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Algebraic Expressions and Identities

CHAPTER

9.1 What are Expressions?

In earlier classes, we have already become familiar with what algebraic expressions (or simply expressions) are. Examples of expressions are: x + 3, 2y 5, 3x2, 4xy + 7 etc. You can form many more expressions. As you know expressions are formed from variables and constants. The expression 2y 5 is formed from the variable y and constants 2 and 5. The expression 4xy + 7 is formed from variables x and y and constants 4 and 7. We know that, the value of y in the expression, 2y 5, may be anything. It can be 5 7 2, 5, 3, 0, , etc.; actually countless different values. The value of an expression 2 3 changes with the value chosen for the variables it contains. Thus as y takes on different values, the value of 2y 5 goes on changing. When y = 2, 2y 5 = 2(2) 5 = 1; when y = 0, 2y 5 = 2 0 5 = 5, etc. Find the value of the expression 2y 5 for the other given values of y. Number line and an expression: Consider the expression x + 5. Let us say the variable x has a position X on the number line;

X may be anywhere on the number line, but it is definite that the value of x + 5 is given by a point P, 5 units to the right of X. Similarly, the value of x 4 will be 4 units to the left of X and so on. What about the position of 4x and 4x + 5?

The position of 4x will be point C; the distance of C from the origin will be four times the distance of X from the origin. The position D of 4x + 5 will be 5 units to the right of C.

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TRY THESE 1. Give five examples of expressions containing one variable and five examples of
expressions containing two variables. 2. Show on the number line x, x 4, 2x + 1, 3x 2.

9.2 Terms, Factors and Coefficients

Take the expression 4x + 5. This expression is made up of two terms, 4x and 5. Terms are added to form expressions. Terms themselves can be formed as the product of factors. The term 4x is the product of its factors 4 and x. The term 5 is made up of just one factor, i.e., 5. TRY THESE The expression 7xy 5x has two terms 7xy and 5x. The term Identify the coefficient of each 7xy is a product of factors 7, x and y. The numerical factor of a term term in the expression is called its coefficient. The coefficient in the term 7xy is 7 and the x2y2 10x2y + 5xy2 20. coefficient in the term 5x is 5.

9.3 Monomials, Binomials and Polynomials

Expression that contains only one term is called a monomial. Expression that contains two terms is called a binomial. An expression containing three terms is a trinomial and so on. In general, an expression containing, one or more terms with non-zero coefficient (with variables having non negative exponents) is called a polynomial. A polynomial may contain any number of terms, one or more than one. Examples of monomials: 4x2, 3xy, 7z, 5xy2, 10y, 9, 82mnp, etc. Examples of binomials: a + b, 4l + 5m, a + 4, 5 3xy, z2 4y2, etc. Examples of trinomials: a + b + c, 2x + 3y 5, x2y xy2 + y2, etc. Examples of polynomials: a + b + c + d, 3xy, 7xyz 10, 2x + 3y + 7z, etc.

TRY THESE
1. Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials. z + 5, x + y + z, y + z + 100, ab ac, 17 2. Construct (a) 3 binomials with only x as a variable; (b) 3 binomials with x and y as variables; (c) 3 monomials with x and y as variables; (d) 2 polynomials with 4 or more terms.

9.4 Like and Unlike Terms

Look at the following expressions: 7x, 14x, 13x, 5x2, 7y, 7xy, 9y2, 9x2, 5yx Like terms from these are: (i) 7x, 14x, 13x are like terms. (ii) 5x2 and 9x2 are like terms.

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(iii) 7xy and 5yx are like terms. Why are 7x and 7y not like? Why are 7x and 7xy not like? Why are 7x and 5x2 not like?

