting themselves

with the greatest earnestness and noble love of truth to that which

appears to them true science, deem occult science mere idle dreaming and

fantasy, in the same category with what is called superstition. To some,

occult science is like a light without which life would be valueless; to

others, it represents a spiritual danger, calculated to lead astray

immature minds and weak souls, while between these two extremes is to be

found every possible intermediate shade of opinion.

Strange feelings are awakened in one who has attained a certain

impartiality of judgment in regard to occult science, its adherents and

its opponents, when one sees how people, undoubtedly possessed of a

genuine feeling for freedom in many matters, become intolerant when they

meet with this particular line of thought. And an unprejudiced observer

will scarcely fail in this case to admit that what attracts many adherents

of occult science--or occultism--is nothing but the fatal craving for what

is unknown and mysterious, or even vague. And he will also be ready to own

that there is much cogency in the reasons put forward against what is

fantastic and visionary by serious opponents of the cause in question. In

fact, one who studies occult science will do well not to lose sight of the

fact that the impulse toward the mysterious leads many people on a vain

chase after worthless and dangerous will-o'-the-wisps.

Even though the occult scientist keeps a watchful eye on all errors and

vagaries on the part of adherents of his views, and on all justifiable

antagonism, yet there are reasons which hold him back from the immediate

defence of his own efforts and aspirations. These reasons will become

apparent to any one entering more deeply into occult science. It would

therefore be superfluous to discuss them here. If they were cited before

the threshold of this science had been crossed, they would not suffice to

convince one who, held back by irresistible repugnance, refuses to cross

that threshold. But to one who effects an entry, the reasons will soon

manifest themselves, with unmistakable clearness from within.

This much, however, implies that the reasons in question point to a

certain attitude as the only right one for an occult scientist. He avoids,

as much as he possibly can, any kind of outer defence or conflict, and

lets the cause speak for itself. He simply puts forward occult science;

and in what it has to say about various matters, he shows how his

knowledge is related to other departments of life and science, what

antagonism it may encounter, and in what way reality stands witness to the

truth of his cognitions. He knows that an attempted vindication would,--not

merely on account of current defective thinking but by virtue of a certain

inner necessity,--lead into the domain of artful persuasion; and he desires

nothing else than to let occult science work its own way quite

independently.

The first point in occult science is by no means the advancing of

assertions or opinions which are to be proven, but the communication, in a

purely narrative form, of experiences which are to be met with in a world

other than the one that is to be seen with physical eyes and touched with

physical hands. And further, it is an important point that through this

science the methods are described by which man may verify for himself the

truth of such communications. For one who makes a serious study of genuine

occult science will soon find that thereby much becomes changed in the

conceptions and ideas which are formed--and rightly formed--in other spheres

of life. A wholly new conception necessarily arises also about what has

hitherto been called a proof. We come to see that in certain domains

such a word loses its usual meaning, and that there are other grounds for

insight and understanding than proofs of this kind.

All occult science is born from two thoughts, which may take root in any

human being. To the occult scientist these thoughts express facts which

may be experienced if the right methods for the purpose are used. But to

many people these same thoughts represent highly disputable assertions,

which may arouse fierce contention, even if they are not regarded as

something which may be proven impossible.

These two thoughts are, first, that behind the visible world there is

another, the world invisible, which is hidden from the senses and also

from thought that is fettered by these senses; and secondly, that it is

possible for man to penetrate into that unseen world by developing certain

faculties dormant within him.

Some will say that there is no such hidden world. The world perceived by

man through his senses is the only one. Its enigmas can be solved out of

itself. Even if man is still very far from being able to answer all the

questions of existence, the time will certainly come when sense-experience

and the science based upon it will be able to give the answers to all such

questions.

Others say that it cannot be asserted that there is no unseen world behind

the visible one, but that human powers of perception are not able to

penetrate into that world. Those powers have bounds which they cannot

pass. Faith, with its urgent cravings, may take refuge in such a world;

but true science, based on ascertained facts, can have nothing to do with

it.

A third class looks upon it as a kind of presumption for man to attempt to

penetrate, by his own efforts of cognition, into a domain with regard to

which he should give up all claim to knowledge and be content with faith.

The adherents of this view feel it to be wrong for weak human beings to

wish to force their way into a world which should belong to religious

life.

It is also alleged that a common knowledge of the facts of the sense-world

is possible for mankind, but that in regard to supersensible things it can

be merely a question of the individual's personal opinion, and that in

these matters there can be no possibility of a certainty universally

recognized. And many other assertions are made on the subject.

The occult scientist has convinced himself that a consideration of the

visible world propounds enigmas