The Adventures of Robin Hood

This article is about the 1938 film. For other uses, see The Adventures of Robin Hood (disambiguation).

The Adventures of Robin Hood
File:Robin hood movieposter.jpg DVD cover
Directed by	Michael Curtiz William Keighley
Produced by	Hal B. Wallis Henry Blanke
Screenplay by	Norman Reilly Raine Seton I. Miller Rowland Leigh
Starring	Errol Flynn Olivia de Havilland Basil Rathbone Claude Rains
Music by	Erich Wolfgang Korngold
Cinematography	Tony Gaudio Sol Polito W. Howard Greene (Technicolor photo) Natalie Kalmus (Technicolor dir)
Edited by	Ralph Dawson
Production company	Warner Bros. Pictures
Distributed by	Warner Bros. Pictures
Release dates	May 14, 1938 (1938-05-14) (USA)
Running time	102 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$2.033 million
Box office	$3.981 million

The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 American Technicolor swashbuckler film, produced by Hal B. Wallis and Henry Blanke, directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley, and starring Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, and Claude Rains.

Written by Norman Reilly Raine and Seton I. Miller, the film is about a Saxon knight who, in King Richard's absence in the Holy Land during the Crusades, fights back as the outlaw leader of a rebel guerrilla band against Prince John and the Norman lords oppressing the Saxon commoners.

In 1995 The Adventures of Robin Hood was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation by the National Film Registry. It is considered by many to be one of the greatest films ever made.

The honor of being Warner Bros. first three-strip Technicolor release actually goes to Gold Is Where You Find It (1938), which went into production and was released several months earlier than The Adventures of Robin Hood. Alan Hale, Sr., who plays Little John, had played the same character in the 1922 version of the film and went on to play him again in Rogues of Sherwood Forest, released by Columbia in 1950.

Plot

Richard the Lionheart (Ian Hunter), the King of England, is taken captive in 1191 by Leopold V, Duke of Austria while returning to England from the Third Crusade. Richard’s treacherous brother Prince John (Claude Rains) usurps the throne and proceeds to oppress the Saxons, raising taxes supposedly to pay Richard's ransom, but in reality to secure his own position.

The only nobleman who opposes him is the Saxon knight Sir Robin of Locksley (Errol Flynn). Robin acquires a loyal follower when he saves Much the Miller's Son (Herbert Mundin) from being arrested by Sir Guy of Gisbourne (Basil Rathbone) for poaching in Sherwood Forest. At Gisbourne's castle, Robin boldly tells Prince John and supporters and a contemptuous Lady Marian Fitzwalter (Olivia DeHavilland) that he will do all in his power to oppose John and restore Richard to the throne. Robin then escapes, despite the attempts to stop him by John's men.

Robin and his friend Will Scarlet (Patric Knowles) take refuge in Sherwood Forest and recruit Little John (Alan Hale, Sr.), after John trounces Robin in a bruising quarterstaff bout. Men join their growing band, the Merry Men. Robin meets and provokes the rotund Friar Tuck (Eugene Pallette) into a sword-fight. Then Robin persuades him to join his band of outlaws to provide them with spiritual guidance.

Now known as the outlaw Robin Hood, he binds his men by an oath, to fight for a free England until King Richard returns. They are to rob the rich only and give back to the poor, and to treat all women with courtesy, "rich or poor, Norman or Saxon". In a short time Prince John's cronies find themselves harassed and robbed.

One day, Robin and his men capture a large party of Normans transporting tax proceeds. Among Robin's "guests" are Sir Gisbourne, the cowardly Sheriff of Nottingham (Melville Cooper), and the Lady Marian. Marian is at first disdainful of Robin, but becomes convinced of his good intentions and begins to see the reality of the Norman brutality. Robin eventually allows the humiliated Gisbourne and the Sheriff to depart Sherwood on foot, dressed in rags. He tells them that they have Marian's presence to thank for his sparing their lives.

Incensed, Prince John furiously accuses the Sheriff and Sir Guy of incompetence. The Sheriff comes up with a cunning scheme to capture Robin by announcing an archery tournament. The Sheriff is sure that Robin will be unable to resist the challenge. All goes as planned: Robin wins, is taken prisoner, and is sentenced to be hanged.

Marian helps the Merry Men to rescue Robin. Later, he sneaks into the castle to thank her. She and Robin pledge their love for each other, but Marian declines to come away with him because she believes she can help the rebellion by now staying where she is as a spy.

