List of Turkic dynasties and countries

The following is a list of dynasties and states, both current and past, of Turkic origins or which are Turkic-speaking, or both. The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, eastern, central, and western Asia, northwestern China, and parts of eastern Europe.

World map with present-day independent Turkic countries highlighted in red

Current states

Current independent states

Name	Years
Turkey	1923	86.2% Turkish, Demographics of Turkey.
Azerbaijan	1991	91.6% Azerbaijani, 0.29% Tatar.
Kazakhstan	1991	63.1% Kazakh, 2.9% Uzbek, 1.4% Uyghur, 1.3% Tatar, 0.6% Turkish, 0.5% Azerbaijani, 0.1% Kyrgyz.
Kyrgyzstan	1991	70.9% Kyrgyz, 14.3% Uzbeks, 0.9% Uyghur, 0.7% Turkish, 0.6% Kazakh, 0.6% Tatar, 0.3% Azerbaijani.
Turkmenistan	1991	75.6% Turkmen, 9.2% Uzbek, 2.0% Kazakh, 1.1% Turkish 0.7% Tatar
Uzbekistan	1991	71.4% Uzbek, 4.1% Kazakh, 2.4% Tatar, 2.1% Karakalpak, 1% Crimean Tatar, 0.8% Kyrgyz, 0.6% Turkmen, 0.5% Turkish, 0.2% Azerbaijani, 0.2% Uyghur, 0.2% Bashkir.

De-facto state

This republic is recognized only by Turkey and by the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan.

Name	Years
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	1983	67.54% Turkish Cypriot, 32.45% Turkish

Federal subjects of Russia

Main article: Demographics of Russia

• Turkic nations where Turkic people are a majority

Name
Bashkortostan	2010 – 29.5% Baskir, 25.4% Tatar, 2.7% Chuvash
Chuvashia	2010 – 67.7% Chuvash, 2.8% Tatar
Karachay-Cherkessia	2010 – 41.0% Karachay, 3.3% Nogai
Tatarstan	2010 – 53.2% Tatar, 3.1% Chuvash
Tuva	2010 – 82% Tuvan, 0.4% Khakas
Yakutiya	2010 – 49.9% Yakuts, 0.2% Dolgans, 0.9% Tatars

• Turkic nations where Turkic people are a minority

Name
Altai Republic	2010 – 34.5% Altay, 6.2% Kazakhs
Crimea	2001 – 12% Crimean Tatar
Khakassia	2010 – 12.1% Khakas
Kabardino-Balkaria	2010 – 11.5% Balkar

Autonomous regions

Name
Gagauzia in Moldova	2004 – 82.1% Gagauz.
Xinjiang in China	2000 – 45.21% Uyghur, 6.74% Kazakh, 0.86% Kyrgyz, 0.066% Uzbek, 0.024% Chinese Tatar
Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan	36% Uzbek, 32% Karakalpak, 25% Kazakh
Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan	99% Azerbaijani
Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in China	2000 – 61.14% Salar

Turkic confederations, dynasties, and states

Tribal confederations

Tiele (鐵勒)	Dingling	Yenisei Kirghiz (The Yenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed to be of agnatic Chinese descent from Li Ling)	Chuban
Onogurs	Ashina (clan)	Toquz Oghuz
Karluks	Chigil	Yagma	Basmyl
Oghuz	Sabirs	Bulgars	Shatuo	Kangly	Kipchaks	Cumans

Turkic dynasties and states

Name	Years	Capital	map
Turkic Khaganate	552–ca. 580 682-744	Ordu Baliq
Xueyantuo	628–646
Kangar union	659–750	located in Ulutau mountains
Türgesh	699–766	Balasagun
Kimeks	743–1220	Khagan-Kimek Imekia
Uyghur Khaganate	744–848	Ordu Baliq
Oghuz Yabgu State	750–1055	Yangikent
Karluk Yabgu State	756-940	Suyab later Balasagun
Kara-Khanid Khanate	840–1212	Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand
Gansu Uyghur Kingdom	848–1036	Zhangye
Kingdom of Qocho	856-1335	Gaochang, Beshbalik
Pechenegs	860–1091
Cumania	900–1220
Anatolian Beyliks	11th–16th century	many	90px
Ahmadilis	1122–1209	Maragha
Eldiguzids	ca.1135–1225	Nakhchivan (city) and Hamadan
Salghurids	1148–1282	Fars Province
Ottoman Empire	1299-1923	Söğüt 1299–1335, Bursa 1335–1413, Adrianople 1413–1453, Constantinople 1453–1922
Sufids	1361–1379