TRY THESE
Write two terms which are like (i) 7xy (ii) 4mn2 (iii) 2l

9.5 Addition and Substraction of Algebraic Expressions

In the earlier classes, we have also learnt how to add and subtract algebraic expressions. For example, to add 7x2 4x + 5 and 9x 10, we do 7x2 4x + 5 + 9x 10 7x2 + 5x 5 Observe how we do the addition. We write each expression to be added in a separate row. While doing so we write like terms one below the other, and add them, as shown. Thus 5 + (10) = 5 10 = 5. Similarly, 4x + 9x = ( 4 + 9)x = 5x. Let us take some more examples. Example 1: Add: 7xy + 5yz 3zx, 4yz + 9zx 4y , 3xz + 5x 2xy. Solution: Writing the three expressions in separate rows, with like terms one below the other, we have 7xy + 5yz 3zx + 4yz + 9zx 4y + 2xy 3zx + 5x 5xy + 9yz + 3zx + 5x 4y Thus, the sum of the expressions is 5xy + 9yz + 3zx + 5x 4y. Note how the terms, 4y in the second expression and 5x in the third expression, are carried over as they are, since they have no like terms in the other expressions. Example 2: Subtract 5x2 4y2 + 6y 3 from 7x2 4xy + 8y2 + 5x 3y. Solution: 7x2 4xy + 8y2 + 5x 3y 5x 2 () 4y2 (+) + 6y 3 () (+) (Note xz is same as zx)

2x2 4xy + 12y2 + 5x 9y + 3

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Note that subtraction of a number is the same as addition of its additive inverse. Thus subtracting 3 is the same as adding +3. Similarly, subtracting 6y is the same as adding 6y; subtracting 4y2 is the same as adding 4y2 and so on. The signs in the third row written below each term in the second row help us in knowing which operation has to be performed.

EXERCISE 9.1
1. Identify the terms, their coefficients for each of the following expressions. (i) 5xyz2 3zy (ii) 1 + x + x2
x y + xy 2 2

(iii) 4x2y2 4x2y2z2 + z2 (vi) 0.3a 0.6ab + 0.5b

(iv) 3 pq + qr rp (v)

2. Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials. Which polynomials do not fit in any of these three categories? x + y, 1000, x + x2 + x3 + x4, 7 + y + 5x, 2y 3y2, 2y 3y2 + 4y3, 5x 4y + 3xy, 4z 15z2, ab + bc + cd + da, pqr, p2q + pq2, 2p + 2q 3. Add the following. (i) ab bc, bc ca, ca ab (iii) 2p2q2 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq 3p2q2 (ii) a b + ab, b c + bc, c a + ac (iv) l2 + m2, m2 + n2, n2 + l2, 2lm + 2mn + 2nl 4. (a) Subtract 4a 7ab + 3b + 12 from 12a 9ab + 5b 3 (b) Subtract 3xy + 5yz 7zx from 5xy 2yz 2zx + 10xyz (c) Subtract 4p2q 3pq + 5pq2 8p + 7q 10 from 18 3p 11q + 5pq 2pq2 + 5p2q

9.6 Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions: Introduction

(i) Look at the following patterns of dots.
Pattern of dots Total number of dots

49

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mn

To find the number of dots we have to multiply the expression for the number of rows by the expression for the number of columns.

(m + 2) (n + 3)

Here the number of rows is increased by 2, i.e., m + 2 and number of columns increased by 3, i.e., n + 3.

(ii) Can you now think of similar other situations in which two algebraic expressions have to be multiplied? Ameena gets up. She says, We can think of area of a rectangle. The area of a rectangle is l b, where l is the length, and b is breadth. If the length of the rectangle is increased by 5 units, i.e., (l + 5) and breadth is decreased by 3 units , i.e., (b 3) units, the area of the new rectangle will be (l + 5) (b 3). (iii) Can you think about volume? (The volume of a rectangular box is given by the product of its length, breadth and height). (iv) Sarita points out that when we buy things, we have to carry out multiplication. For example, if price of bananas per dozen = Rs p and for the school picnic bananas needed = z dozens, then we have to pay = Rs p z Suppose, the price per dozen was less by Rs 2 and the bananas needed were less by 4 dozens. Then, price of bananas per dozen = Rs (p 2) and bananas needed = (z 4) dozens, Therefore, we would have to pay = Rs (p 2) (z 4)

To find the area of a rectangle, we have to multiply algebraic expressions like l b or (l + 5) (b 3).

