Ancient Semitic religion

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from the ancient Near East and Northeast Africa. Its origins are intertwined with Mesopotamian mythology. The term Semitic itself represents a rough category when referring to cultures, as opposed to languages, so the definitive bounds of the term "ancient Semitic religion" are only approximate.

These traditions, and their pantheons, fall into regional categories: Canaanite religions of the Levant, Assyro-Babylonian religion influenced by Sumerian tradition, and pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism. Semitic polytheism possibly transitioned into Abrahamic monotheism, by way of the god El, whose name is a word for "god" in Hebrew and cognate to Islam's Allah.

Proto-Semitic pantheon

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Abbreviations: Ac. Akkadian-Babylonian; Ug. Ugaritic; Pp. Phoenician; Ib. Hebrew; Ar. Arabic; OSA Old South Arabian; Et. Ethiopic

  • ʼIlu - "god" (Sky god, head of pantheon: Ac. Ilu, Ug. il, Pp. ʼl/Ēlos, Ib. El/Elohim, Ar. Allāh, OSA ʼl).
  • ʼAṯiratu - (Ilu's wife: Ug. aṯrt, Ib. Ašērāh, OSA ʼṯrt) - The meaning of the name is unknown. She is also called ʼIlatu "goddess" (Ac. Ilat, Pp. ʼlt, Ar. Allāt).
  • ʻAṯtaru - (God of Fertility: Ug. ʻṯtr, OSA ʻṯtr, Et. ʻAstar sky god).
  • ʻAṯtartu - (Goddess of Fertility: Ac. Ištar, Ug. ʻṯtrt, Pp. ʻštrt / Astarte, Ib. ʻAštoreṯ). The meaning of the name is unknown and not related to ʼAṯiratu.
  • Haddu/Hadadu - (Storm god: Ac. Adad, Ug. hd, Pp. Adodos). The meaning of the name is probably "thunderer". This god is also known as Baʻlu "husband, lord" (Ac. Bel, Ug. bʻl, Pp. bʻl/Belos, Ib. Baʻal).
  • Śamšu - "sun" (Sun goddess: Ug. špš, OSA: šmš, but Ac. Šamaš is a male god).
  • Wariḫu - "moon" (Moon god: Ug. yrḫ, Ib. Yārēaḥ, OSA wrḫ).

Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia

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Main article: Ancient Mesopotamian religion

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Further information: Babylonian religion, Enûma Eliš, Marduk, Epic of Gilgamesh, and Ashur (god)

When the five planets were identified, they were associated with the sun and moon and connected with the chief gods of the Babylonian pantheon. A bilingual list in the British Museum arranges the sevenfold planetary group in the following order:[1]

The religion of the Assyrian Empire, sometimes called Ashurism, centered around Ashur, patron deity of the city of Assur, and Ishtar, patroness of Nineveh. The last positively recorded worship of Ashur and other Assyrian gods dates to the 3rd century AD.[2][3]

Ashur, the patron deity of the eponymous capital from the Late Bronze Age, was in constant rivalry with the patron deity of Babylon, Marduk. In Assyria, Ashur eventually superseded Marduk, even becoming the husband of Ishtar.

The major Assyro-Babylonian and Akkadian gods were:

Major Assyro-Babylonian demons and heroes were:

Canaan

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Main article: Canaanite religion

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Further information: Torah and Origins of Judaism

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Canaanite religion was the group of beliefs of the people living in the ancient Levant throughout the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Until the excavation of Ras Shamra in Northern Syria (the site historically known as Ugarit) and the discovery of its Bronze Age archive of clay tablet alphabetic cuneiform texts,[9] little was known of Canaanite religion. Papyrus seems to have been the preferred writing material for scribes at the time and, unlike the papyrus documents found in Egypt, these have simply decayed from exposure to the humid Mediterranean climate. As a result, the accounts in the Bible are the primary sources of information on ancient Canaanite religion. These accounts are supplemented by several secondary and tertiary Greek sources, including Lucian of Samosata's De Dea Syria (The Syrian Goddess), fragments of the Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos, and the writings of Damascius. Additional information about the religion has been uncovered through recent study of the Ugaritic material [10] and inscriptions from the Levant and Tel Mardikh archive [11] (excavated in the early 1960s by a joint Italo-Syrian team).

