Russell Group

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Russell Group
File:RussellGroup.svg
Formation 1994
Type Association of United Kingdom-based universities
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Region served
 United Kingdom
Membership
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The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in Cambridge and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and Parliament. It was incorporated in 2007.[2] Its members are often perceived as the UK's most prestigious universities, but this has been disputed.[3]

As of 2017, Russell Group members receive over three-quarters of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom.[4] Fifteen of the country's sixteen universities in the THE top 100 are members of the group. Their graduates hold 61% of all UK jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates.[5][6] Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom.[4] In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, Russell Group universities accounted for 65% of all world-leading (4*) research conducted in the UK, and 91% of the Russell Group's research was judged to be world-leading (4*) or internationally excellent (3*).[7] Of the 21 Russell Group universities that have entered the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), 10 hold gold awards (48%), 10 silver (48%) and one bronze (5%),[8] compared to proportions across all 274 higher education providers with full awards of 28% gold, 50% silver and 22% bronze,[9] and proportions across 139 universities and alternative providers with university status of 40% gold, 50% silver and 10% bronze.[10]

The Russell Group is named after the location of the first informal meetings of the Group, which took place at the Hotel Russell in Russell Square, London.[11]

History

The Russell Group of universities was formed in 1994 by 17 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at Hotel Russell shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK) in nearby Tavistock Square, close to the University of London buildings and, particularly, Senate House.[11][12] With the exception of Warwick (established in the 1960s), the founder members of the group were all universities or university colleges prior to World War I, including most of Britain's ancient universities and "redbrick universities". In 1998, Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group.[13]

In March 2001, the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options.[14] In December 2005, it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research.[15] In November 2006, Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group.[16] In the same month Wendy Piatt, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive.[16]

In March 2012, it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year.[11] All of the new members had previously been members of the 1994 Group of British universities.[11]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog Ofqual on the content of A-Levels.[17] In May 2019 the group launched a website "Informed Choices" to advise school children on which A-level subject choices were useful for various degree courses, replacing an earlier teachers' guide that had identified a list of "facilitating subjects'.[18]

Organisation

Objectives

The Russell Group states that "its aim is to help ensure that our universities have the optimum conditions in which to flourish and continue to make social, economic and cultural impacts through their world-leading research and teaching."[2]

It works towards this by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together.

Leadership

The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Dr Tim Bradshaw and chaired by Prof Sir Anton Muscatelli, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow.

In May 2020 the Russell Group appointed the next chair Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell, President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of Manchester, starting September 2020.[19]

Russell Group chairs 2000–2023[19]
Name Dates Institution
Sir Colin Lucas 2000–2003 Oxford
Professor Sir Michael Sterling 2003–2006 Birmingham
Professor Sir Malcolm Grant 2006–2009 UCL
Professor Michael Arthur 2009–2012 Leeds
Professor Sir David Eastwood 2012–2015 Birmingham
Professor Sir David Greenaway 2015–2017 Nottingham
Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli 2017–2020 Glasgow
Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell 2020–2023 Manchester

Members

Locations of Russell Group universities

The Russell Group currently has twenty four members,[12] of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the University of London and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007.

The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their student and staff numbers, and their Teaching Excellence Framework rating).

