Although Luick's hypothesis concerning limitations of voicing were adopted by structurally-oriented scholars, like Moulton (1954:21: "The voicing of medial voiceless
spirants affected those following a stressed vowel, but not those following an unstressed vowel."), Campbell (1959:180, note 1) considered that rule doubtful because "this leaves isolated exceptions, each of which has to be separately explained away".
According to the Danasagara, the scribe was supposed to compare his finished version with the original, particularly for conjunct consonants, vowel length, nasalizations shown as dots (bindu), and voiceless
spirant called visarga.(15) According to another text, the copyist carried out the revision with the assistance of a reader who read aloud (vacaka, pathaka, kathaka).(16) Thakur says a reviser, called grantha-dharaka, corrected the mistakes made by those declaiming the texts either as they recited or on their manuscripts.(17)
Though admirable in many ways in its evident erudition, the fact that there is, in addition, no glossary supplying a ready guide to ablaut or cognate, for example, or similarly to
spirant, plosive, assimilation, dissimilation, Verner's Law (among a number of items of terminology which appear in the text, some with and some without accompanying explanation), is potentially problematic given the intended readership, and not least since the Index which is provided is merely a list of the individual words discussed.
The words of the triplum begin as follows: Tanti gaude germinis alumna,* * MS: alumpna ullis bona et magis servans membra,* * MS: menbra urbs Padua; quae
spirant - ut ambra valde bona, thus, balsamum, pigmentumque thymbra* - * MS: timbra illa thetis fulgentibus gemmis et ob riso aci et hijs [?] Rejoice, daughter of so great a race, [who] more than others are benevolent and protective of your people (magis servans membra), [O] city of Padua.
Between [n] and [l], while a voiced dental
spirant [o] is attested in Chantaika Enets, cf.
The nasal (phonetically [[eta]]) preceding the voiceless
spirant in the original alternation which surfaced as Proto-Germanic *n[chi] ~ *n[gamma] was lost probably still in Proto-Germanic stage and is no longer evident in Old English.
TAS)
Spirant Communications/Adtech Spirent Communications/SmartBits Systems Sunrise Telecom Inc.
The examples are self-explanatory: the addition of an aspirated plosive results in the devoicing of a preceding
spirant and the loss of aspiration on the plosive itself.
The rule accounts for the deletion of the n of r[a.bar]jan 'king' in the masculine nominative singular r[a.bar]j[a.bar], and in oblique forms beginning with a stop or
spirant such as the instrumental plural rajabhih and locative plural rajasu.
The glottal
spirant h does not appear in native words in either Courland or Salaca Livonian.
The picture is further complicated in the development of OE, as Germanic [f], [theta], [x] could be voiced> [v], [""], [g] or [x], with the voicing of the voiceless
spirant [s] > [z]": [x]> [Y} by Verner's law; the environments for voicing in OE should be indicated; [x] is not a voiced sound; (p.
Such are the use of ea for the descendants of OE ea and Anglian ae (though AB's use of this graph for the short sound has been lost), h for a voiced
spirant, and retention of a for the reflex of OE a (in something over 20% of the cases in II, consistently in AB).
"In these languages initial k- is preserved before i, i; before all other vowels it is changed to a guttural
spirant usually represented in Brah, and Kur.
