List of rulers of Croatia

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The seal of the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia was affixed in 1527 to the Cetin Charter that confirmed the Habsburg to be the rulers of Croatia
Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg. The Habsburgs ruled the Kingdom of Croatia for just under 470 years, longer than any other dynasty

History

The details of the arrival of the Croats are scarcely documented: c.626, Croats migrate from White Croatia (around what is now Galicia) at the invitation of Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius. Between c. 641 and c. 689 Radoslav converts Croatia to Christianity.

Dukes of Croatia

During 8th century two principalities were formed - the Pannonian Croatia and the Dalmatian Croatia, with two parallel dukes on rule.

Dukes of the Pannonian Croatia

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Vojnomir 790 c. 800[1]
Ljudevit Posavski.jpg Ljudevit Posavski c. 810 823
Ratimir 829 838
Braslav 880 887

Dukes of the Dalmatian Croatia

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Porga or Borko c. 660 c. 680
Višeslav (?) 800 810
Knez Borna (Croatia).JPG Borna c. 810 821 Vassal of Frankish Emperor Charlemagne; son of Višeslav
Vladislav February 821 c. 835 son of Klonimir
Mislav c. 835 c. 845
Trpimir I c. 845 864 Founder of the Trpimirović dynasty
Zdeslav 864 864 son of Trpimir I
Domagoj.jpg Domagoj 864 876 overthrows Zdeslav
Iljko (?) 876 878 Iljko's name is disputed, an unnamed son of Domagoj succeeded to the throne, later killed during a civil war
Zdeslav 878 May 879 restored, overthrows unnamed son of Domagoj
Dux Branimir of Croatia front.JPG Branimir May 879 c. 892 killed Zdeslav in May 879
Muncimir 892 910 son of Trpimir
Kralj Tomislav na prijestolju.JPG Tomislav I 910 925

Kings of Croatia

In his letter from 925, Pope John X refers to Tomislav I as Rex Chroatorum - King of the Croatians. All Croatian rulers after Tomislav I held the title of king.

House of Trpimirović

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Kralj Tomislav na prijestolju.JPG Tomislav I 925 928 Probably son of Muncimir. After his death civil wars weakened the state and some territory, including Bosnia, was lost. His rank of "king" (rex) is based on two contemporary documents; a correspondence dated 925 where the Pope John X addresses him with that title and the transcript from the Synod conclusions in Split where he is also referred to as "rex". He was also addressed as "Princeps" ("Prince") and Duke (Dux) on other occasions. Nevertheless, in Croatia he is traditionally considered the first Croatian king.
No image.png Trpimir II 928 935 Younger brother or son of Tomislav I
No image.png Krešimir I
(Krešimir Stariji)		 935 945 Son of Trpimir II
No image.png Miroslav 945 949 Son of Krešimir I
Kraljica Jelena 200807.jpg Michael Krešimir II
(Mihovil Krešimir II)
and
Helen I
(Jelena Zadarska)
(co-rulers)		 949 969 Younger brother of Miroslav. Michael Krešimir II ruled jointly with his wife Queen Helen I. Upon the King's death in 969 their son Stephen Držislav immediately took the throne alone, while the Queen Helen I died seven years later on 8 October 976. During their reign, the Croatian Kingdom regained previously lost territories, including Bosnia.
No image.png Stephen Držislav
(Stjepan Držislav)		 969 997 Son of Michael Krešimir II. Queen Jelena of Zadar ruled as a regent for Stephen Držislav 969 - 8 November 975. He received royal insigia as an act of recognition from the Byzantine Emperor and was crowned by the Archbishop of Split in Biograd in 988. Thomas the Archdeacon's Historia Salonitana names him as the first King of Croatia (rex), regardless, he is considered the first crowned Croatian King.[2]
No image.png Svetoslav Suronja 997 1000 Son of Stephen Držislav. Detroned by his brothers Krešimir III and Gojslav
No image.png Krešimir III
and
Gojslav
(co-rulers)		 1000 1020 Younger brothers of Svetoslav Suronja
No image.png Krešimir III
(alone)		 1020 1030 Younger brother of Svetoslav Suronja
No image.png Stephen I
(Stjepan I)		 1030 1058 Son of Krešimir III
Petar Kresimir IV.JPG Peter Krešimir IV the Great
(Petar Krešimir IV Veliki)		 1058 1074 Son of Stephen I. During his reign the Croatian Kingdom reached its peak.
Demetrius Sunimirio.jpg Demetrius Zvonimir
(Dmitar Zvonimir)		 1075 1089 Cousin of Peter Krešimir IV. C. 1063 marries Princess Helen, daughter of King Bela I of Hungary.
No image.png Stephen II
(Stjepan II)		 1089 December 1090 Son of Častimir, who was younger brother of King Peter Krešimir IV.
Zaruke hrvatskog kralja Zvonimira Celestin Medović.JPG Helen II
(Jelena Lijepa)		 1090 1091 Widow of King Demetrius Zvonimir and daughter of King Bela I of Hungary