Europe

Name	Years	Capital	Map
Khazar Empire	6th–11th century	Balanjar 650-720 ca., Samandar (city) 720s-750, Atil 750-ca.965-969
Avar Khaganate	567–804	Szeged
Great Bulgaria	632–668	Phanagoria 632–665
First Bulgarian Empire Tengrist Turkic pre-Christianization; Slavic post-Christianization	681–1018	Pliska 681–893, Preslav 893–972, Skopje 972–992, Ohrid 992–1018
Volga Bulgaria	7th century–1240s	Bolghar, Bilär

Middle East

Name	Years	Capital	Map
Tulunids	868–905	al-Qatta'i
Ikhshidid Dynasty	935–969
Burid Dynasty	1104–1154	Damascus
Zengid Dynasty	1127–1250	Aleppo
Rasulids	1228–1455
Bahri dynasty	1250–1389
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) (The first half of the Mamluk Sultanate was dominated by the Kipchak Turkic Bahri dynasty, after the Mongol conquest of the Kipchak steppes, the second half of the Mamluk Sultanate was the Burji dynasty dominated by non-Turkic Circassians.)	1250–1517	Cairo

Indian subcontinent

Name	Years	Capital	Map
Mamluk Dynasty	1206–1290	Delhi
Khilji Dynasty	1290–1320	Delhi
Tughlaq Dynasty	1320–1414	Delhi
Ilyas Shahi dynasty	1342-1487	Sonargaon
Bahmani Sultanate	1347–1527	Gulbarga (1347–1425) Bidar (1425–1527)
Malwa Sultanate	1392–1562	Dhar and Mandu
Bidar Sultanate	1489–1619
Adil Shahi dynasty	1490–1686	Bijapur
Qutb Shahi Dynasty	1518–1687	Golconda / Hyderabad
Tarkhan Dynasty	1554–1591	Sindh
Asaf Jahi Dynasty	1724–1948	Hyderabad

Sinicized Turkic dynasties

The Shatuo Turks founded several sinicized dynasties in northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The official language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.

Name	Years	Capital	Map
Later Tang in China founded by Shato	923–936	Daming County 923, Luoyang 923–936
Later Jin in China founded by Shato. The Later Jin founder Shi Jingtang claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.	936–947	Taiyuan 936, Luoyang 937, Kaifeng 937-947
Later Han in China founded by Shato. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors, some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.	947–951	Kaifeng
Northern Han in China founded by Shato. Same family as Later Han. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors, some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.	951–979	Taiyuan

Persianate or Turko-Persian states

Main articles: Persianate society and Turko-Persian tradition

The Turko-Persian tradition was an Islamic tradition of Iranian literary forms practiced and patronized by Turkic rulers and speakers. Some Turko-Persian states were founded in Greater Iran.

Name		Years	Capital	Map
Ghaznavid Empire	Ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin	962–1186	Ghazna 977–1163, Lahore 1163–1186
Great Seljuk Empire	Ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking clan of originally Oghuz Turkic descent. The majority of the population was Iranian	1037–1194	Nishapur 1037–1043, Rey, Iran 1043–1051, Isfahan 1051–1118, Hamadan Western capital 1118–1194, Merv Eastern capital (1118–1153)
Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm		1077–1307	İznik , Iconium (Konya)	90px
Khwarazmian dynasty	Ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.	1077–1231/1256	Gurganj 1077–1212, Samarkand 1212–1220, Ghazna 1220–1221, Tabriz 1225–1231
50px Kara Koyunlu		1375–1468	Tabriz
Aq Qoyunlu		1378–1501	Diyarbakır : 1453 – 1471, Tabriz :1468 – January 6, 1478

Turco-Mongol states

Turco-Mongol is a term describing the synthesis of Mongol and Turkic cultures by several states of Mongol origin throughout Eurasia. These states adopted Turkic languages, either among the populace or among the elite, and converted to Islam, but retained Mongol political and legal institutions. Two of these states founded by the Timurid dynasty, specifically the Timurid Empire and Mughal Empire, also became Persianized.

