azygous

Interrupted IVC with azygous continuation usually does not result in physiologic abnormality and clinical manifestation but can complicate cardiac catheterization, interventional procedures like radiofrequency catheter ablation and surgical procedures like bidirectional glenn operation (BDG) and Fontan.

Exposure and ligation of the thoracic duct are performed through a right sided thoracoscopic approach, through which the thoracic duct is ligated at the supradiaphragmatic hiatus between the aorta and azygous vein [66, 68].

Another variant of anterior cerebral artery in the form of 'Azygous anterior cerebral artery' was also well appreciated on T2 images.

There are three possible mechanisms namely direct spread, local spread and distant spread.7 Skin metastasis thought to involve hematogenous spread where pulmonary circulation and filtration can be theoretically bypassed via the azygous venous and vertebral venous system via Batson's plexus, allowing skin implantation.

5) demonstrates an azygous anterior cerebral artery.

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen/pelvis with intravenous contrast revealed thrombosis of the distal inferior vena cava (IVC) and iliac veins with a congenital absence of suprarenal and intrahepatic segments of the IVC (Fig1&2) with extensive collaterals and prominent ascending lumbar, perivertebral, azygous and hemiazygous venous systems.

(3) An LSGB may also be associated with other significant liver and vascular anomalies including a preduodenal portal vein, azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava, anomalous intrahepatic branching of the portal vein, absence of the quadrate lobe or an accessory liver.

Absence of the spleen or the finding of polysplenia can alert the surgeon to the presence of important associated anomalies such as malrotation, preduodenal portal vein, and interrupted inferior vena cava with azygous continuation.

Dilated and tortuous azygous & hemiazygous veins (Fig.

These were categorized based on the following echocardiographic criteria: a diagnosis of left atrial isomerism was made if there was an interrupted inferior caval vein with azygous continuation and anterior located descending aorta according to azygous vein, and a diagnosis of right atrial isomerism was made if the inferior caval vein and aorta was both located on the right or left side of the spine in parallel anteroposterior orientation (8,9).

They reported that those with narrowed azygous veins tended to have the most aggressive clinical course.

It contains the heart, which is enclosed by the pericardial sac, great vessels related to the heart such as the aorta and vena cava, and the azygous venous system.