Libyan Airlines

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Libyan Airlines
الخطوط الجوية الليبية
Libyan Airways new logo.png
IATA ICAO Callsign
LN LAA LIBYAN
Founded September 1964 (1964-09)
Commenced operations August 1965 (1965-08)
Hubs Tripoli International Airport
Focus cities Benina International Airport
Fleet size 8
Destinations 22
Parent company Libyan Afriqiyah Aviation Holding Company
(since 2007)
Headquarters Tripoli, Libya
Key people
Website libyanairlines.aero

Libyan Airlines (Arabic: الخطوط الجوية الليبية‎‎; transliterated: al-Khutut al-Jawiyah al-Libiyah), formerly known as Libyan Arab Airlines over several decades, is the flag carrier of Libya.[1] Based in Tripoli, it operates scheduled passenger and cargo services within Libya and to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, the majority of which leave from Tripoli International Airport. Benina International Airport in Benghazi serves as a secondary base.[2] The company is a member of the Arab Air Carriers Organization and the International Air Transport Association. It is wholly owned by the government of Libya.

History

Early years

The original logo of Kingdom of Libya Airlines (1964–1970).
File:Sud SE-210 5B-DAE Libya LGW 07.69 edited-2.jpg
Sud Caravelle of the Kingdom of Libya Airlines at London Gatwick in 1969.

The carrier traces its roots back to September 1964 (1964-09) when Kingdom of Libya Airlines was set up in conformity with law no. 22. The airline was government-owned, having an initial investment of LYD 2 million. It began operations flying regional routes in August 1965 (1965-08) using Sud SE-210 Caravelle equipment. Following the carrier starting services along the Tripoli–Benghazi run the Libyans prevented foreign companies that also flew the route from operating on it in order to allow the national airline to expand.[3] Absorbing Libavia and United Libya Airlines operations,[4] international flights radiating from Benghazi and Tripoli began in October 1965 (1965-10), initially serving Athens, Cairo, London, Malta, Paris, Rome and Tunis.[5]

The early years saw Air France providing the company with technical assistance, KLM managing the sales and reservations, and BOAC taking care of traffic, finance and communications.[3] In March 1966 (1966-03), the airline and ATI struck an agreement for the lease of Fokker F27 aircraft to cover short-haul routes,[5] with the agreement coming into force on 15 June the same year.[6] A third Caravelle was ordered in 1968.[3] That year, a study to increase the airline's productivity was carried out by TWA, concluding that operating with five three-engined, 138-seater jet aircraft, and four propeller-powered 60-seater aircraft would be the most suitable choice. The report concluded that the lease of the turboprop F-27s was too costly, and the airline decided to acquire two new aircraft from Fokker in 1969. Regarding the jet aircraft, the Boeing 727 and the Trident were the only options.[7]

From the Libyan revolution to the Libyan Civil War

File:Libyan Arab Airlines Caravelle Groves.jpg
A Libyan Arab Airlines Sud Aviation Caravelle at Geneva International Airport (1971).

