PZL M28 Skytruck

PZL M28; Skytruck / Bryza
	Polish Navy PZL M28B Bryza 1R
Role	STOL transport and patrol aircraft
Manufacturer	PZL Mielec
Design group	Antonov/PZL Mielec
First flight	22 July 1984 (PZL An-28); 24 July 1993 (PZL M28 Skytruck)
Status	In production, In active service
Primary users	Polish Air Force; Polish Navy; Venezuelan Army; United States Air Force
Produced	1984-1993 (PZL An-28); 1993- (PZL M28 Skytruck)
Number built	176+ (including PZL An-28)
Developed from	Antonov An-28

The PZL M28 Skytruck is a Polish STOL light cargo and passenger plane, produced by PZL Mielec, as a development of license-built Antonov An-28. Early licence-built planes were designated PZL An-28. The maritime patrol and reconnaissance variants are named PZL M28B Bryza ("sea breeze").

Design and development

The Antonov An-28 was the winner of a competition against the Beriev Be-30 for a new light passenger and utility transport for Aeroflot's short haul routes, conceived to replace the highly successful An-2 biplane. The An-28 is derived from the earlier An-14. Commonalities with the An-14 include a high wing layout, twin fins and rudders, but it differs in having a reworked and longer fuselage, with turboprop engines. The original powerplant was the TVD-850, but production versions are powered by the more powerful TVD-10B, with three-blade propellers.

The An-28 made its first flight as the An-14M in September 1969 in the Ukraine. A subsequent preproduction aircraft first flew in April 1975. Production of the An-28 was then transferred to Poland's PZL Mielec in 1978, although it was not until 22 July 1984 that the first Polish-built production aircraft flew. The An-28's Soviet type certificate was awarded in April 1986.

PZL Mielec has become the sole source for production An-28s. The basic variant, not differing from the Soviet one, was designated PZL An-28 and was powered with PZL-10S (licence-built TVD-10B) engines. They were built mostly for the USSR, until it broke up. The plane was next developed by the PZL Mielec into a westernised version powered by 820 kW (1100shp) Pratt & Whitney PT6A-65B turboprops with five-blade Hartzell propellers, plus some western (BendixKing) avionics (a distinguishing feature are exhaust pipes, sticking out on sides of engine nacelles). Designated the PZL M28 Skytruck, first flight was on 24 July 1993 and it is in limited production, mostly for export (39 produced by 2006). The type received Polish certification in March 1996, and US FAR Part 23 certificate on 19 March 2004.

Apart from the Skytruck, PZL Mielec developed a family of militarized light transport and maritime reconnaissance planes for the Polish Air Force and Polish Navy in the 1990s, with original PZL-10S engines, named PZL M28B in the Air Force and Bryza in the Navy. From 2000, newly produced M28Bs started to be equipped with five-blade propellers as well.

Description

PZL M28 Skytruck

It is a twin-engined high-wing strutted monoplane of all-metal structure, with twin vertical fins and a robust tricycle fixed landing gear, featuring a steerable nose wheel to provide for operation from short, unprepared runways where hot or high altitude conditions may exist. The M28 is best suited for passenger and/or cargo transportation.

Short takeoff & landing (STOL) capability
Excellent flight handling at low airspeeds
High useful load, mission versatility
Unpaved airstrip operating capability
Easy access through rear cargo door, fitted with a hoist for cargo loading and relocation inside the cabin
High-wing arrangement for protection of engines and propellers against damage when operating from unpaved airstrips
Easy and quick conversion of the cabin interior configuration
Low operating cost
PT6 engines of inverted configuration for efficient protection against foreign object ingression owing to inertial separators installed inside air inlet ducts.

While of conventional design, one notable feature of the An-28 is that it will not stall, due to its automatic slats. An engine failure that would usually induce the wing to drop 30° is combated by an automatic spoiler forward of the aileron that opens on the opposite wing, restricting wing drop to 12° in five seconds.