House of Árpád

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Laszlo-ChroniconPictum.jpg Ladislaus I of Hungary
(Ladislav I. Arpadović)		 1091 1092 Son of Hungarian king Béla I and brother of Croatian Queen Jelena Lijepa
Chronicon Pictum P105 Kálmán és Álmos kibékülése Dömösön.JPG Duke Álmos
(herceg Almoš)		 1091 1093 Nephew of Ladislaus, rules as his proxy.

House of Svačić

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
No image.png Petar Svačić 1093 1097 Elected by Croatian nobles. Struggles with Hungary for control of Croatia. From 1097 onwards, the Kings of Hungary were also Kings of Croatia, because of the political union of the two crowns.

After 1102

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See also: Ban of Croatia

From 1102, the reigning King of Hungary is ruler of Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia in agreement with the Croatian nobles.[3][4] Croatia is governed on his behalf by a Ban (viceroy) and a Sabor.

House of Árpád

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Kálmán Thuróczy.jpg Coloman
(Koloman)		 1102 3 February 1116 Battle of Gvozd Mountain (modern Petrova Gora). Coloman, supported by Pannonian Croats, defeats an army of Croatian and Dalmatian nobles allied to Petar. Recognized as King of Croatia by a council (Sabor) of Croatian nobles.
Stefan II węgierski.jpg Stephen III
(Stjepan II.)		 3 February 1116 3 April 1131 Son of Coloman
II Bela KK.jpg Béla II the Blind
(Bela II. Slijepi)		 3 April 1131 13 February 1141 grandson of Géza I, son of Álmos, Coloman's younger brother
Géza II.jpg Géza
(Gejza II.)		 13 February 1141 31 May 1162 son of Béla II
III Istvan koronazasa KK.jpg Stephen IV
(Stjepan III.)		 31 May 1162 4 March 1172 son of Géza II
Chronicon Pictum P121 A korona elrablása.JPG Ladislaus II
(Ladislav II.)		 31 May 1162 14 January 1163 rebel anti-king, younger brother of Géza II.
Stephen IV of Hungary.jpg Stephen V
(Stjepan IV.)		 14 January 1163 June 1163 rebel anti-king, younger brother of Géza II.
Bela3.jpg Béla III 4 March 1172 13 April 1196 younger brother of Stephen III.
Emeric of Hungary.jpg Emeric
(Emerik)		 13 April 1196 30 November 1204 son of Béla III.
III.László.jpg Ladislaus III
(Ladislav III.)		 30 November 1204 7 May 1205 son of Emerik, crowned and died as a child
Andrew II of Hungary th.jpg Andrew I
(Andrija II.)		 7 May 1205 21 September 1235 brother of Emerik, in 1222 issued Golden Bull which established the rights of noblemen, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law (jus resistendi).
Kk ivb.jpg Béla IV 21 September 1235 3 May 1270 son of Andrew II, ruled during First Mongol invasion (1241–42), in 1242 issued Golden Bull and proclaimed Zagreb and Samobor a Free Royal Borough (free and royal city)
V Istvan koronazasa.jpg Stephen VI
(Stjepan V.)		 3 May 1270 6 August 1272 son of Béla IV.
Kun L szl Thuroczy.jpg Ladislaus IV the Cuman
(Ladislav IV. Kumanac)		 6 August 1272 10 July 1290 son of Steven V.; unsuccessful Mongol invasion; lived with the nomad Cuman tribes
III Andras Thuroczy.jpg Andrew II
(Andrija III. Mlečanin)		 4 August 1290 14 January 1301 grandson of Andrew II, born in Venice; last of the Árpád dynasty