Following the 1969 coup d'état, the airline was renamed Libyan Arab Airlines,[8]:487 or Jamahiriya Libyan Air Lines, on 1 September.[7] The company suspended its operations for two weeks after the coup.[7] With Beirut and Geneva already being part of the route network by March 1970 (1970-03), nine international destinations were already served.[8]:487 In August 1970 (1970-08), Libyan Arab Airlines ordered two Boeing 727-200s for USD14 million.[9] These two aircraft were part of the fleet by May 1971 (1971-05), along with three Caravelles and two Fokker F27s.[10] Six Fokker F27s —four Mk600s and two Mk400s— were purchased in April 1974 (1974-04),[11] and in May the same year, three additional Boeing 727-200s were ordered,[12][13] aimed at replacing the Caravelles.[7] In 1975, Libyan Arab Airlines was made the only operator within the country. Furthermore, the government committed to cancel their debts with the company on a monthly basis, and any losses the airline would incur should be compensated by the state. Also in 1975, the six F27s ordered the previous year were delivered, and the three-strong Boeing 727 order was partly fulfilled when two of these aircraft were incorporated into the fleet.[7] By April 1976 (1976-04), there were 12 aircraft in the fleet, including four Boeing 727s, four Fokker F27-600s, two Fokker F27-400s, and two Falcon 20s; a Boeing 727-200 and a Boeing 737 were pending delivery.[14] Two more Boeing 727s were acquired in May 1976 (1976-05);[15] in August that year, the carrier took delivery of a Boeing 707-320C to be used by the government.[16] The airline had 1,800 employees at April 1977 (1977-04); at this time, passenger and cargo flights radiating from Benghazi, Tripoli and Sebha to Athens, Algiers, Beirut, Cairo, Casablanca, Damascus, Jeddah, Khartoum, London, Malta, Paris, Rome, Tunis and Zurich were operated.[17] During the year, the Tripoli–Frankfurt–Athens–Tunis–Casablanca and Benghazi–Rome–London routes were launched.[7]

File:Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 727-200Adv 5A-DIA LHR 1978-8-24.png
A Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 727-200 Advanced on short final to London Heathrow Airport in 1978.

The handover of two Boeing 727-200 Advanced aircraft, due to be delivered in June and July 1978 (1978-07),[18] was blocked due to concerns that Libya was supporting terrorism.[19] Despite the US State Department initially authorising the acquisition of three Boeing 747s and two Boeing 727s in March the following year,[20] the transaction was blocked in mid-1979 over concerns the Libyan government would use the aircraft to transport military material and personnel, as there were suspicions that Libya played a role in the deposition of Idi Amin in Uganda.[21] Also in 1979, a cargo subsidiary named Libyan Arab Air Cargo was set up. During the year, Madrid, Moscow, Sofia and Warsaw were included in the airline's list of destinations.[22]

By mid-1980, the number of employees had grown to 2,500, and Amman, Belgrade, Cotonou, Istanbul and Niamey were added to the route network;[23] later that year, Karachi was incorporated as a destination.[22] In May 1981 (1981-05) Libyan Arab Airlines ordered eight 44-seater Fokker F27-600s in a deal worth more than £17 million.[24] Ten Airbuses —six A300s and four A310s— were ordered in October the same year.[25] At that time, Airbuses were equipped either with General Electric (GE) or Pratt & Whitney (P&W) powerplants, but the airline ordered Rolls-Royce engines to power them — something that had not been done before, as the former two were manufactured in the United States and there was a ban in force on providing Libya with technology that could possibly have military uses.[26]:1516[27] The order was at least partly cancelled by Airbus, as neither GE nor P&W would provide the engines for the four A310s in the order book.[28]

File:Libyan Arab Airlines Falcon 20C 5A-DAG LFSB Aug 1981.png
A Libyan Arab Airlines Mystère/Falcon 20C at Euroairport in 1981.

