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Terahertz brain–computer interfaces

Nature Reviews Bioengineering (2025)Cite this article

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Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) face data and transmission limitations. Terahertz (THz) waves offer high-resolution brain imaging and terabit-per-second wireless data transfer, addressing these challenges. The convergence of THz and neurotechnology promises to accelerate clinical adoption of BCIs, transforming neurorehabilitation and neural control.

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Fig. 1: Evolution of data transmission rates across wireless communication generations and BCI systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Aarthy Nagarajan

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Ranjan Singh

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  1. Aarthy Nagarajan
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  2. Ranjan Singh
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Correspondence to Aarthy Nagarajan or Ranjan Singh.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Nagarajan, A., Singh, R. Terahertz brain–computer interfaces. Nat Rev Bioeng (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-025-00275-9

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