House of Anjou

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Martell károly.jpg Charles Martel of Anjou
(Karlo Martel)		 1290 1295 set up by Pope Nicholas IV and the ecclesiastical party as successor of his maternal uncle, the childless Ladislaus IV. Crowned as the King of Croatia but not as King of Hungary
Chronicon Pictum I Karoly Robert.jpg Charles I
(Karlo I. Robert)		 14 January 1301 16 July 1342 son of Charles Martel, established the royal Angevin dynasty.
Nuremberg Chronicles f 235r 2 Ladislaus rex.jpg Louis I the Great
(Ludovik I. Veliki)		 16 July 1342 11 September 1382 also became King of Poland (1370)
Mária Thuróczy.jpg Mary I
(Marija Anžuvinska)		 11 September 1382 17 May 1395 married Sigismund of Luxemburg
Kis Karoly TK.jpg Charles II
(Karlo II. Drački)		 31 December 1385 24 February 1386 also King of Naples, in opposition to Mary. Assassinated on 7 February 1386 an died on 24 February

House of Luxembourg

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Zsigmond Thuroczy.jpg Sigismund I
(Žigmund Luksemburški)		 31 March 1387 9 December 1437 later also Roman-German King (since 1410), King of Bohemia (since 1419), Holy Roman Emperor (since 1433)

House of Anjou

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Ladislas of Naples (head).jpg Ladislaus of Naples
(Ladislav Napuljski)		 5 August 1403 1409 Son of Charles II. Claimed the Crown of Hungary and Croatia and opposed by King Sigismund of Luxemburg. Ladislas eventually sold his rights to the Venetian Republic for 100,000 ducats in 1409.

House of Habsburg

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Albrecht II. von Habsburg.jpg Albert I 1 January 1438 27 October 1439 son-in-law of Sigismund, also Roman-German King, King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria

Jagiellon dynasty

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Jagelló Ulászló.jpg Vladislaus I
(Vladislav I. Jagelović)		 15 May 1440 10 November 1444 also King of Poland

House of Habsburg

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
VLaszlo.gif Ladislaus V the Posthumus
(Ladislav V. Posmrtni)		 10 November 1444 23 November 1457 born in 1440 after his father's death, spent most of his life in captivity.

House of Hunyadi

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Matei Corvin Johannes de Thurocz f137.jpg Matthias I Corvinus
(Matija Korvin)		 24 January 1458 6 April 1490 son of John Hunyadi, also King of Bohemia

Jagiellon dynasty

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.jpg Vladislaus II
(Vladislav II. Jagelović)		 15 July 1490 13 May 1516 also King of Bohemia
80px Louis II
(Ludovik II.)		 13 May 1516 29 August 1526 also King of Bohemia; killed in the Battle of Mohács

House of Zápolya

Kingship disputed between Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya during the Ottoman invasion

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Szapolyai János fametszet.jpg John I
(Ivan Zapolja)		 10 November 1526 22 July 1540 Also claimed the throne, with support of Hungarian nobles and later Suleiman the Magnificent.

House of Habsburg

On January 1, 1527 Croatian Parliament met in Cetin to elect Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria as the new king of Croatia.

