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    Geotechnical Practices in Mining
    Geotechnical Practices in Mining
    Geotechnical Practices in Mining
    Ebook306 pages1 hour

    Geotechnical Practices in Mining

    By Balagovind Agarwal

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    About this ebook

    Geotechnical Practices in Mining offers an engaging exploration of the techniques, methodologies, and engineering marvels that have shaped the fields of mining and geotechnical engineering. This book provides readers with a historical perspective, from the remarkable constructions of ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Harappans to the advancements pioneered by modern engineers, scientists, and geologists.
    The book delves into key practices such as oil drilling, resource extraction, and underwater exploration, showcasing the tools and methods used to accomplish these critical tasks. Readers will also gain insights into the construction of buildings and structures, the establishment of submarine gas and communication lines, and the challenges faced by geotechnical professionals in diverse environments.
    Rich with knowledge and historical context, this book is ideal for students and professionals seeking to understand the innovative techniques that drive progress in mining and geotechnical engineering.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherEducohack Press
    Release dateJan 24, 2025
    ISBN9789361524851
    Geotechnical Practices in Mining

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      Book preview

      Geotechnical Practices in Mining - Balagovind Agarwal

      Geotechnical Practices in Mining

      Geotechnical Practices in Mining

      Balagovind Agarwal

      Geotechnical Practices in Mining

      Balagovind Agarwal

      ISBN - 9789361524851

      COPYRIGHT © 2025 by Educohack Press. All rights reserved.

      This work is protected by copyright, and all rights are reserved by the Publisher. This includes, but is not limited to, the rights to translate, reprint, reproduce, broadcast, electronically store or retrieve, and adapt the work using any methodology, whether currently known or developed in the future.

      The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, or similar designations in this publication does not imply that such terms are exempt from applicable protective laws and regulations or that they are available for unrestricted use.

      The Publisher, authors, and editors have taken great care to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information presented in this publication at the time of its release. However, no explicit or implied guarantees are provided regarding the accuracy, completeness, or suitability of the content for any particular purpose.

      If you identify any errors or omissions, please notify us promptly at educohackpress@gmail.com & sales@educohackpress.com We deeply value your feedback and will take appropriate corrective actions.

      The Publisher remains neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

      Published by Educohack Press, House No. 537, Delhi- 110042, INDIA

      Email: educohackpress@gmail.com & sales@educohackpress.com

      Cover design by Team EDUCOHACK

      Preface

      This book discusses and explains the study of mining and geotechnical engineering which are two significant branches of engineering that has been under implementations since the dawn of civilizations for a wide array of tasks and functions like for instance the concepts of mining were utilized in the historic times for the yielding flint stones from mountains by the process of breaking rocks around a mineral vein in certain mountains in order to create the necessities for creating fire which was an important resource for energy and other tasks in those days

      This book aims to put light on the different techniques that are implemented in the fields of mining or geotechnical engineering for the extraction of minerals from mineral-rich sources such as mountains or hills so that the resources yielded can be utilized for a wide array of tasks and functionalities associated with the day to day life of mankind. This book also significantly bifurcates the two disciplines of engineering separately that is the branch of mining engineering and geotechnical engineering.

      Students will find this book incredibly easy to comprehend, and this makes it ideal for all who has a spark of interest in the field of engineering as this book covers all the nooks of the areas of study in the engineering domains of mining and geotechnical engineering and also puts emphasis on the applications and implications of mining to the environment.