Operational history

176 An-28s and M28s in all variants were built in Poland by 2006. Most numerous users are former Soviet civil aviation and the Polish Air Force and Navy (about 25 as of 2006), smaller numbers are used by the Polish civil aviation and in the USA, Nepal, Colombia, Venezuela, Vietnam and Indonesia.

On 4 November 2005, a Vietnamese Airforce M28 crashed in Gia Lam district, Hanoi. All three crewmembers died.^[1]

On 12 February 2009, The weekly periodical Air Force Times reported that the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) would receive 10 PZL M28 Skytrucks in June 2009.^[2] These aircraft carry the U.S. Air Force model design series (MDS) designation of C-145A Skytruck. In 2011 one aircraft crash landed in Afghanistan and was damaged beyond repair.^[3]

On 27 October 2010, an Indonesian Police Skytruck, registration #4204, crashed in the District of Wangga, Nabire, West Papua, Indonesia after carrying aid for victims of natural disasters in Wasior, West Papua. All five crewmembers died.

Variants

PZL M28B Bryza 1R in a commemorative livery

M28 Bryza at Okęcie airfield

Airframe Variants

PZL An-28: Original variant build under Antonov licence, with PZL-10S (licence TV-10B) engines.
PZL M28 Skytruck: Development variant with redesigned fuselage and wings, new Pratt & Whitney Canada engines, new (western) avionics, 5-blade rotors, and some other minor changes.
PZL M28B Bryza: Militarized variants used by Polish Air Force and Polish Navy, similar to Skytruck, but with PZL-10S engines.
PZL M28+ Skytruck Plus: Prototype of new lengthened variant with more internal space, not in production.
C-145A^[4]: Variant flown by USAF Special Operations Warfare Center. Similar to Skytruck, but with Pratt and Whitney PT6A-65B Turboprops. The USAF has started retiring the aircraft, with the first aircraft, AF Ser. No. 08-0310, delivered to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona on 28 May 2015. By June 2015 eleven out of 16 aircraft were stored.^[5]

Variants in use by Polish Military

PZL An-28TD: Basic transport variant. Used mainly for transport and paratroop training (2 built).
PZL M28B: Several similar improved transport variants featuring avionics and airframe upgrades: Bryza 1TD (2 built), M28B (3 built), M28B Salon (1 built), M28B TDII, TDIII and TDIV (2 built of each).
PZL M28B Bryza 1R: Maritime patrol and reconnaissance variant (equipped with: 360° Search and Surveillance Radar ASR-400, Link-11 datalink). Used mainly for sea border patrolling, search and rescue operations and protection of the national economical sea zone (7 built).
PZL M28B Bryza 1E: Maritime ecological reconnaissance and patrol variant (2 built).
PZL M28B Bryza 1RM bis: Maritime patrol and reconnaissance variant with submarine detection capability, of 2004 (equipped with: 360° Search and Surveillance Radar ARS-800-2, ejection of single-use hydro-acoustic sonobuoys, Thermal Imaging System (FLIR), magnetic anomaly detector, Link-11 datalink). Used mainly for sea border patrolling, search and rescue operations and protection of the national economical sea zone (1 built as of 2006).
PZL M28 05 Skytruck: Maritime patrol and SAR variant for the Polish Border Guard, of 2006 (equipped with Search and Surveillance Radar ARS-400M and FLIR system) (1 built as of 2006).

Operators

Guyana

JAGS Aviation Guyana (1)

Indonesia

Indonesian National Police (4)

Jordan

Royal Jordanian Air Force^[6] (3)

Nepal

Nepalese Army Air Service (2)

Poland

Suriname

Blue Wing Airlines

United States

United States Air Force
- Air Force Special Operations Command
  - 318th Special Operations Squadron (2007-2013)
  - 6th Special Operations Squadron (2012-)
- Air Force Reserve Command
  - 711th Special Operations Squadron (2013-)
Sierra Nevada Corporation (2)
Arizona Department of Public Safety (2)

Venezuela

Venezuelan Army (12)
Venezuelan National Guard (13)

Vietnam

Vietnam People's Air Force (11)^[7]

