Long-beaked echidna

Long-beaked echidnas Temporal range: Miocene to present
Western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Monotremata
Family:	Tachyglossidae
Genus:	Zaglossus Gill, 1877
Type species
Tachyglossus bruijni Peters and Doria, 1876
Species
Zaglossus attenboroughi Zaglossus bartoni Zaglossus bruijni †Zaglossus hacketti †Zaglossus robustus

The long-beaked echidnas (genus Zaglossus) make up one of the two extant genera of echidnas, spiny monotremes that live in New Guinea. There are three living species and two extinct species in this genus. The extinct species were present in Australia. Echidnas are one of the two types of mammals that lay eggs, the other being the platypus. The echidnas retain reptilian features such as egg-laying but display mammalian features such as fur and lactation.

All three long-beaked echidna species are listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN.

Species

Zaglossus attenboroughi

Main article: Sir David's long-beaked echidna

• Habitat: known only from the Cyclops Mountains of Papua, Indonesia, New Guinea
• Time: the present
• Critically endangered

Zaglossus bartoni

Main article: Eastern long-beaked echidna

• Habitat: on the central cordillera between the Paniai Lakes and the Nanneau Range, as well as the Huon Peninsula
• Time: the present
• Critically endangered

Zaglossus bruijni

Main article: Western long-beaked echidna

• Habitat: highland forests of West Papua and Papua provinces, Indonesia, New Guinea
• Time: the present
• Critically endangered

†Zaglossus hacketti

Main article: Zaglossus hacketti

• Habitat: Western Australia
• Time: Upper Pleistocene
• Fossil
• This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.

†Zaglossus robustus

Main article: Zaglossus robustus

• Habitat: New South Wales
• Time: Miocene
• Fossil
• This species is known from a fossil skull about 65 cm long.
• It had many spikes along its back to protect it from its predators and used them as a weapon.

General information

The long-beaked echidna is larger than the short-beaked and has fewer, shorter spines scattered among its coarse hairs. The snout is two-thirds of the head length and curves slightly downward. There are five digits on both hind and forefeet, but on the former, only the three middle toes are equipped with claws. Males have a spur on each of the hind legs. This echidna is primarily a nocturnal animal that forages for its insect food on the forest floor. The animals are not usually foraging in the daylight. The long-beaked echidna lives in dens and they are commonly found to be in underground burrows. The breeding female has a temporary abdominal brood patch, in which her egg is incubated and in which the newborn young remains in safety, feeding and developing. Since they reproduce by laying eggs and are incubated outside of the mother’s body it is accompanied by the prototherian lactation process show that they are early mammals. The long-beaked echidna has a short weaning period. During this time milk is their only source of nutrition and protection for the hatchlings; they are altricial and immunologically naive. Little is known about the life of this rarely seen animal, but it is believed to have habits similar to those of the short-beaked echidna. The population of echidnas in New Guinea is declining because of forest clearing and overhunting, and the animal is much in need of protection.

See also

• Fossil monotremes

External links

• EDGE of Existence (Zaglossus spp.) – Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species
• ARKive – images and movies of the long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus spp.)
• A summary, including references, on animalinfo.org
• (Long Necked) Echidna find rewrites natural history books - 'Mount Anderson, West Kimberley'