University[20] Year of joining Undergraduate students (2014/15)[21] Postgraduate students (2014/15)[21] Total students (2014/15)[21] Total academic staff (2018/19)[22] TEF award[23]
14px University of Birmingham 1994 20,100 14,060 34,160 4,020 Gold
14px University of Bristol 1994 16,030 5,525 21,555 3,285 Silver
University of Cambridge coat of arms.svg University of Cambridge 1994 12,230 7,285 19,515 6,215 Gold
14px Cardiff University 1998 21,575 8,905 30,480 3,330 Silver
Durham shield.png Durham University 2012 12,870 4,725 17,595 1,720 Gold
14px University of Edinburgh 1994 20,100 8,780 28,880 7,310 N/A
14px University of Exeter 2012 16,175 4,380 20,555 2,810 Gold
14px University of Glasgow 1994 19,160 7,655 26,815 4,275 N/A
14px Imperial College London 1994 9,015 7,595 16,610 4,055 Gold
14px King's College London‡ 1998 17,610 11,120 28,730 4,390 Silver
14px University of Leeds 1994 23,005 8,025 31,030 3,785 Gold
14px University of Liverpool 1994 17,850 4,865 22,715 3,005 Silver
London School of Economics Coat of Arms.svg London School of Economics‡ 1994 4,415 6,185 10,600 1,725 Bronze
14px University of Manchester 1994 26,725 11,865 38,590 5,080 Silver
14px Newcastle University 1994 16,850 6,265 23,110 3,010 Gold
14px University of Nottingham 1994 23,815 8,095 31,910 3,495 Gold
14px University of Oxford 1994 16,580 9,420 26,005 6,905 Gold
14px Queen Mary University of London‡ 2012 11,390 4,570 15,960 3,235 Silver
Queen's University Belfast arms.svg Queen's University Belfast 2006 18,855 4,995 23,855 1,905 N/A
14px University of Sheffield 1994 18,975 8,220 27,195 3,495 Silver
14px University of Southampton 1994 16,150 7,645 23,795 2,735 Silver
UCL Crest.svg University College London‡ 1994 16,830 18,785 35,615 7,700 Silver
14px University of Warwick 1994 14,765 8,925 23,685 2,635 Silver
University of York coat of arms.svg University of York 2012 12,815 4,020 16,835 1,935 Gold

Notes:
‡ Constituent college of the University of London, awarding its own degrees

Status

Research

In 2022/23, following the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), the English universities of the Russell Group saw their share of recurring research funding from Research England drop by 2.71 percentage points from the 2021/22 funding (based on the previous 2014 REF) to 68.21 per cent, although most institutions saw a rise in actual funding levels due to an overall increase in funding. The top 19 English institutions in terms of funding continued to all be from the Russell Group, with the top 20 being rounded off, as before, by Lancaster. The LSE was, as in previous REF rounds, the exception, ranking 31st in terms of funding (down from 23rd in 2021/11) and seeing a nine per cent fall (£1.7 million) in its allocation.[24]

In 2015/16, following the 2014 REF, the 19 English universities with HEFCE research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20 million was the LSE (£18.6 million), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of Leicester and Lancaster (both on £19 million).[25]

In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group.[26] In terms of total research funding allocations from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions.[27] LSE was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. Queen's University Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation.[27]

The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money).

In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of Research Fortnight's Research Assessment Exercise 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by Durham University and Queen Mary University of London, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th).[28] In the equivalent table for the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the University of Lancaster in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university.[29]

Rankings

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See also: Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom

In 2021, all eight UK universities in the ARWU top 100, sixteen of the seventeen in the QS top 100 (the other place being occupied by the University of St Andrews), and all eleven in the THE top 100 are members of the Russell Group. The Russell Group provides seven of the top ten in the Complete, Guardian, and Times/Sunday Times.

University ARWU 2021 (Global)[30] QS 2022 (Global)[31] THE 2022 (Global)[32] Complete 2022 (National)[33] Guardian 2022 (National)[34] Times/Sunday Times 2022 (National)[35]
University of Birmingham 101–150 90 105= 19 29 25
University of Bristol 78= 62 92 17 14 14
University of Cambridge 3 3= 5= 2 2 3
Cardiff University 151–200 151= 189 25 38= 35=
Durham University 301–400 82= 162= 6 5 6
University of Edinburgh 38= 16 30= 12 12 13
University of Exeter 151–200 149= 143= 13= 15 21
University of Glasgow 151–200 73 86= 16 11 12
Imperial College London 25 7 12 5 7 4
King's College London 47 35 35= 21 23 18
University of Leeds 101–150 92 127= 20 16 15
University of Liverpool 101–150 189= 178= 30= 40 30=
London School of Economics 151–200 49 27 3 4 5
University of Manchester 35= 27= 50 13= 28 23
Newcastle University 201–300 134 146= 37 55= 42
University of Nottingham 101–150 103 141 24 52 28
University of Oxford 7 2 1 1 1 2
Queen Mary University of London 201–300 117 117= 41= 51 40
Queen's University Belfast 401–500 216= 201–250 34 33 24
University of Sheffield 101–150 95 110 26 27 22
University of Southampton 151–200 77 124 15 17 16
University College London 17 8= 18= 8 9 7
University of Warwick 101–150 61 78= 9 6 8
University of York 401–500 151= 169 18 18= 19