Specifications (PZL M28)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004^[8]

General characteristics

Crew: 2
Capacity: 19 passengers
Payload: 2,300 kg (5,070 lb)
Length: 13.10 m (42 ft 11¾ in)
Wingspan: 22.06 m (72 ft 4½ in)
Height: 4.90 m (16 ft 1 in)
Wing area: 39.72 m² (427.5 ft²)
Empty weight: 4,100 kg (9,309 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 7,500 kg (16,534 lb)
Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65B turboprops, 820 kW (1,100 shp) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 355 km/h (191 knots, 220 mph)
Cruise speed: 270 km/h (146 knots, 168 mph) at 3,000 m (9,840 ft) (econ cruise)
Stall speed: 123 km/h (67 knots, 77 mph) (flaps up)
Range: 1,500 km (809 nmi, 932 mi) with max fuel
Endurance: 6 hr 12 min
Service ceiling: 7,620 m (25,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 11 m/s (2,165 ft/min)

References

Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
Wójcik, Sławomir. Bryzy z Mielca, cz.I in: nowa Technika Wojskowa 7-8/2006

http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/467765/c-145a.aspx

External links

[1] ttp://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Yeu-cau-Bo-Quoc-phong-dieu-tra-nguyen-nhan-vu-roi-may-bay-M28/30087707/157/

[2] ttp://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/02/airforce_M28_Skytruck_022309/

[3] [1]

[4] US Air Force C-145A Fact Sheet

[5] United States Withdrew 2/3 of the Polish M28 Skytruck Aircraft From The Active Service.

[6] ttp://dziennikzbrojny.pl/aktualnosci/news,3,8701,aktualnosci-ze-swiata,jordania-kolejnym-uzytkownikiem-skytruckow

[7] ttp://phunutoday.vn/xahoiol/tieudiem/201111/Bao-Trung-Quoc-noi-ve-may-bay-tuan-tieu-M28-cua-Viet-Nam-2110299/

[JAWA2003_p337-8-8] Jackson 2003, pp. 337–338.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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[8]

v t e United States military transport aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systems
Army/Air Force sequence (1925-1962)	C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13¹ C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 C-40 C-41/A C-42 C-43 C-44 C-45 C-46 C-47/T C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 C-54 C-55 C-56 C-57 C-58 C-59 C-60 C-61 C-62 C-63 C-64 C-65 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 C-70/A/B/C/D C-71 C-72 C-73 C-74 C-75 C-76 C-77/B-D C-78 C-79 C-80 C-81 C-82 C-83 C-84 C-85 C-86 C-87 C-88 C-89 C-90 C-91 C-92 C-93 C-94 C-95 C-96 C-97/KC-97 C-98 C-99 C-100 C-101 C-102 C-103 C-104 C-105 C-106 C-107 C-108 C-109 C-110 C-111 C-112 C-113 C-114 C-115 C-116 C-117 C-118 C-119 C-120 C-121/F C-122 C-123/A C-124 C-125 C-126 C-127 (I) C-127 (II) C-128 C-129 C-130/J C-131 C-132 C-133 C-134 C-135/KC-135 C-136 C-137 C-138¹ C-139¹ C-140 C-141 C-142
Tri-service sequence (1962-present)	C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7/B C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13¹ C-14 C-15 C-16¹ C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20A-D/F-H C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27/J C-28 C-29 C-30¹ C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34¹ C-35 C-36 C-37A/B C-38 C-39¹ C-40 C-41 C-42¹ C-43¹ C-44¹ C-45 C-46
Revived original sequence (2005-present)	C-143 C-144 C-145 C-146
Non-sequential designations	C-767 C-880
¹ Not assigned See also: AC-47 • AC-119 • AC-130 • DC-130 • EC-130 • HC-130 • KC-130 • LC-130 • MC-130 • WC-130 • CT-39 • CT-43

PZL M28 Skytruck

Contents

Design and development

Description

Operational history

Variants

Airframe Variants

Variants in use by Polish Military

Operators

Specifications (PZL M28)

See also

References

External links

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