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TRY THESE
Can you think of two more such situations, where we may need to multiply algebraic expressions? [Hint: Think of speed and time; Think of interest to be paid, the principal and the rate of simple interest; etc.] In all the above examples, we had to carry out multiplication of two or more quantities. If the quantities are given by algebraic expressions, we need to find their product. This means that we should know how to obtain this product. Let us do this systematically. To begin with we shall look at the multiplication of two monomials.

9.7 Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial

9.7.1 Multiplying two monomials We begin with 4 x = x + x + x + x = 4x as seen earlier. Notice that all the three Similarly, 4 (3x) = 3x + 3x + 3x + 3x = 12x products of monomials, 3xy, Now, observe the following products. 15xy, 15xy, are also monomials. (i) x 3y = x 3 y = 3 x y = 3xy (ii) 5x 3y = 5 x 3 y = 5 3 x y = 15xy (iii) 5x (3y) = 5 x (3) y = 5 (3) x y = 15xy Some more useful examples follow. (iv) 5x 4x2 = (5 4) (x x2) = 20 x3 = 20x3 (v) 5x ( 4xyz) = (5 4) (x xyz) = 20 (x x yz) = 20x2yz Observe how we collect the powers of different variables in the algebraic parts of the two monomials. While doing so, we use the rules of exponents and powers.
Note that 5 4 = 20 i.e., coefficient of product = coefficient of first monomial coefficient of second monomial; and x x2 = x 3 i.e., algebraic factor of product = algebraic factor of first monomial algebraic factor of second monomial.

9.7.2 Multiplying three or more monomials Observe the following examples. (i) 2x 5y 7z = (2x 5y) 7z = 10xy 7z = 70xyz (ii) 4xy 5x2y2 6x3y3 = (4xy 5x2y2) 6x3y3 = 20x3y3 6x3y3 = 120x3y3 x3y3 = 120 (x3 x3) (y3 y3) = 120x6 y6 = 120x6y6 It is clear that we first multiply the first two monomials and then multiply the resulting monomial by the third monomial. This method can be extended to the product of any number of monomials.

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TRY THESE

Find 4x 5y 7z First find 4x 5y and multiply it by 7z; or first find 5y 7z and multiply it by 4x. Is the result the same? What do you observe? Does the order in which you carry out the multiplication matter?

We can find the product in other way also. 4xy 5x2y2 6x3 y3 = (4 5 6) (x x2 x3) (y y2 y3) = 120 x6y6

Example 3: Complete the table for area of a rectangle with given length and breadth. Solution:
length breadth area

3x 9y 4ab 2l2m

5y 4y2 5bc 3lm2

3x 5y = 15xy .............. .............. ..............

Example 4: Find the volume of each rectangular box with given length, breadth and height.
length breadth height

(i) (ii) (iii)

2ax m 2n 2q

3by n2p 4q2

5cz p 2m 8q3

Solution: Volume = length breadth height Hence, for (i) volume = (2ax) (3by) (5cz) = 2 3 5 (ax) (by) (cz) = 30abcxyz for (ii) volume = m2n n2p p2m = (m2 m) (n n2) (p p2) = m3n3p3 for (iii) volume = 2q 4q2 8q3 = 2 4 8 q q2 q3 = 64q6

EXERCISE 9.2
1. Find the product of the following pairs of monomials. (i) 4, 7p (ii) 4p, 7p (iii) 4p, 7pq (iv) 4p3, 3p (v) 4p, 0 2. Find the areas of rectangles with the following pairs of monomials as their lengths and breadths respectively. (p, q); (10m, 5n); (20x2, 5y2); (4x, 3x2); (3mn, 4np)

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3. Complete the table of products. First monomial Second monomial 2x 5y 3x 2 4xy 7x2y 9x2y2 2x 4x 2
... ... ... ... ...

5y
... ... ... ... ... ...

3x 2
...

4xy
... ... ... ... ... ...

7x2y
... ... ... ... ... ...

9x2y2
... ... ... ... ... ...