The company had managed to buy a number of ageing US-manufactured jets, including Boeing 707s and Douglas DC-8s, since 1979; many of them were either cannibalised for spare parts or sold. Three Fokker F28-4000s were bought from Fokker in 1984.[22] At March 1985 (1985-03), the fleet consisted of four Boeing 707s —two -320Bs and two -320Cs—, ten Boeing 727-200s, 17 F27s —two -400s, one -500 and 14 -600s— and three Fokker F28-4000s. Employment at this time was 4,500; destinations served included Algiers, Amman, Amsterdam, Athens, Belgrade, Benghazi, Bucharest, Casablanca, Damascus, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Jeddah, Karachi, Kuwait, Larnaca, London, Madrid, Malta, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Sebha, Sfax, Sofia, Tripoli, Tunis, Vienna, Warsaw and Zürich, along with an extensive domestic network.[29] However, the airline had to cut most of its international services that year due to a US embargo imposed on the country.[30] In 1986, six more F27-600s were phased in.[22] During the year, Libyan Arab managed to bypass the US economic embargo against the country when the carrier acquired, through intermediary companies,[28][31] ex-British Caledonian GE-powered A310 aircraft for US$105 million.[32] Owing to both the lack of spare parts and the inability of Libyan Arab to service the GE engines, the airline sold these two aircraft to Air Algérie in 1987;[32] in practice, the aircraft were not sold but leased, and the Algerian airline would have operated these two aircraft on Libyan Arab's behalf, but they later rolled back their decision amid concerns that the United States would take action against Air Algérie, and the two A310s were returned to Libya.[33] Finally, British Caledonian was fined US$1 million (£600,000)[34] for its involvement in the deal, and Libyan Arab kept both aircraft, with Swissair training Libyan crews in order to fly them.[35] Unable to order Western-built aircraft, the airline moved to Soviet-made airframers, ordering three Tupolev Tu-154Ms in 1989.[36]

At March 1990 (1990-03), the fleet consisted of five Boeing 707-320Cs, ten Boeing 727-200s, three Fokker F28-4000s, 16 Fokker F27s (13 -600s, two -500s and one -400), four Lockheed L-100-200s, 21 Ilyushin Il-76s and five Twin Otters.[37] Another drawback hit the carrier following the March 1992 (1992-03) United Nations Security Council Resolution 748,[38] adopted as a consequence of the Libyan government allegedly having supported the terrorists responsible for the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103[39][40] and UTA Flight 772.[41][42][43] The resolution saw a trade embargo imposed on Libya, which included the delivery of new aircraft or spare parts that could possibly boost the military capacity of the country, and Libyan Airlines was denied any landing or overflight rights of third-party countries. Thus, all international flights came to an end,[44] and LAA could only operate on domestic routes.[39][45]

The Libyan Arab Airlines logo, which was used until 2006.

In April 1999 (1999-04), civil sanctions against the country were lifted.[44][46][47] It followed Libya handing over two men suspected of being involved in the Lockerbie bombing.[48][49] Intended to replace an ageing fleet of Boeing 707s, 727s and Fokker F27s, a letter of intent worth USD 1.5 billion was signed with Airbus in October that year; it included Airbus A320s, A330s and A340s.[50][51] The fact that these aircraft had US-manufactured parts once again prevented the deal to be firmed up as a trade embargo over the country, imposed in 1983,[45] was still in force,[46] and Libyan Arab Airlines sought alternative manufacturers to acquire new aircraft for re-fleeting.[50]

Amman became the first non-domestic destination to be served again. Fleet and route network grew further when regional carrier Air Jamahiriya was merged into Libyan Arab Airlines in 2001.[2] In 2006, the airline was renamed Libyan Airlines.[52][additional citation needed] The airline pursues an expansion policy,[53] which is concentrated on European business and tourist customers. Newly introduced destinations like Milan, Ankara,[54] Athens[55] and Madrid have led to a route network similar to the one offered prior to the 1992 trade embargo.

Libyan Civil War – onwards

File:Libyan Airlines A320-200 TS-INP MAN 2012-11-25.png
A Tunisia-registered Airbus A320-200 wearing the Libyan Airlines livery on short final to Manchester Airport in 2012. The airline wet-leased this type of aircraft from Nouvelair in order to serve European destination during the ban.[56]

As a consequence of the Libyan Civil War and the resulting no-fly zone over the country enforced by NATO in accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, all flight operations with Libyan Airlines were terminated on 17 March 2011.[57] The airline restarted operations in October the same year flying the Tripoli–Cairo route.[58]