Selectivity

All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the Sutton Trust's group of 30 highly selective universities, the Sutton 30 (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast).[36] The Sutton 13 group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the University of St Andrews.[37] The top 10 by average UCAS points of new undergraduate students in 2019–20 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (1st; 208 points), Strathclyde (5th; 198 points) and Aberdeen (10th; 182 points).[38] The average offer rate, including conditional and unconditional offers, across 'high tariff' UK institutions (as defined by UCAS) was 61.2% in 2021.[39]

University Average Entry Tariffa[38] Offer Rate (%)b[39]
University of Birmingham 152 64.6
University of Bristol 164 64.6
University of Cambridge 205 21.6
Cardiff University 144 70.3
Durham University 184 71.0
University of Edinburgh 186 39.3
University of Exeter 157 79.2
University of Glasgow 199 56.3
Imperial College London 194 32.5
King's College London 166 52.9
University of Leeds 157 64.5
University of Liverpool 140 72.3
London School of Economics 177 21.9
University of Manchester 165 60.2
Newcastle University 144 78.0
University of Nottingham 147 71.9
University of Oxford 200 19.1
Queen Mary University of London 146 64.5
Queen's University Belfast 147 67.9
University of Sheffield 150 75.6
University of Southampton 152 63.9
University College London 185 42.8
University of Warwick 162 65.1
University of York 149 83.6

Notes:
a The average UCAS tariff achieved by new undergraduate students entering the university in 2019–20. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example A-levels: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; AS level: A = 20, B = 16, C = 12.[40]
b The average offer rate for June deadline undergraduate applicants (all ages) in 2021.

Finances

The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%.[41] Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates.[42]

The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2020–21 was £20.30 billion of which £4.77 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £1.15 billion. Russell Group universities hold a total endowment value of £6.18 billion (exclusive of colleges) and net assets of £31.52 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year.

