CSS Appomattox

History
Name:	Appomattox
Launched:	1850, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Commissioned:	Norfolk, 1861
Homeport:	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Fate:	Burned on February 10, 1862
General characteristics
Tons burthen:	120 tons
Length:	86 ft (26 m)
Beam:	20.5 ft (6.2 m)
Draft:	?
Propulsion:	steam engine, 1 propellor
Speed:	?
Complement:	?
Armament:	2 guns: 1 bow 32-pounder gun, 1 stern howitzer.

CSS Appomattox was a small propellor-driven steamer used early in the war by the Confederate Navy to defend the sounds of northeastern North Carolina. After participating in the battle for Roanoke Island it was burned to prevent capture on February 10, 1862, near Elizabeth City, North Carolina.

Early Service

The Appomattox was originally named the Empire when launched in Philadelphia in 1850. Details of her prewar career are unknown. In May 1861 she was chartered by the Virginia State Navy under Captain Milligan, towing blockships into position to obstruct the channels of the Elizabeth River around Norfolk. (DANFS) In that same month she twice sailed as a flag-of-truce boat under Captain Thomas T. Hunter of the Virginia Navy to arrange exchanges of wounded Union prisoners and passage north from Norfolk of certain families wishing to return to their Northern friends. In the latter part of June 1861 she again served as the bearer of a flag-of-truce off Fortress Monroe, this time for Brigadier General Huger, CSA.(ORN 5: 799ff)

Confederate Service in North Carolina

Renamed Appomattox, she was armed with two guns and assigned to the waters along the North Carolina coast under the command of Lt. C. C. Simms, CSN. Appomattox was used to patrol Pamlico Sound in late January 1862. She was also used to obstruct channels in the Croatan Sound area by towing block-ships to strategic points for sinking. (ORN 6: 787f) On February 6, the eve of Burnside's attack, the Appomattox was sent down Croatan Sound to reconnoiter the invasion force. Burnside allowed her to do this unhindered, because he wished for the Confederates to know what they were up against. (ORN 6: 789ff)

The Appomattox was one of 8 gunboats used to resist the Burnside Expedition's invasion of Roanoke Island on 7–8 February 1862. However, she missed the actual battle, having been sent to Edenton on an unspecified mission. (Parker 1985: 247) She retreated with the surviving gunboats to Elizabeth City, N.C. On February 9, the Appomattox and the Sea Bird steamed back to Roanoke Island to see if any further assistance could be given to the defenders, and to evacuate the garrison at Fort Forrest on Redstone Point. They encountered the Union gunboats advancing up the sound, and immediately fled back to Elizabeth City to organize a defense there. (ORN 6:594ff)

The Confederate gunboats were attacked by the Federal gunboat fleet on February 10. The Appomattox kept up a brisk fire from her bow gun until it was accidentally spiked. She then retreated to the entrance of the Dismal Swamp Canal, using the stern howitzer to fire at pursuers. Upon reaching the first lock it was discovered that her beam was 2 inches too great to let her into the canal. As a result, Lieutenant Simms had to destroy the Appomattox by setting her on fire.(Parker 1985: 254-259)

Rediscovery

On November 10, 2009 it was announced by the state Underwater Archaeology Branch that the wreck of the Appomattox had been found. The four-member diving team, comprising Philip Madre, Eddie Congleton, Jason Forbes, and Jason Madre, discovered the shipwreck in August 2007 in the Pasquotank River. They had been searching for the Appomattox for more than 10 years. The divers found a silver-plated spoon inscribed with the name of a crew member from Appomattox, thus confirming the ship's identity. (NC Dept Cultural Resources website, 2009)

References

• This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

• William Parker, Recollections of a Naval Officer, Naval Institute Press, 1985.

• William Lytle & Forrest Holdcamper, Merchant Steam Vessels of the United States, 1790-1868, Steamship Historical Society, New York, 1975.

• US Navy Department, Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Series I: Volumes 5 & 6. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894–1922.