In April 2012 (2012-04), Libyan Airlines was affected by a ban that was imposed by the European Union (EU) on all carriers having an operator's certificate issued in Libya from flying into the member countries.[59] The airline was removed from the list of air carriers banned in the EU in December the same year,[60] as well as from the subsequent list released in July 2013 (2013-07).[61] Despite this, as of July 2013 Libyan Airlines served the European market with wet-leased aircraft due to the Libyan Civil Aviation Authority (LYCAA) voluntarily opting for a ban until Libyan crews become re-certified.[56][62][63] The voluntary ban will continue through 2014.[64] No Libyan carriers have been included in the December 2013 (2013-12) version of the list of airlines banned in the EU.[65] Despite information regarding LYCAA's failure for meeting international safety standards that may lead to an effective ban,[66] as of March 2014 an agreement between Libyan authorities and the EU to lift the ban seemed plausible to take effect by mid-2014.[67] However, in December that year all air carriers having an operator's certificate issued in Libya have been either banned or subject to restrictions in their operations into European airspace.[68]

Corporate affairs

Ownership and structure

The company is 100% owned by the government of Libya.[69] Since 31 July 2007, Libyan Airlines has been a subsidiary of the state-owned Libyan Afriqiyah Aviation Holding Company (LAAHC), together with Afriqiyah Airways.[70]

As of July 2013, the CEO position was held by Khaled Ben Alewa.[71]

Business trends

Annual reports for the airline do not appear to be published. In the absence of these, the main sources for trends are press and industry reports.

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Turnover (US$ m)
Profits (US$ m)
Number of passengers (m) 1.2
Number of aircraft (at year end) 6
Notes/sources [72] [73]

As a consequence of the Libyan civil war and the resulting no-fly zone over the country enforced by NATO in accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, all Libyan Airlines flight operations were terminated on 17 March 2011, and were resumed in March 2012, after one year of being inactive.[70]

Proposed merger with Afriqiyah Airways

On 31 July 2007,[citation needed] Libyan Airlines became a subsidiary of the state owned Libyan Afriqiyah Aviation Holding Company (LAAHC), together with Afriqiyah Airways. LAAHC is owned by the Libyan National Social Fund (30%), the Libyan National Investment Company (30%), the Libya-Africa Investment Fund (25%), and the Libyan Foreign Investment Company (15%).[74] On 21 September 2010, it was announced that the two airlines, which had already begun extensive code-sharing and set up joint ground handling, maintenance and catering services, were to merge by November of that year, which was later postponed indefinitely, though.[75][76]

The proposed privatisation and merger with Afriqiyah Airways has also been postponed, despite the fact it was originally planned to be effective in November 2010. The two carriers were later expected to merge in late 2011, however the Arab Spring and poor organisation forced this deal to be postponed many more times. Both airlines are to merge by the first half of 2013, according to Libya's current Interim Transport Minister Yousef el-Uheshi – 12 to 13 months after negotiations are expected to resume in March 2012. The successful merging of the carriers depends on the government's ability to cut costs in both workforce and salaries, which rival European carriers in size.[77]

Destinations

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Main article: Libyan Airlines destinations

Fleet

Recent developments

File:Libyan Airlines A330-200 5A-LAR IST Dec 2013.png
A Libyan Airlines Airbus A330-200 taxiing at Istanbul Atatürk Airport in 2013.

In order to modernize and expand its fleet, Libyan Airlines placed several orders with aircraft manufacturers. In June 2007 (2007-06), at the Paris Air Show,[78][79][80] the carrier signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Airbus for 15 new aircraft, including four Airbus A350-800s,[81] four Airbus A330-200s and seven A320s;[82] the MOU was converted into a firm order in December the same year,[78][83][84] in a deal valued at around US$2 billion.[85] Also in June 2007 (2007-06), Libyan Airlines placed an order for three Bombardier CRJ-900s worth US$108 million, and took option for another two aircraft of the type;[86][87] for an approximate value of US$76 million, this option was exercised in January 2008 (2008-01).[88] That month, an order for four Airbus A350-800s was placed.[89]

