Phenanthroline
| 1,10-phenanthroline | |
| Sample of 1,10-Phenanthroline | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
1,10-phenanthroline
|
|
| Identifiers | |
66-71-7  |
|
| ChEBI | CHEBI:44975 |
| ChEMBL | ChEMBL415879 |
| ChemSpider | 1278 |
| DrugBank | DB02365 |
| Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
| RTECS number | SF8300000 |
|
|
|
|
| Properties | |
| C12H8N2 | |
| Molar mass | 180.21 g/mol |
| Appearance | colourless crystals |
| Density | 1.31 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 117 °C (243 °F; 390 K) |
| moderate | |
| Solubility in other solvents | acetone
ethanol |
| Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
| Related compounds | |
|
Related compounds
|
2,2'-bipyridine ferroin phenanthrene |
|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
|
 verify (what is  ?) |
|
| Infobox references | |
Phenanthroline (phen) is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry, it forms strong complexes with most metal ions.[1] In terms of its coordination properties, phen is similar to 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy).
Contents
Synthesis
Phenanthroline may be prepared by two successive Skraup reactions of glycerol with o-phenylenediamine, catalyzed by sulfuric acid, and an oxidizing agent, traditionally aqueous arsenic acid or nitrobenzene.[2] Dehydration of glycerol gives acrolein which condenses with the amine followed by a cyclization.
Peptidase inhibitor
1,10-Phenanthroline is an inhibitor of metallopeptidases, with one of the first observed instances reported in carboxypeptidase A.[3] Inhibition of the enzyme occurs by removal and chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity, leaving an inactive apoenzyme. 1,10-Phenanthroline targets mainly zinc metallopeptidases, with a much lower affinity for calcium.[4]
Ferroin and analogues
The complex [Fe(phen)3]2+, called "ferroin," is used for the photometric determination of Fe(II).[5] It is used as a redox indicator with standard potential +1.06 V. The reduced ferrous form has a deep red colour and the oxidised form is light-blue.[6] Ferroin is used as a cell permeable inhibitor for metalloproteases in cell biology.
The pink complex [Ni(phen)3]2+ has been resolved into its Δ and Λ isomers.[7] The analogous [Ru(phen)3]2+ has long been known to be bioactive.[8]
Related phen ligands
A variety of substituted derivatives of phen have been examined as ligands. Neocuproine, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, is a bulky ligand. In "bathophenanthroline," the 4 and 7 positions are substituted by phenyl groups. The more electron-rich phenanthroline ligand is 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline.[1]
-
File:PhenNumbering.pngNumbering for 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives.
As an indicator for alkyllithium reagents
Alkyllithium reagents form deeply colored derivatives with phenanthroline. The alkyllithium content of solutions can be determined by treatment of such reagents with small amounts of phenanthroline (ca. 1 mg) followed by titration with alcohols to a colourless endpoint.[9]
Grignard reagents may be similarly titrated.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 C.R. Luman, F.N. Castellano "Phenanthroline Ligands" in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II, 2003, Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-043748-4.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Belcher, R. "Application of chelate Compounds in Analytical Chemistry" Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1973, volume 34, pages 13-27.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