15x2y
... ... ... ...

4. Obtain the volume of rectangular boxes with the following length, breadth and height respectively. (i) 5a, 3a2, 7a4 (ii) 2p, 4q, 8r (iii) xy, 2x2y, 2xy2 (iv) a, 2b, 3c 5. Obtain the product of (i) xy, yz, zx (ii) a, a2, a3 (iii) 2, 4y, 8y2, 16y3 (iv) a, 2b, 3c, 6abc (v) m, mn, mnp

9.8 Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial

9.8.1 Multiplying a monomial by a binomial Let us multiply the monomial 3x by the binomial 5y + 2, i.e., find 3x (5y + 2) = ? Recall that 3x and (5y + 2) represent numbers. Therefore, using the distributive law, 3x (5y + 2) = (3x 5y) + (3x 2) = 15xy + 6x
We commonly use distributive law in our calculations. For example: 7 106 = 7 (100 + 6) = 7 100 + 7 6 (Here, we used distributive law) = 700 + 42 = 742 7 38 = 7 (40 2) = 7 40 7 2 (Here, we used distributive law) = 280 14 = 266

Similarly, (3x) (5y + 2) = (3x) (5y) + (3x) (2) = 15xy 6x and 5xy (y2 + 3) = (5xy y2) + (5xy 3) = 5xy3 + 15xy. What about a binomial monomial? For example, (5y + 2) 3x = ? We may use commutative law as : 7 3 = 3 7; or in general a b = b a Similarly, (5y + 2) 3x = 3x (5y + 2) = 15xy + 6x as before.

TRY THESE
Find the product (i) 2x (3x + 5xy) (ii) a2 (2ab 5c)

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9.8.2 Multiplying a monomial by a trinomial Consider 3p (4p2 + 5p + 7). As in the earlier case, we use distributive law; 3p (4p2 + 5p + 7) = (3p 4p2) + (3p 5p) + (3p 7) = 12p3 + 15p2 + 21p Multiply each term of the trinomial by the monomial and add products. TRY THESE
Observe, by using the distributive law, we are able to carry out the multiplication term by term.

Find the product: (4p2 + 5p + 7) 3p

Example 5: Simplify the expressions and evaluate them as directed: (i) x (x 3) + 2 for x = 1, (ii) 3y (2y 7) 3 (y 4) 63 for y = 2 Solution: (i) x (x 3) + 2 = x2 3x + 2 For x = 1, x2 3x + 2 = (1)2 3 (1) + 2 =13+2=33=0 (ii) 3y (2y 7) 3 (y 4) 63 = 6y2 21y 3y + 12 63 = 6y2 24y 51 For y = 2, 6y2 24y 51 = 6 (2)2 24(2) 51 = 6 4 + 24 2 51 = 24 + 48 51 = 72 51 = 21 Example 6: Add (i) 5m (3 m) and 6m2 13m (ii) 4y (3y2 + 5y 7) and 2 (y3 4y2 + 5) Solution: (i) First expression = 5m (3 m) = (5m 3) (5m m) = 15m 5m2 Now adding the second expression to it,15m 5m2 + 6m2 13m = m2 + 2m (ii) The first expression = 4y (3y2 + 5y 7) = (4y 3y2) + (4y 5y) + (4y (7)) = 12y3 + 20y2 28y 3 2 The second expression = 2 (y 4y + 5) = 2y3 + 2 ( 4y2) + 2 5 = 2y3 8y2 + 10 Adding the two expressions, + 12y3 2y3 14y3 Example 7: Subtract 3pq (p q) from 2pq (p + q). Solution: We have Subtracting, 3pq (p q) = 3p2q 3pq2 and 2pq (p + q) = 2p2q + 2pq2 2p2q + 2pq2 3p2q pq
2

+ +

20y2 28y 8y2 12y2 28y + 10 + 10

+ +

3pq2 5pq2

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EXERCISE 9.3
1. Carry out the multiplication of the expressions in each of the following pairs. (i) 4p, q + r (v) pq + qr + rp, 0 2. Complete the table.
First expression Second expression Product
... ... ... ... ...