In September 2010 (2010-09),[90][91] Libyan Airlines took delivery of the first of seven Airbus A320s ordered in 2007.[92] In October 2010 (2010-10), with five CRJ-900s already in operation, three more aircraft of the type were ordered for US$131.5 million, and three more were taken on option.[93][94] In late June 2013 (2013-06), the carrier took delivery of the first Airbus A330,[95][96] becoming a new customer for the type.[97][98][99] A second A330 was phased in a month later.[71][100][101] In January 2014 (2014-01), the A350-800 order was switched to the -900 model, with the addition of two more aircraft of the larger variant.[89]

Damaged aircraft during the Libyan conflict

In July 2014 (2014-07), amid the 2014 Libyan conflict, clashes between antagonistic forces that tried to gain control of Tripoli International Airport damaged or destroyed a number of aircraft parked at the airport, including ones belonging to Afriqiyah Airways and Libyan Airlines.[102][103][104] In particular, seven Libyan Airlines aircraft resulted damaged during shelling.[105][106]

Current

File:Libyan Airlines CRJ-900 5A-LAC MAN 2008-1-6.png
A Libyan Airlines CRJ-900 on short final to Manchester Airport in 2008.

As of September 2015, the commercial fleet of Libyan Airlines consists of the following aircraft:[107]

Libyan Airlines Fleet
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Notes
J Y Total
Airbus A320-200 3 — ?
Airbus A330-200 3 — 24 235 259[1]
Airbus A350-900 — 6[89] TBA
Bombardier CRJ900 2 — 7 68 75 One aircraft stored
Total 8 6

Fleet development

File:Libyan Arab Airlines A300B4-600R TS-IAZ FCO 2006-9-8.png
A Libyan Arab Airlines Airbus A300-600R on short final to Fiumicino Airport in 2006.
File:Libyan Arab Fokker F28 JPTA.jpg
A Libyan Arab Airlines Fokker F28 Fellowship at Malta International Airport (2002).

Over the years, the company operated the following aircraft types:[108][109]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Aircraft Introduced Retired
Airbus A300 1991 2011
Airbus A310 1986 2007
Airbus A320 1999
ATR 42-500[110]
BAC One-Eleven
Boeing 707
Boeing 720
Boeing 727
Boeing 737-200 1979 1981
Boeing 747-200 1980 1981
Bombardier CRJ900 2007
Douglas DC-8
Fokker F27 Friendship
Fokker F28 Fellowship
Fokker 100 1990 1994
Handley Page Dart Herald
Ilyushin Il-76
Lockheed L-100 Hercules
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar
Sud Aviation Caravelle
Tupolev Tu-154

Incidents and accidents

Fatal accidents

  • On 21 February 1973 at around 14:10 local time, Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 from Tripoli to Cairo, which was operated by a Boeing 727-200 (registered 5A-DAH), was shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft because it was thought to be a foreign military attack aircraft. Among the 113 people on board, only one crew member and four passengers survived the subsequent crash-landing in the desert near Ismaïlia.[111]
  • On 2 December 1977, a Tupolev 154 (registered LZ-BTN), which was chartered by Libyan Arab Airlines from Balkan Bulgarian Airlines to operate a Hajj flight from Jeddah to Benghazi crashed near Benina International Airport because of fuel exhaustion. The aircraft had been circling the airport because it could not land due to dense fog, and an alternate landing strip could not be reached in time. 59 of the 159 passengers died in the accident, whilst all six crew members survived.[112]
  • On 22 December 1992, Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103, a Boeing 727–200 registered 5A-DIA, disintegrated on approach to Tripoli International Airport. The official government story was that it had collided with a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 of the Libyan Air Force over Tripoli. Both aircraft crashed, killing all 157 persons on board the Boeing but the 2 crew of the air force jet ejected safely,[113] making it the worst accident in the history of the airline.