King Richard and a few of his knights return to England disguised as pilgrims. At an roadside inn, the Bishop of the Black Canons (Montague Love) overhears one of Richard's men call him "sire" and hurries to alert Prince John. John and Gisbourne plot to dispose of Richard before he can raise an army. Dickon Malbete (Harry Cording), a degraded former knight, is given the task in return for the restoration of his rank and Robin's manor and estate.

Marian overhears them and writes a note warning Robin, but Gisbourne finds it and has her arrested. Marian's nurse, Bess (Una O'Connor), has been romantically involved with Much. She sends him to warn Robin. On his way, Much encounters and kills Dickon after a desperate struggle.

Seeking Robin’s help, King Richard and his escort disguise themselves as wealthy monks and journey to Sherwood Forest. They are quickly accosted by Robin. When Richard assures him that he is traveling on the King's business, Robin happily invites him to dine. Will finds the injured Much. Much tells Robin of Marian's peril and that Richard is in England. Robin orders a thorough search to bring the King to Robin for safety. Certain now of Robin's loyalty, Richard reveals his identity.

Robin devises a plan to sneak his men into the castle. He forces the Bishop of the Black Canons to include his men (disguised as monks) in his entourage. The plan succeeds. During the coronation in the great hall, a huge melee breaks out. Robin and Gisbourne engage in a prolonged sword fight, ending with Gisbourne's death. Robin then releases Marian from her cell. John's men throw down their swords and shields in surrender.

John begs for forgiveness, but Richard exiles him and his followers for the remainder of his lifetime. He then pardons the outlaws, ennobles Robin as Baron of Locksley and Earl of Sherwood and Nottingham, and 'orders' Robin to marry the Lady Marian. Now with Marian by his side, Robin replies across the great hall, "Sire, may I obey all your commands with equal relish!"

Cast

• Errol Flynn as Sir Robin of Locksley AKA Robin Hood
• Olivia de Havilland as Lady Marian Fitzwalter (Maid Marian)
• Basil Rathbone as Sir Guy of Gisbourne
• Claude Rains as Prince John
• Patric Knowles as Will à Gamwell AKA Will Scarlett
• Eugene Pallette as Friar Tuck
• Alan Hale, Sr. as John Little AKA Little John
• Herbert Mundin as Much, the Miller's Son
• Melville Cooper as the High Sheriff of Nottingham
• Una O'Connor as Bess
• Ian Hunter as King Richard the Lionheart
• Montagu Love as the Bishop of the Black Canons
• Harry Cording as Dickon Malbete
• Ivan F. Simpson as the proprietor of the Kent Road Tavern
• Leonard Willey as Sir Essex, a supporter of Prince John
• Robert Noble as Sir Ralf, a supporter of Prince John
• Kenneth Hunter as Sir Mortimer, a supporter of Prince John
• Robert Warwick as Sir Geoffrey, a supporter of Prince John
• Colin Kenny as Sir Baldwin, a supporter of Prince John
• Lester Matthews as Sir Ivor, a supporter of Prince John

Uncredited:

• Lionel Belmore as Humility Prin, proprietor of the Saracens Head Tavern
• Frank Hagney as a man-at-arms
• Holmes Herbert as the archery referee at the tournament
• Howard Hill as Elwen the Welshman, Robin's rival in the archery tournament
• Crauford Kent as Sir Norbett, a supporter of Prince John
• Carole Landis as a guest at the banquet
• Leonard Mudie as the town crier and as an eye-patched man stealthily telling men to meet Robin at the Gallows Oak
• Reginald Sheffield as the herald at tournament
• Trigger as Lady Marian's horse
• Sam Jaffe

Production

The Adventures of Robin Hood was produced at an estimated cost of $2 million, the most expensive film Warner Bros. had ever made up to that time. It was also the studio's first color film utilizing three-strip Technicolor process. It was an unusually extravagant production for the Warner Bros. studio, which had made a name for itself in producing socially conscious low-budget gangster films, but their adventure movies starring Flynn had generated hefty revenue and Robin Hood was created to capitalize on this.

James Cagney was originally cast as Robin Hood, but walked out on his contract with Warner Bros., paving the way for Flynn, although filming was postponed three years.

The film was shot on location in various areas of California. Bidwell Park in Chico stood in for Sherwood Forest, although one major scene was filmed at the California locations "Lake Sherwood" and "Sherwood Forest", so named because they were the location sites for the 1922 Douglas Fairbanks production of Robin Hood. Several scenes were shot at the Warner Bros. Burbank Studios and the Warner Ranch in Calabasas. The archery tournament was filmed at Lower Arroyo Park in Pasadena.

