Summary of PCM systems

Communication

By Directional Interaction

Public and Personal

Technical Characteristics Public- Unidirectional Tx does not know how many receivers are ON Personal By directional interactive

Operation of Domestic Delivery Network

District deport Province deport

Province deport

Local deport

District deport

Local deport

Telecom Network in Summary

Local EX 03 Domestic Transport

International Transport
IEX Access 02 IEX

01
Land line IEX IEX

Why Telecom more Popular

Electronically dist=0 Answer only Charge Tell No. 15 digits (Universal) Demarcation of Telecom Transmission
CC AC CC- Country Code AC- Area Code DN- Directory No DN

Cont
Digital

Problem to achieve Digital Tx

Noise

Tx

Media

Rx
Attenuation

The Samples cannot be Reproduced

Find a technique Digital Tx

(1) Tx Info

Tr Media

(1) Rx Info (2) Verify the Rx Info

Verification Difficult

Cont
Quantizing
Equate the sample to a quantize level. Then transmit verification will be easy at the receiver Quantizing noise is inevitable

Encoding
Convert this quantized level in to binary level

Verification will be more easy

Quantizing
In linear quantizing S/N is good only for high valued samples and 90% of the samples are within of maximum voltages Hence the samples will be equate to 1/256 levels

Hence Quantizing Noise (V) is inherent in PCM transmission, since there is a difference between actual sample to Quantized level.

The A law Signaling Compression and Characteristics

Segment No 7 6 5 4 3 2 Voltage Range Vm Vm/2 Vm/2 Vm/4 Vm/4 Vm/8 Vm/8 Vm/16 Vm/16 Vm/32 Vm/32 Vm/64 Voltage range 3072 1536 1536 768 768 384 384 192 192 96 96 48 >1512 >756 >378 >189 >94.5 Change over to next segment Level range 127 111 111 95 95 79 79 63 63 47 47 31 Increment per Level 96 48 24 12 6 3

1
0

Vm/64 Vm/128
Vm/128

48 24
24 0

>47.25
>23.25

31 15
15 0

1.5
1.5

Cont
Note : A Total of 256 quantisation steps covers line peak to peak range of nomal speech intensities A law gives lower quantising dislortion . Law There are 16 segments shown in this graph positive 0,1 and negative 0,1 consai one linear segment. hence there are 10 linear segments.

Encoded 8 bit format

S
Sign

A B

X Y Z

No of pos in the Segment If S=1 it is positive sample If S=0 it is Negative sample

No of seg

Vm Maximum voltage = 3072 mv N Na of quantised levels =256 Some times A low is named as Eurpean law (C.E.P.T) Equation for logaribimic part y=n ln Ax / ln A (1/A<x<1) Linear part y=Ax (0<x<1/A)

Exercise 1: Convert the following denary numbers to binary(Dont use the method of dividing by 2, use the finger method)
(a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 16 (d)33 (e) 67 (f) 120 (g) 520 (h) 1028 (i) 2050 (j) 4100 (k) 8200 (l) 16401

Answer to Exercise 1
(b) 9=1001 (d)33=100001 (f) 120=1111000 (h) 1028=10000000100 (j) 4100=1000000000100 (l) 16401=100000000010001

(a) 5=101 (c) 16=10000 (e) 67=1000011 (g) 520=1000001000 (i) 2050=100000000010 (k) 8200=10000000001000

Exercise 2 Convert the following from binary to Denary(Using fingers only)

(a) 101 (b) 110 (c) 1001 (d) 11101 (e) 100000 (f) 1011010 (g) 111000111

Answers to Exercise 2
(a) 101 (b) 110 (c) 1001 (d) 11101 (e) 100000 (f) 1011010 (g) 111000111 5 6 9 29 32 90 455

Exercise 3 Convert the following denary numbers to hexa and then to binary
(a) 9 (b) 20 (c) 36 (d) 129 (e) 518 (f) 1030 (g) 4095 (h) 8200

Answers to Exercise 3
Denary (a) 9 (b) 20 (c) 36 (d) 129 (e) 518 (f) 1030 (g) 4095 (h) 8200 Hexa 9 14 24 81 206 406 FFF 2008 Binary 1001 10100 100100 10000001 1000000110 10000000110 111111111111 10000000001000

Encoding
The quantized level is then converted in to 8 bits. This 8 bits represent, S ABC WXYZ
S = sign + or ABC = No of segments WXYZ = No of level in that segments

Summary of process involved,

equate To a quantize Convert level 1/256

8 bit

Sample

Difference Codes used in digital Transmission

Frequency

Time Division Multiplexing

Media

250 125

R1

R2

For a given signal 125s period the samples to be send R1 is idling too long. To make it efficient 32 value signals are sampled and send with in 125s
TS0 TS16 TS31
Each TS = 3.9s TS- Time Slot

Practically TS0,TS16 not used for normal voice signal. But for Synchronizing + Signaling respectively
R1 R2 the speed is 2.048 mb/s

Convert the following samples into encoded format and calculate the signal /noise ratio
700mV -400mV 300mV

100mV

1515mV

-95mV

Answers
700mV -400mV 300mV

11011101 175 100mV

01010001 50 1515mV

11001001 -95mV

10110001 25

11110000 72

0011000 295

Cont
Supervisory Signaling Analog Register

Characteristics Supervisory is always present with voice. Register is always prior to voice hence analogue channel exchange will be as follows. Exchange to another exchange will be as follows
V = Voice R = Register Sup. Signals are on M, E, Wires