Non-fatal incidents

  • On 28 November 1981, a Libyan Arab Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship (registered 5A-DBE) was damaged beyond repair in a forced landing in the desert near Kufra, which had become necessary because the aircraft had run out of fuel.[114]
  • On 6 June 1989, an LAA Fokker F27 (registered 5A-DDV) experienced an engine failure shortly after take-off from Zella Airfield for a flight to Tripoli. The crew tried to return to the airfield, but had to execute a forced landing in the desert instead, during which the aircraft was destroyed. The 36 passengers and three crew members survived the crash.[115]
  • On 7 December 1991, a Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 707 (registered 5A-DJT) crashed on take-off at Tripoli International Airport. There were no fatalities among the 189 passengers and ten crew on board.[116]

Military occurrences

Several aircraft of the company were destroyed on the ground in different war events:

Hijackings

  • On 6 July 1976, an LAA Boeing 727 was hijacked during a flight from Tripoli to Benghazi and forced to land at Palma de Mallorca Airport, where the perpetrator surrendered.
  • On 24 August 1979, another Boeing 727 was forced to divert from its Benghazi-Tripoli route and land at Larnaca.[123]
  • On 16 October of the same year, a domestic flight from Hun to Tripoli was hijacked by three passengers, who forced the Fokker F27 Friendship (registered 5A-DDU) to divert to Malta. After two days on the ground at Luqa Airport, the perpetrators surrendered.[124]
  • On 7 December 1981, an LAA flight from Zurich to Tripoli was hijacked by three persons who thus wanted to press prisoners free. The Boeing 727 was flown to Beirut, were the perpetrators surrendered.[125]
  • On 20 February 1983, Flight 484 was hijacked en route a flight from Sabha to Benghazi. The two hijackers forced the 727 (registered 5A-DII) to land in Malta, and surrendered three days later.[126]
  • Also in 1983, on 22 June, an LAA Boeing 707 was hijacked during a flight from Athens to Tripoli, by two persons who demanded to be taken to Iran. During the negotiations, the aircraft was flown to Rome and Larnaca, where the hijackers surrendered.[127]

See also

Citations

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  55. ↑ (July 3, 2009), Libyan Airlines returns to Greece after a 17-year absence
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  75. ↑ (Sep 19, 2010) Shuaib, Ali,Libya's Airlines Expect to Merge Soon, Reuters Africa, Accessed Sep 19, 2010.
  76. ↑ Dec 28, 2009, "Libyan Airlines and Afriqiyah to Merge: Libyan CEO", capitaleritrea, Accessed Dec 29, 2009.
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  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 31 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 2 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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  104. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 2 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 2 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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  108. ↑ Libyan Airlines fleet list at. Airfleets.net. Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  109. ↑ Information about Libyan (Arab) Airlines provided by the Aero Transport Data Bank. Aerotransport.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 7 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  111. ↑ Flight 114 at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  112. ↑ 1977 Libyan Arab Airlines crash at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1977-12-02). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  113. ↑ Accident description for 5A-DIA at the Aviation Safety Network
  114. ↑ 1981 crash landing at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1981-11-28). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  115. ↑ 1989 crash landing at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1989-06-06). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  116. ↑ 1991 incident at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1991-12-07). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  117. ↑ 1967 Damascus Airport raid at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1967-06-05). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  118. ↑ El Dorado Canyon bombing at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1986-04-15). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  119. ↑ PICTURES: Two A300s destroyed in Tripoli conflict. Flightglobal.com (2011-08-26). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  120. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  121. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  122. ↑ Bombardier CRJ-900 destroyed at Tripoli
  123. ↑ August 1979 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1979-08-24). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  124. ↑ October 1979 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1979-10-16). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  125. ↑ 1981 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1981-12-07). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  126. ↑ February 1983 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1983-02-20). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.
  127. ↑ June 1983 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (1983-06-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-12.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

Sale of two British Caledonian Airbus A310s amid a US embargo
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 6 August 2013 at WebCite
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Archived 6 August 2013 at WebCite

External links

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