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Kaiser Fernando.jpg Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
(Ferdinand Habsburški)		 16 December 1526 25 July 1564 claimed the throne according to the agreement between the House of Jagiellon and the House of Habsburg
Nicolas Neufchâtel 002.jpg Maximilian
(Maksimilijan I.)		 8 September 1563 12 October 1576 ruled during Battle of Szigetvár and Croatian peasant revolt
Joseph Heintz d. Ä. 002.jpg Rudolf I 25 September 1572 26 June 1608 ruled during Battle of Sisak, abdicated in favor of his younger brother Matthias
Lucas van Valckenborch - Emperor Matthias as Archduke, with baton.jpg Matthias II
(Matija II.)		 26 June 1608 20 March 1619 brother of Rudolf II
Ferdinand II with insignia.jpg Ferdinand II 1 July 1618 15 February 1637 In 1630 issued Statuta Valachorum in opposition to Croatian Parliament
Frans Luycx 002 - Emperor Ferdinand III.jpg Ferdinand III 8 December 1625 2 April 1657  
Benjamin von Block 001.jpg Leopold I 27 June 1657 5 May 1705 Crushed Zrinski–Frankopan Conspiracy and abolished the right of Croatian Parliament to elect king. In 1669 founded University of Zagreb
Joseph I Holy Roman Emperor.png Joseph I
(Josip I.)		 5 May 1705 17 April 1711  
Johann Gottfried Auerbach 004.jpg Charles III
(Karlo III.)		 11 April 1711 20 October 1740 On 9 March 1712 Croatian Parliament voted its Pragmatic Sanction in which the Kingdom of Croatia accepted female inheritance of its crown after extinction of the male line and supporting her to become Queen of Croatia
Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg Maria II Theresa
(Marija Terezija)		 20 October 1740 29 November 1780 Division of Croatia on županije (counties) and in 1767 forms Croatian Royal Council (Consilium Regium) until 1779 when she abolishes it. Queen conducts military and economy reforms and especially serfdom.

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Anton von Maron 006.png Joseph II
(Josip II.)		 29 November 1780 20 February 1790 Abolished serfdom. Partial germanization of Croatian lands.
80px Leopold II 20 February 1790 1 March 1792  
Friedrich von Amerling 003a.jpg Francis
(Franjo I.)		 1 March 1792 2 March 1835  
Ferdinand I; Keizer van Oostenrijk.jpg Ferdinand V 28 September 1830 2 December 1848 Being epileptic and mentally ill, abdicated in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph (son of his younger brother Franz Karl). Died in 1875.
Franz joseph1.jpg Francis Joseph
(Franjo Josip I.)		 2 December 1848 21 November 1916 Longest ruling Croatian monarch, during which reign Croatia was unified in 1848. During the reorganization of the monarchy in 1867 into a dual Austrian and Hungarian part, Croatia was divided. In 1868 the Triune kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia was a autonomous kingdom in the union with Hungary.
Emperor karl of austria-hungary 1917.png Charles IV
(Karlo IV.)		 21 November 1916 16 November 1918 In his coronation oath to the Croatian parliament he acknowledged the unity of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with Rijeka.[5] During the last days of the monarchy he accepted the trialist manifest on creating the Zvonimir's kingdom.[6][7][8][7][9][10] He reigned until 1918, when he "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate. The Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended the union of Croatia with Hungary and Austria on 29th October 1918 but never dethroned king Karl IV.[11] He spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy until his death in 1922.

Kings of Yugoslavia

After the World War I and the breakup off of Austria-Hungary, Croatia joined a newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Following a brief period of self-rule, that state became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes under the Karađorđević dynasty. The name of the kingdom was changed in 1929 amid unitarianist reforms to "King of Yugoslavia". During this period, in 1941 Croatia was occupied by the Axis powers along with the rest of Yugoslavia.

House of Karađorđević

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Peter I of Serbia (Rotary Photo 7119 A).jpg Peter I 1 December 1918 16 August 1921
Kralj aleksandar1.jpg Alexander I 16 August 1921 9 October 1934
80px Peter II 9 October 1934 29 November 1945

Independent State of Croatia

House of Savoy-Aosta

During the German occupation of Yugoslavia, a puppet-state under Italian protection called the Independent State of Croatia was created with its leader Ante Pavelić. Soon after the creation of the state its government passed three laws on the creation of the crown of Zvonimir, which made the country a kingdom.[12][13] Three days later the Rome treaties where signed. Italian prince Aimone, Duke of Spoleto was designated King of Croatia. He abdicated in 1943.

