dead load

The ductility index of the specimen UB-GR-300-T and UB-NG-300-T with the initial damage induced by the dead load before strengthening showed a slight decrease by comparison with UB-GR-0-T and UB-NG-0-T, because the steel reinforcements in tension have been yielded due to the dead load before strengthening, which lead to the generation of residual deformation after unloading.

where [[mu].sub.sdt] is the factor for additional long-time deflection at time, t, applied to initial deflection caused by superimposed dead load and t(s) is the time at which the superimposed dead load is applied.

The dead load is the critical factor in the pavement design, and it is not an effective and economical solution to reduce stress range by increasing the thickness of the AC pavement.

Conclusions: Analysis for construction loads indicated that first segment near the face of the pier was over prestressed due to cantilever tendons during construction to resist the total dead load of the girder and other construction loads.

The first one when the cable is provided with bending stiffness ([E.sub.c][J.sub.c] [not equal to] 0) in case of both dead load g and temporary load p.

This includes the live load (items that will be placed on and then removed from the unit) and the dead load (weight applied to the unit on a permanent basis, such as conveyor, weight scales or fixtures).

Its RAK Slim has attractive energy-saving features and reduces 50 per cent dead load on the structure of the building due to its reduced thickness.

After the applying of dead load, the settlement rate tended to reduce steadily.

Lightweight aggregates are materials having densities less than the usual aggregates and used worldwide to reduce the dead load in bridges, dams and high raise buildings; moreover lightweight aggregate concrete have many comparative advantages in comparison to normal concrete, like fire resistance, thermal insulation, moisture resistance and sound proof structures.

Owing to the geometry of the connector, the dead load of the components produces pressure when acting against each other, thus making it possible to have joints between the components that ate impermeable to wind and water.

The symmetrical load case g+s (dead load +snow load) has been taken into account in all computations.

The Cogenix dead load hardness tester, Model H14, is a digital, fully automatic bench mounted instrument which is designed to conform to international standards for testing rubber and elastomers.

Load factors needed to take into account both the dead load - the structure itself - and the imposed load such as snow and wind.