      Table of Contents

      Introduction 1

      1 The Basics of Mine - Geotechnics 2

      1.1 History 7

      1.2 Practicing Engineers 17

      1.3 History of Mining Engineering 21

      1.4 Education 24

      1.5 Salary and Statistics 26

      1.6 Pre-mining 26

      1.7 Mineral Determination 29

      1.8 Mining Process 30

      1.8.1 Blasting 30

      1.8.2 Leaching 31

      1.8.3 Flotation 32

      1.8.4 Electrostatic Separation 32

      1.8.5 Gravity Separation 33

      1.8.6 Magnetic Separation 34

      1.8.7 Hydraulic Separation 35

      1.9 Exercise 36

      2 Rock and Soil Mechanics 37

      2.9.1 Transport 46

      2.1 Soil Composition 48

      2.1.1 Soil Mineralogy 48

      2.1.2 Grain Size Distribution 52

      2.1.3 Sieve Analysis 52

      2.1.4 Hydrometer Analysis 54

      2.2 Soil Classification 56

      2.2.1 Classification of Soil Grains 57

      2.2.2 Classification of Sands and Gravels 58

      2.2.3 Atterberg Limits 59

      2.2.4 Classification of Silts and Clays 62

      2.3 Flownets 62

      2.4 Seepage Forces and Erosion 63

      2.5 Seepage Pressures 64

      2.6 Effective Stress and Capillarity: Hydrostatic Conditions 65

      2.7 Capillary Action 67

      2.8 Consolidation 68

      2.9 Shear Behavior: Stiffness and Strength 70

      2.10 Friction, Interlocking and Dilation 71

      2.11 Applications 73

      2.11.1 Lateral Earth Pressure 73

      2.11.2 Bearing Capacity 74

      2.12 Slope Stability 75

      2.12.1 Simple Slope Slip Section 75

      2.13 Recent Developments 75

      2.14 Rock Mechanics 77

      2.14.1 Background 78

      2.15 Exercise 79

      3 Geotechnical Investigation 80

      3.15.1 Soil Sampling 84

      3.15.2 Soil Samplers 87

      3.1 In situ Tests 95

      3.2 Laboratory Tests 101

      3.2.1 Atterberg Limits 101

      3.2.2 California Bearing Ratio 102

      3.2.3 Direct Shear Test 103

      3.2.4 Expansion Index Test 104

      3.2.5 Hydraulic Conductivity Tests 104

      3.2.6 Oedometer Test 105

      3.2.7 Particle-size Analysis 105

      3.2.8 R-Value Test 106

      3.2.9 Soil Compaction Tests 107

      3.3 Soil Suction Tests 108

      3.3.1 Triaxial Shear Tests 108

      3.3.2 Unconfined Compression Test 109

      3.3.3 Water Content 109

      3.4 Geophysical Exploration 110

      3.5 Geophysical Methods 111

      3.6 Uses 114

      3.6.1 Mineral Exploration 115

      3.6.2 Hydrocarbon Exploration 118

      3.7 Civil Engineering 120

      3.7.1 Ground-penetrating Radar 120

      3.7.2 Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves 120

      3.7.3 Full Waveform Inversion 121

      3.8 Exercise 122

      4 Building Foundation and Retaining Structures 123

      4.8.1 Purpose 128

      4.8.2 Requirements of a Good Foundation 131

      4.1 Historic Foundation Types 132

      4.1.1 Earthfast or post in Ground Construction 132

      4.1.2 Padstones 133

      4.1.3 Stone Foundations 135

      4.1.4 Rubble Trench Foundations 136

      4.2 Modern Foundation Types 138

      4.2.1 Shallow Foundations 138

      4.2.2 Spread Footing Foundation 139

      4.2.3 Mat-slab Foundations 141

      4.2.4 Slab-on-grade Foundation 141

      4.2.5 Rubble Trench Foundation 145

      4.2.6 Earthbag Foundation 147

      4.2.7 Deep Foundations 148

      4.2.8 Driven Foundations 148

      4.2.9 Pile Foundation Systems 149

      4.2.10 Monopile Foundation 150

      4.3 Design 151

      4.4 Retaining Wall 151

      4.5 Definition 152

      4.6 Retaining Wall Terminology 153

      4.7 Types 154

      4.7.1 Gravity Walls 154

      4.7.2 Cantilevered 154

      4.7.3 Diaphragm Wall 155

      4.7.4 Sheet Piling 155

      4.7.5 Bored Pile 156

      4.7.6 Anchored Pile 156

      4.8 Exercise 157

      5 Offshore Geotechnical Engineering 158

      5.1 Differences between onshore and Offshore

      Geotechnical Engineering are 158

      5.2 The Offshore Environment 159

      5.2.1 The Nature of the Soil 162

      5.2.2 Metocean Aspects 163

      5.2.3 Geohazards 165

      5.2.4 Site Investigation 167

      5.2.5 Desk Study 167

      5.2.6 Geophysical Surveys 168

      5.2.7 Geotechnical Surveys 172

      5.2.8 Sampling and Drilling 174

      5.2.9 In situ Soil Testing 176

      5.3 Offshore Structures and Geotechnical Considerations 176

      5.4 Submarine Pipelines 178

      5.4.1 Route Selection 180

      5.4.2 Physical Factors 181

      5.4.3 Other uses of the Seabed 184

      5.4.4 Submarine Pipeline Characteristics 184

      5.5 Offshore Embedded Anchors 186

      5.5.1 Drag-embedment Anchors 187

      5.5.2 Design 189

      5.5.3 Fluke 189

      5.5.4 Shank 189

      5.5.5 Padeye 189

      5.5.6 Mooring Line 190

      5.6 Exercise 191

      Appendix 192

      Glossary 196

      Index 199

      Introduction

      Under the diverse field of engineering, the induction of mining and geotechnical engineering has been remarkable and has thus paved pathways to open new horizons in the exploration and acquisition of several minerals that facilitate mankind in many different and significant ways. Mining may well have been the second of humankind’s earliest endeavors positioned just after agriculture. The two industries are collectively known as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. Little has differed in the significance of these industries since the dawn of civilization. If we consider fishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining, then agriculture and mining consistently provide all the basic resources utilized by modern civilization. Geotechnical engineering is a field of civil engineering associated with the engineering nature of earth constituents. Geotechnical engineering is significant in civil engineering but is also utilized by military, mining, petroleum, or any other engineering associated with construction above or below the surface. Geotechnical engineering implements the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to assess subsurface conditions and materials and decide the related physical or mechanical and chemical properties of these constituents and continually examine the stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits like examining risks posed by site conditions, designing earthworks and structure-foundations and monitor site conditions, earthwork and foundation construction.

      Chapter

      1 The Basics of Mine - Geotechnics

      Geotechnical engineering, even called geotechnics, is the implementation of scientific techniques and engineering ideologies to the accession, understanding, and utilization of knowledge of constituents of the Earth’s crust and earth constituents for the remedy of engineering issues and the blueprint of engineering tasks. It is the implemented science of foretelling the behavior of the Earth, its several constituents and processes

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