The Canaanite religion was strongly influenced by their more powerful and populous neighbors, showing clear influence of Mesopotamian and Egyptian religious practices. Like other peoples of the ancient Near East, the Canaanites were polytheistic, with families typically focusing worship on ancestral household gods and goddesses while acknowledging the existence of other deities such as Baal and El. Kings also played an important religious role and in certain ceremonies, such as the sacred marriage of the New Year Festival, may have been revered as gods.

According to the pantheon, known in Ugarit as 'ilhm (Elohim) or the children of El (cf. the Biblical "sons of God"), the creator was known as Elion (Biblical El Elyon), who was the father of the divinities, and in the Greek sources he was married to Beruth (Beirut, the city). The pantheon was supposedly obtained by Philo of Byblos from Sanchuniathon of Berythus (Beirut). This marriage of the deity with the city would seem to have Biblical parallels with the stories that link Melkart and Tyre; Yahweh and Jerusalem; Tanit and Baal Hammon in Carthage. El Elyon is mentioned as God Most High in Genesis 14.18–19 as the God whose priest was Melchizedek king of Salem.

Philo further states that Uranus and Ge, Greek names for Heaven and Earth, were born from the union of El Elyon and his consort. This closely parallels the opening verse of Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God (Elohim) created the Heavens (Shemayim) and the Earth (Eretz). It also parallels the story of the Babylonian Anunaki.

Abrahamic religions

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Further information: Panbabylonism

The Enuma Elish has been compared to the Genesis creation narrative.[12][13][14][15] Some writers trace the story of Esther to Babylonian roots.[16]

El Elyon also appears in Balaam's story in Numbers and in Moses song in Deuteronomy 32.8. The Masoretic Texts suggest:

When the Most High (`Elyōn) divided to the nations their inheritance, he separated the sons of man (Ādām); he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the sons of Israel

The Septuagint suggests a different reading of this. Rather than "sons of Israel" it suggests the angelōn theou or "angels of God" and a few versions even have huiōn theou (sons of God). The Dead Sea Scrolls version of this suggests that there were in fact 70 sons of the Most High God sent to rule over the 70 nations of the Earth. This idea of the 70 nations of Earth, each ruled over by one of the Elohim (sons of God) is also found in Ugaritic texts. The Arslan Tash inscription suggests that each of the 70 sons of El Elyon was bound to their people by a covenant. Thus as Crossan translates:

The Eternal One (`Olam) has made a covenant oath with us,
Asherah has made (a pact) with us.
And all the sons of El,
And the great council of all the Holy Ones (Qedesh).
With oaths of Heaven and Ancient Earth.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Mackenzie, p. 301.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Dalley, Stephanie, Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities (2002), ISBN 1-931956-02-2,[page needed]
  5. ↑ Dalley (2002)[page needed]
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Gray, John, "The Lagacy of Canaan the Ras Shamra Texts and Their Relavance to the Old Testament", No. 5. Brill Archive, 1957; for a more recent discussion see Yon, Marguerite, The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, Eisenbrauns, 2006.
  10. ↑ Smith, Mark S., The origins of biblical monotheism: Israel's polytheistic background and the Ugaritic texts, Oxford University Press, 2001.
  11. ↑ PONS, J. "EPIGRAPHICAL MATERIAL OF ELBA, VOL 1, CATALOG OF CUNEIFORM TEXTS TEL-MARDIKH-EBLA-ITALIAN-PETTINATO, G, ALBERTI, A." (1981): 339-341.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Sharpes, Donald K. 'Lords of the scrolls: literary traditions in the Bible and Gospels'. Peter Lang, 2005. ISBN 0-8204-7849-0, 978-0-8204-7849-4
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Moscati, Sabatino (1968), "The World of the Phoenicians" (Phoenix Giant)
  • Ribichini, Sergio "Beliefs and Religious Life" in Moscati Sabatino (1988), "The Phoenicians" (by L.B. Tauris in 2001)
  • Donald A. Mackenzie, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria (1915).[1]
  • Thophilus G. Pinches, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, The World Wide School, Seattle (2000)[2]
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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