Stunt men and bit players, padded with balsa wood on metal plates, were paid $150 per arrow for being shot by professional archer Howard Hill. Hill, although listed as the archer captain defeated by Robin, was cast as Elwen the Welshman, an archer seen shooting at Robin in his escape from Nottingham castle and, later, defeated by Robin at the archery tournament. To win, Robin splits the arrow of Philip of Arras, a captain of the guard under Gisbourne, who had struck the bullseye. An examination of the film images in slow motion led to speculation that the arrow split may have been made of bamboo and had been previously split, the parts being held together with small rings. Buster Wiles – a stuntman and close friend of Errol Flynn – maintains that the arrow splitting stunt was carried out using an extra large arrow (for the target) and that the second arrow had a wide, flat arrowhead and was fired along a wire. Wiles discusses the scene in his autobiography, My Days With Errol Flynn.

Reception

Contemporary reviews were highly positive. "A richly produced, bravely bedecked, romantic and colorful show, it leaps boldly to the forefront of this year's best," wrote Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times. "It is cinematic pageantry at its best," raved Variety. "A highly imaginative retelling of folklore in all the hues of Technicolor, deserving handsome boxoffice returns." Film Daily called it "high class entertainment" with "excellent direction" and an "ideal choice" in the casting of Flynn. "Excellent entertainment!" wrote Harrison's Reports. "Adventure, romance, comedy, and human appeal have been skilfully blended to give satisfaction on all counts ... The duel in the closing scenes between the hero and his arch enemy is the most exciting ever filmed." John Mosher of The New Yorker called it "a rich, showy, and, for all its tussles, somewhat stolid affair," praising Flynn's performance and the action sequences but finding the "excellent collection" of supporting actors to be "somewhat buried under the medieval panoply."

Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 44 reviews, with an average score of 8.9/10. The film is currently No. 12 on Rotten Tomatoes' list of best rated films. Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus as, "Errol Flynn thrills as the legendary title character, and the film embodies the type of imaginative family adventure tailor-made for the silver screen."

The Adventures of Robin Hood became the sixth-highest grossing film of the year, with just over $4 million in revenues at a time when the average ticket price was less than 25 cents. Warner Bros. was so pleased with the results that the studio cast Flynn in two more color epics before the decade was over: Dodge City and The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex.

A sequel, Sir Robin of Locksley was announced but never developed.

Awards and nominations

The film won three Academy Awards at the 11th Academy Awards and was nominated for one more:

• Academy Awards (1938):

Won: Best Art Direction - Color (Carl Jules Weyl)

Won: Best Film Editing (Ralph Dawson)

Won: Best Original Score (Erich Wolfgang Korngold) - The love theme of Robin and Marian went on to become a celebrated concert piece.

Nominated: Best Picture (Hal B. Wallis, Henry Blanke)

• Other honors:
  • In 2001 the film came in at #84 on "The Best Films of All Time" as voted by channel 4.
  • In 2001 the film appeared at #100 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list.
  • In 2003 the main character, Robin Hood, appeared as the #18 Hero on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list.
  • In 2005 the film appeared at #11 on AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores list.

Legacy

Due to the film's popularity, Errol Flynn's name and image became inextricably linked with that of Robin Hood in the public eye, even more so than Douglas Fairbanks, who had played the role previously in 1922.

This was the third film to pair Flynn and Olivia de Havilland (after Captain Blood and The Charge of the Light Brigade). They would ultimately star together in eight films, Four's a Crowd (1938), The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), Dodge City (1939), Santa Fe Trail (1940), They Died with Their Boots On (1941) and Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943).

Scenes and costumes worn by the characters have been imitated and spoofed endlessly. For instance, in the Bugs Bunny animated short film, Rabbit Hood, Bugs is continually told by a dim-witted Little John that "Robin Hood will soon be here." When Bugs finally meets Robin at the end of the film, he is stunned to find that it is Errol Flynn, in a spliced-in clip from this film (he subsequently shakes his head and declares, "It couldn't be him!"). Other parodies were Daffy Duck and Porky Pig in Robin Hood Daffy and Goofy and Black Pete in Goof Troop's Goofin' Hood & His Melancholy Men.

A fragment of one of the film's sword fighting scenes was converted to sprites by Jordan Mechner and used for his 1989 platform game Prince of Persia.

In Disney’s 2010 animated film “Tangled”, the appearance and personality of Flynn Rider are partly inspired by that of Errol Flynn, with his surname also being used in homage.

See also

• List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website

References

Notes

Citations

External links

• The Adventures of Robin Hood at IMDb
• The Adventures of Robin Hood at AllMovie
• The Adventures of Robin Hood at the TCM Movie Database
• The Adventures of Robin Hood at the American Film Institute Catalog
• The Adventures of Robin Hood at Rotten Tomatoes
• The Adventures of Robin Hood at Virtual History