Wey (state)

For one of the seven major states of the Warring States period, see Wei (state).

Wey
"Wey" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese	衞
Simplified Chinese	卫
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wèi Wade–Giles Wei4 IPA [u̯êi̯] Gwoyeu Romatzyh Wey Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Wai6 Yale Romanization Waih Southern Min Tâi-lô Uē Middle Chinese Middle Chinese Hjüèi Old Chinese Baxter-Sagart *[ɢ]ʷ(r)a[t]-s

Wey (Chinese: 衞; pinyin: Wèi; Old Chinese: *ɢʷat-s, commonly spelled "Wey" to distinguish from the later Wei 魏 state) was an ancient Chinese state that was founded in early Western Zhou dynasty and rose to prominence during the Spring and Autumn period. Its rulers were of the surname Ji (姬), the same as that of the rulers of Zhou. Its original location was on the North China Plain just east of the Shanxi plateau and north and west of the Yellow River. Jin was to the west and Cao to the east.

Early history

The history of Wey dates back to the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, when the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou was given a fief centred on Zhaoge, the capital of the Shang Dynasty; in later years the fief was further expanded.

Spring and Autumn Period

The State of Wey was at its peak during the early Spring and Autumn Period, under Duke Wu of Wey, who reigned for 55 years. In the reign of subsequent rulers, however, the state was plagued by succession troubles, until Duke Yi of Wey took the throne; his dissolute rule and obsession with cranes weakened the state, and in the eighth year of his reign the Rong peoples successfully attacked the capital at Zhaoge, killing the Duke and nearly destroying the state as well (660BC).

It was only with the aid of Duke Huan of Qi that the state was eventually restored, with its capital moved to Chuqiu.

In 632 BC Wey was once conquered by Duke Wen of Jin, because when Duke Wen (called Chong'er then) exiled to Wey, Duke Wen of Wey hadn't treated him well, and Duke Cheng of Wey (son of Duke Wen of Wey) was nearly poisoned by Duke Wen of Jin, but eventually the state was restored. (Before the Battle of Chengpu, when Chu was attacking Song, Jin attacked Wey and Cao as a diversion.)

In 492 BC, Duke Chu of Wey (出公) succeeded the throne from his grandfather Duke Ling (灵公), while his father Kuaikui (蒯聩), who was the heir of Duke Ling, had been deposed and exiled. To get the throne, Kuaikui fought against his own son and managed to exile Duke Chu in 481 BC, and was titled as Duke Zhuang (latter) (后庄公), but was killed three years later. Duke Chu was restored in 475 BC. The conflict between father and son weakened Wey, and Wey soon became attached to House of Zhao of Jin.

Downfall and end

In 346 BC, the duke of Wey degraded himself to a marquis. In 320 BC, the marquis of Wey again degraded himself to only a jun (lord). And by then Wey only possessed a county called Puyang (濮阳). In 254 BC, King Anxi of Wei (魏) killed Lord Huai of Wey (卫怀君), but two years later he declared his son-in-law to be lord of Wey, so Wey became a dependency of the Wei Kingdom. In 239 BC, Qin occupied Puyang, and Wey migrated to Yewang (野王) in order to preserve its existence.

The state was so weak that it even outlived Qin Shihuang, presumably because his mother's family were living there. The state was only abolished in 209 BC when Qin Er Shi deposed Lord Jiao of Wey (卫君角), 2 years before the collapse of the Qin Dynasty.

List of rulers

Partial list of rulers from The Cambridge History of Ancient China, page 26:

• Duke Wu 812-758 BC
• Duke Zhuang 757-735
• Duke Huan 734-719
• Duke Xuan 718-700
• Duke Hui 699-669
• Duke Yi 668-661
• Duke Dai 660
• Duke Wen 659-635
• Duke Cheng 634-600
• Duke Mu 599-589
• Duke Ding 588-577
• Duke Xian 576-559
• Duke Shang 558-547
• Duke Xian 546-544
• Duke Xiang 543-535
• Duke Ling 534-493
• Duke Chu 492-481
• Duke Zhuang 480-478 BC