Name	Years	Capital	Notes	Map
Golden Horde	1240s–1502	Sarai Batu	Founded as an appanage of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde gradually became Turkicized after the Empire's fragmentation
Timurid Empire	1370–1506	Samarkand 1370–1505, Herat 1505–1507	Persianate dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage
Shaybanids	1428–1599
Kazan Khanate	1438–1552	Kazan
Crimean Khanate	1441–1783	Bakhchisaray
Nogai Horde	1440s–1634	Saray-Jük
Kazakh Khanate	1456–1847	Turkistan		90px
Western Moghulistan	1462–1591
Astrakhan Khanate	1466–1556	Xacitarxan
Siberia Khanate	1490–1598	Tyumen until 1493, Qashliq from 1493
Khanate of Bukhara	1500–1785	Bukhara
Khanate of Khiva	1511–1920	Khiva
Yarkent Khanate	1514–1705	Yarkent
Mughal Empire	1526–1857	Agra 1526–1571, Fatehpur Sikri 1571–1585, Lahore 1585–1598, Agra 1598–1648, Shahjahanabad/Delhi 1648–1857	Founded by Turco-Mongol ruler Babur, adopted the Persian language in later periods.
Khanate of Kokand	1709–1876	Kokand
Emirate of Bukhara	1785–1920	Bukhara

Iranian dynasties of Turkic origins

Name	Years	Capital	Map
Safavid Dynasty A Persianized Iranian dynasty of originally Turkic Oghuz descent	1501–1736	Tabriz 1501–1555, Qazvin 1555–1598, Isfahan 1598–1736
Afsharid Dynasty A Highly Persianized Iranian dynasty[31] of originally Turkic descent of Turkic origin.	1736–1796	Mashhad
Qajar Dynasty A Persianized Iranian dynasty of originally Turkic Oghuz descent which ruled Persia.	1785–1925	Tehran

Former Republics

Name	Years	Map	Capital
Provisional Government of Western Thrace	1913		Komotini
Crimean People's Republic	1917–1918		Bakhchysarai
Idel-Ural State	1917–1918
Alash Orda	1917–1920		Semey
Republic of Aras	1918–1919		Nakhchivan (city)
Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus	1918–1919		Kars
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic	1918–1920		Ganja, Azerbaijan until Sep 1918, Baku
Azadistan	1920		Tabriz
Government of the Grand National Assembly	1920-1923		Ankara
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva	1921–1944		Kyzyl
First East Turkestan Republic	1933–1934		Kashgar
Hatay State	1938–1939		Antakya
East Turkistan Republic	1944–1949		Ghulja
Azerbaijan People's Government	1945–1946		Tabriz
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus	1975–1983		Nicosia

Soviet Republics

Name	Years	Map	Capital
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic	1920–1924		Khiva
Bukhara People's Soviet Republic	1920–1924		Bukhara
Azerbaijan SSR	1920–1991		Baku
Uzbek SSR	1924–1991		Samarkand 1924–1930, Tashkent 1930–1991
Turkmen SSR	1924–1991		Ashgabat
Kazakh SSR	1936–1991		Almaty
Kyrgyz SSR	1936–1991		Bishkek

Autonomous Soviet Republics

Name	Years	Map	Capital
Turkestan ASSR	1918–1924		Tashkent
Bashkir ASSR	1919–1990		Ufa
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic	1920–1925		Orenburg
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1920–1990		Kazan
Yakut ASSR	1922–1991		Yakutsk
Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1921-1924		Vladikavkaz
Nakhchyvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1921–1990		Nakhchivan (city)
Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic	1925–1936		Almaty
Chuvash ASSR	1925–1992		Cheboksary
Karakalpak ASSR	1932–1992		Nukus
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1936–1991		Nalchik
Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1944–1957
Crimean ASSR	1945–1991		Simferopol
Tuvan ASSR	1961–1992
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic	1990-1992		Gorno-Altaysk

Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union

Name	Years	Map	Capital
Chuvash Autonomous Oblast	1920–1925		Cheboksary
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast	1921–1936		Nalchik
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast	1922-1926
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast	1922-1991
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast	1923-1991		Stepanakert
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast	1924–1936		Bishkek
Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast	1925–1932		To‘rtko‘l
Karachay Autonomous Oblast	1926-1957
Khakassian Autonomous Oblast	1930-1992
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast	1944–1961

See also

• Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
• Turkic migration
• Turko-Persian tradition
• Orda (organization)
• Khanate
• Turkic tribal confederations
• Oghuz Turks
• Turco-Mongol
• List of Mongol states
• Mongol and Tatar states in Europe
• Nomadic empire
• Russian Turkestan

Further reading

• Findley, C.V., The Turks in World History, 2005, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6
• Forbes Manz, B., The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, 2002, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
• Hupchick, D.P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
• Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
• Saunders, J.J., The History of the Mongol Conquests, 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7
• Thackston, W.M., The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, 2002, Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9
• Vásáry, I., Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, 2005, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83756-9