University Government funding body grants (£m) Teaching income (£m) Teaching income as % of total income Research income (£m) Research income as % of total income Total income (£m) Operating surplus (£m) Surplus as % of total income Endowment value (£m) Total net assets (£m)
University of Birmingham[43] 93.1 389.6 50.3% 168.3 21.7% 774.1 35.6 4.60% 134.5 1,252.2
University of Bristol[44] 119.9 349.8 46.5% 169.8 22.6% 752.0 85.3 11.34% 91.3 1,190.1
University of Cambridge‡[45] 212.9 332.1 16.5% 580.4 28.8% 2,019.1 119.8 5.93% 2,031.0 5,283.0
Cardiff University[46] 109.5 306.9 50.9% 112.6 18.7% 603.4 31.3 5.19% 45.5 678.7
Durham University‡[47] 43.0 241.3 61.4% 51.2 13.0% 393.2 19.8 5.04% 98.2 476.6
University of Edinburgh[48] 236.3 435.0 37.0% 324.0 27.6% 1,175.6 130.0 11.0% 565.2 2,406.2
University of Exeter[49] 59.4 287.5 57.2% 94.6 18.8% 503.1 —9.7 —1.93% 49.5 513.5
University of Glasgow[50] 198.4 288.9 35.7% 173.3 21.4% 809.4 116.3 14.4% 225.2 1,008.0
Imperial College London[51] 156.0 383.5 35.8% 363.0 33.9% 1,072.0 23.1 2.15% 202.1 1,878.8
King's College London[52] 145.5 505.5 50.5% 187.9 18.8% 1,002.0 36.4 3.63% 300.6 1,489.2
University of Leeds[53] 96.2 405.7 54.0% 130.1 17.3% 751.7 —8.1 —1.08% 90.5 737.5
University of Liverpool[54] 78.7 303.7 50.8% 112.5 18.8% 597.4 29.0 4.85% 190.2 801.5
London School of Economics[55] 37.0 250.7 64.1% 32.8 8.4% 391.1 56.9 14.6% 240.8 757.2
University of Manchester[56] 138.1 577.9 52.5% 237.0 21.5% 1,101.6 63.6 5.77% 242.2 1,857.3
Newcastle University[57] 81.2 276.3 52.8% 99.6 19.0% 523.6 4.7 0.90% 101.8 503.2
University of Nottingham[58] 102.0 387.7 55.9% 114.9 16.6% 694.0 14.0 2.02% 72.3 524.4
University of Oxford‡[59] 203.8 418.5 18.6% 647.8 28.8% 2,249.8 95.0 4.22% 1,149.0 5,071.8
Queen Mary University of London[60] 76.0 272.9 53.3% 114.7 22.4% 512.5 71.3 13.9% 41.3 533.5
Queen's University Belfast[61] 109.9 143.4 36.2% 88.6 22.4% 395.8 22.3 5.63% 70.0 536.4
University of Sheffield[62] 96.1 370 49.9% 163.0 22.0% 741.0 32.4 4.37% 46.7 1,229.8
University of Southampton[63] 84.2 237.0 43.3% 119.7 21.9% 547.7 5.0 0.91% 14.9 499.4
University College London[64] 221.4 732.9 46.1% 475.7 29.9% 1,591.7 109.8 6.90% 163.3 1,613.7
University of Warwick[65] 66.8 389.7 55.8% 139.8 20.0% 698.2 76.7 11.0% 7.0 384.1
University of York[66] 47.5 229.1 56.8% 69.8 17.3% 403.6 —6.3 —1.56% 8.0 289.5

Notes:
‡ exclusive of colleges

Criticisms

'Elite' status questioned

In a statement to the Higher Education Policy Institute, David Watson of the University of Oxford suggested that the Russell Group's claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group…The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector". Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities "above the bottom Russellers".[67]

A Durham University academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 17 other "old" universities (University of Aberdeen, University of Bath*, University of Dundee, University of East Anglia*, Goldsmiths*, Heriot-Watt University, University of Kent, Lancaster University*, University of Leicester*, Loughborough University*, University of Reading*, Royal Holloway*, University of St Andrews*, SOAS*, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey* and University of Sussex*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct 1994 Group (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 54 "new" universities made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers.[68][69] This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the "Golden Triangle" universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial,KCL,LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group.[70]

Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best'" is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access.[71]

Protectionism

The Institute of Economic Affairs has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice".[72]

Tuition fees

The Russell Group has been prominent in recent years in the debate over the introduction of tuition fees, a measure which it has strongly supported – much to the dismay of the universities' students' unions. Indeed, members of the group argued that even the fees proposed by the controversial Higher Education Bill would not be sufficient to cover the rising cost of undergraduate teaching, and successfully argued for the right to charge variable fees at much higher rates, so-called top-up fees.[citation needed]

Sustainability

The twenty-four universities in the Russell Group are responsible for around half of the Scope 1 and 2 carbon emissions of the UK university sector.[73][better source needed] The Group as a whole has been criticised for an inconsistent and inadequate response to the need to identify emissions and take reduction measures.[74] An Environmental Sustainability Network was announced by the Russell Group in December 2019;[75] as of November 2021 no outcomes from this had been announced.

See also

References

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  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  72. ↑ Institute of Economic Affairs: James Stanfield
  73. ↑ UK Higher Education Statistics Agency. https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/estates
  74. ↑ Bill Spence (19 April 2021). "Elite universities are falling short on their green promises" Times Higher Education.
  75. ↑ Russell Group December 2019, Joint statement on environmental sustainability.

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