Cont
Multiframe in a PCM SYSTEM for supervisory signals only TS16 is available. CCJTT has allocated 4bits for each channel. To send 30 channels supervisory signals on TS16, You need 15 frames. To align SIG TR module to SIG RX module one TS16 is used. Hence Multiframe consist 16 Frames.
f0
f1 CH1 CH1 MF Sys CH1 CH1 2 ms

f2

f15

CH1

CH1

Structure of Multiframe
One Multiframe= 16 Frames
TS 1-15 TS 0 TS 17-31 TS 16 TS 0 TS 0

Practical Channels
TS 0
1 2 15
17

31

There are two kinds of synchronization words odd and even Odd actually synchronization Even alarm signaling

F0 TS16 is used for Multiframe alignment all other TS16 are used for Channel Associated signaling

Pleslouronus Digital Multiplexing

2/8

8/34

34/140

140/620

First Order or primary order

Second Order

Third Order

Fourth Order

Fifth Order

400

110

25

1.7

Channel Associated Signaling At a Glance

F0

TS0 TS0

TSI6
CH 1 CH 17

TS31 TS31

F1

F14

TS0 TS0

CH 4 CH 30

TS31 TS31

F15

CH 15 CH 31

Block Diagram of PCM System

* = Except 16 1 Signaling Compartment 2 SYNC Compartment 3 (V + R) Compartment C Combiner D - Distributor

Transcoding
Code Conversion to suit for the Transmission media Out put of a PCM System either RZ, NRZ

1 bite named as mark NRZ means, Mark will return to zero before the period of CLK pulse, but at the period of the click pulse. RZ, means mark will NOT come to zero before the period of the CLK pulse, but at the period of the CLK pulse if the following is not a MARK.

Practical Transcording wave Forms High Density Bipolar 3.

Rules
1. Dont allow more than 3 Consecutive Zeros to be present in the wave form (media). Introduce a violation bit. Violation bit has to be of the same polarity of the previous MARK. 2. Two Consecutive violation bits has to be of opposite polarity. 3. Between two consecutive violation bits if there are even number of last violation will be boove where B is the stuffing BIT and will be of opposite polarity to the previous MARK.

Process Involved

Basic Structure of SDH

1. Basic structure
1 1 2 270

125s 1s
9 2161 125s 2430 270

2430 8 Bits 155.52 Mbits

2. Structure for 2Mb/s and 34Mb/s

1

2.048 Mb/s
1

34.368 Mb/s
1 1 84

36

756 1 84

125 s = 36 8 1s = 2304 kb Path over head + Justification =0.256 (12.5%) For 34 mb structure 21Nos 2.048 Mb/s can be placed

125 s = 36 8 1s = 2304 kb Path over head + Justification =14.02 (40%)

Cont
3. Observations
For 34 Mb/s in PDH 2.048 Mb/s, 16 streams can be Multiplexed In SDH 21 No can be Multiplexed WHY? For PDH, CEPT 34.368mb/s and PDH American Equipment is 44.736 Mb/s, Hence 84 columns is used for 444.736 Mb/s American Systems, SDH stream stems from American SONET. Hence it has been designed for American 44.736 Mb/s. Every basic structure has to placed, it needs more two columns to accommodate PDH +Justification. Hence fir 34 direct to be placed, it needs more two columns to accommodate PDH + Justification. Hence
1 2 3 86

3.5 if we fill with 21 Nos of 2.048 Mb/s, these first 2 columns are spare

Cont
4. Structure for 140Mb/s
Similarly for 140 Mb/s (actual 139.264Mb/s)
1 2 258

For , 125s=2322 8bits 1s=148.605

1465 1

2322 258

Spare bits for POH + Justification=9.344(6.7%)

5. Observations
For 140 Mb/s is PDH (CEPT) there are 4 Nos 34Mb/s streams. But in SDH only 3 Nos 344 Mb/s can be accommodated. Hence in SDH, 63 Nos 2.048 Mb/s in STM can be accommodated. No equipment for PDH 140 Mb/s (America)

Cont
6. Similar reasoning as for 3.4: in order to accommodate direct 140 Mb/s into SDH 3 columns are used for PDH + Justification

1 2 34

261

7. If we fill with 3 of 34 Mb/s, these first 3 columns are spare 8. Accommodation of bit rates for SDH
Maximum of a. 2.048 63Nos, or b. 34 3Nos, or c. 140 1Nos, or d. Combination of a& b

If,

270

No 34 mb/s then maximum of 42 no of 2 Mb/s

No 34 mb/s then maximum of 21 no of 2 Mb/s

Technological Evolution (Fill the blanks)

Multiplex Level Speed Period of the Pulse No: of voice channels

STM1 STM4 STM16 STM64 STM256

Technological Evolution at a glance

Multiplex Level Speed Period of the Pulse No: of voice channels

STM1 STM4 STM16 STM64 STM256

155.52Mbps 622.08Mbps 2.5Gbps 10Gbps 40Gbps

6.4ns 1.6ns 400ps 100ps 25ps

1890 7560 30240 120960 483840