zonule

In the eye, PEX syndrome manifests as the presence of pseudoexfoliative material deposits on the anterior lens capsule, ciliary body, zonules, pupillary edge, corneal endothelium, anterior vitreous, trabeculum and connective tissue in the eyeball (4-7).

Furthermore, advanced EL and zonule defects, which are very frequent in MFS patients, will result in higher myopia and astigmatism [9, 20].

The CTR have the additional advantage of stabilizing the lens when there is a zonule fragility.

Finally, the lens capsule is important for lens structural integrity and serves as the attachment site between the lens and the zonules, which suspend the lens in the correct location within the eye [10,11] and transmit the forces necessary for accommodation in primates [12].

Under normal physiological conditions, the anatomical location of the lens is behind the iris and fixed in the ciliary process by the zonule [6], so the radians of the lens equator are consistent and there is almost no difference in distance between lens equator and ciliary process in the same cross section.

High myopic patients, especially with axial length of >27.0 mm, probably have an enlarged capsular bag with weak zonules and tend to develop cataracts earlier than emmetropic patients [7,8].

There is also an increased risk of capsular tears, vitreous loss and lens material retention in patients with weak lens zonules. This weakness is associated with a number of conditions including pseudoexfoliation, traumatic lens displacement, hypermature cataract and systemic tissue diseases such as Marfans Syndrome.

Rotary shadowing of elastic system microfibrils in the ocular zonule, vitreous, and ligamentum nuchae.

Heier et al., "Pseudoexfoliation: high risk factors for zonule weakness and concurrent vitrectomy during phacoemulsification," Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, vol.

We released the zonule adhesions using surgical scissors and removed the crystalline lens capsule using a dispending spoon.

However, this surgery has challenging features, which include poor pupillary dilatation caused by the postoperative inflammation, more mobility of the posterior capsule due to the absence of the vitreous, loose zonules and pre-existing posterior capsular dehiscence associated with lengthy vitreoretinal surgery, multiple procedures, and vitrectomy involving vitreous base dissection.5,12 Thus, the surgery for post-vitrectomy cataract may have more difficulties and higher probability of complications.13 In this study, we improved the traditional surgery by performing phacoemulsification outside the capsule to treat the cataract after vitrectomy and achieved good surgical results.

The zonules could not be visualized in the same location (Figure 1b).

(4) This may be due to reduced accommodation with age, or changes in lens size keeping the iris out of contact with the zonules. (5) As well as tending to occur in this age-range, PDS has preponderance to males more than females.

The material gets deposited on most of the anterior segment structures, including, cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens capsule, zonules and angle.

When this PXE material gets clogged in the eye's drainage system, the ocular pressure can rise and lead to glaucoma, and also if the material gets deposited on the structures like zonules, which hold the lens in place, and are weaker, it would increase the risk of complications during cataract surgery.