Portrait Ruler Began Ended Remarks
Prince Aimone of Savoy - restored.jpg Tomislav II 18 May 1941 31 July 1943 Tomislav II established a Croatian royal office (kraljevski stol) in Florence and later in Rome.[14][15] He had at first refused to assume the kingship in opposition to the Italian annexation of the Dalmatia region,[16] and is therefore referred to in some sources as king designate.[17][18][19][20] He abdicated on 31 July 1943 after the dismissal of Musolini on the orders of Victor-Emanuel III.[21][22][23][24]

Post-monarchy

See:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mladjov, Ian. "Croatian Rulers". Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  2. ↑ Thomas the Archdeacon: Historia Salonitana, caput 13.
  3. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia
  4. ↑ [1]
  5. ↑ (Hrvatska) Krunidbena zavjernica Karla IV. hrvatskom Saboru 28. prosinca 1916. (sa grbom Dalmacije, Hrvatske, Slavonije i Rijeke iznad teksta), str. 1.-4. Hrvatski Državni Arhiv./ENG. (Croatian) Coronation oath of Karl IV to Croatian Sabor (parliament), 28th December 1916. (with coat of arms of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and Rijeka above the text), p.1-4 Croatian State Archives
  6. ↑ A. Pavelić (lawyer) Doživljaji, p.432.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dr. Aleksandar Horvat Povodom njegove pedesetgodišnjice rodjenja, Hrvatsko pravo, Zagreb, 17/1925., no. 5031 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dr._Aleksandar_Horvat" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau,Die Katastrophe. Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Zürich – Leipzig – Wien 1929, p.302-303.
  9. ↑ Same page 132.-133.
  10. ↑ F. Milobar Slava dr. Aleksandru Horvatu!, Hrvatsko pravo, 20/1928., no. 5160
  11. ↑ Hrvatska Država, newspaper Public proclamation of the Sabor 29.10.1918. Issued 29.10.1918. no. 299. p.1.
  12. ↑ Hrvatski Narod (newspaper)16.05.1941. no. 93. p.1.,Public proclamation of theZakonska odredba o kruni Zvonimirovoj (Decrees on the crown of Zvonimir), tri članka donesena 15.05.1941.
  13. ↑ Die Krone Zvonimirs, Monatshefte fur Auswartige Politik, Heft 6(1941)p.434.
  14. ↑ Hrvoje Matković, Designirani hrvatski kralj Tomislav II. vojvoda od Spoleta. Povijest hrvatskotalijanskih odnosa u prvoj polovici XX.st. (Designated Croatian king Tomislav II. Duke of Spoleto. History of Croatian-Italian relationships in first half of the 20th century), Zagreb 2007.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84515-7
    "Devoid of political experience and ignorant of the Italian government's exact intentions, he [the Duke Aimone] refused to leave for Croatia, saying so in letters to Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini, in which he told them that the question of Dalmatia, 'a land that could never be Italianized', was an obstacle against any reconciliation with the Croats. Never, he declared, would he agree to be a king of a nation amputated from Italy." [2].
  17. ↑ Pavlowitch, Stevan K.; Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia; p.289; Columbia University Press, 2008 0-231-70050-4 [3]
  18. ↑ Massock, Richard G.; Italy from Within; p.306; READ BOOKS, 2007 ISBN 1-4067-2097-6 [4]
  19. ↑ Burgwyn, H. James; Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's conquest of Yugoslavia 1941-1943; p.39; Enigma, 2005 ISBN 1-929631-35-9
  20. ↑ Royal Institute of International Affairs; Enemy Countries, Axis-Controlled Europe; Kraus International Publications, 1945 ISBN 3-601-00016-4 [5]
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ B. Krizman, NDH između Hitlera i Mussolinija (Independent State of Croatia between Hitler and Mussolini,)p.102

External links

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