(ii) ab, a b

(iii) a + b, 7a2b2

(iv) a2 9, 4a

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

a x+y5 p 4p2q2 a+b+c

b+c+d 5xy 6p2 7p + 5 p2 q2 abc

3. Find the product. (i) (a2) (2a22) (4a26) 10 3 6 3 pq p q (iii) 3 5 2 9 2 2 x y (ii) xy 3 10 (iv) x x2 x3 x4

4. (a) Simplify 3x (4x 5) + 3 and find its values for (i) x = 3 (ii) x =

1 . 2 (b) Simplify a (a2 + a + 1) + 5 and find its value for (i) a = 0, (ii) a = 1 (iii) a = 1. 5. (a) Add: p ( p q), q ( q r) and r ( r p) (b) Add: 2x (z x y) and 2y (z y x) (c) Subtract: 3l (l 4 m + 5 n) from 4l ( 10 n 3 m + 2 l ) (d) Subtract: 3a (a + b + c ) 2 b (a b + c) from 4c ( a + b + c )

9.9 Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial

9.9.1 Multiplying a binomial by a binomial Let us multiply one binomial (2a + 3b) by another binomial, say (3a + 4b). We do this step-by-step, as we did in earlier cases, following the distributive law of multiplication, (3a + 4b) (2a + 3b) = 3a (2a + 3b) + 4b (2a + 3b) = (3a 2a) + (3a 3b) + (4b 2a) + (4b 3b) = 6a2 + 9ab + 8ba + 12b2 = 6a2 + 17ab + 12b2 (Since ba = ab) When we carry out term by term multiplication, we expect 2 2 = 4 terms to be present. But two of these are like terms, which are combined, and hence we get 3 terms. In multiplication of polynomials with polynomials, we should always look for like terms, if any, and combine them.
Observe, every term in one binomial multiplies every term in the other binomial.

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Example 8: Multiply (i) (x 4) and (2x + 3) (ii) (x y) and (3x + 5y) Solution: (i) (x 4) (2x + 3) = x (2x + 3) 4 (2x + 3) = (x 2x) + (x 3) (4 2x) (4 3) = 2x2 + 3x 8x 12 = 2x2 5x 12 (Adding like terms) (ii) (x y) (3x + 5y) = x (3x + 5y) y (3x + 5y) = (x 3x) + (x 5y) (y 3x) ( y 5y) = 3x2 + 5xy 3yx 5y2 = 3x2 + 2xy 5y2 (Adding like terms) Example 9: Multiply (i) (a + 7) and (b 5) Solution: (i) (a + 7) (b 5) = a (b 5) + 7 (b 5) = ab 5a + 7b 35 Note that there are no like terms involved in this multiplication. (ii) (a2 + 2b2) (5a 3b) = a2 (5a 3b) + 2b2 (5a 3b) = 5a3 3a2b + 10ab2 6b3 9.9.2 Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial In this multiplication, we shall have to multiply each of the three terms in the trinomial by each of the two terms in the binomial. We shall get in all 3 2 = 6 terms, which may reduce to 5 or less, if the term by term multiplication results in like terms. Consider (a + 7) (a 2 + 3a + 5) = a (a2 + 3a + 5) + 7 (a2 + 3a + 5) [using the distributive law] binomial trinomial 3 2 2 = a + 3a + 5a + 7a + 21a + 35 = a3 + (3a2 + 7a2) + (5a + 21a) + 35 = a3 + 10a2 + 26a + 35 (Why are there only 4 terms in the final result?) Example 10: Simplify (a + b) (2a 3b + c) (2a 3b) c. Solution: We have (a + b) (2a 3b + c) = a (2a 3b + c) + b (2a 3b + c) = 2a2 3ab + ac + 2ab 3b2 + bc = 2a2 ab 3b2 + bc + ac (Note, 3ab and 2ab are like terms) and (2a 3b) c = 2ac 3bc Therefore, (a + b) (2a 3b + c) (2a 3b) c = 2a2 ab 3b2 + bc + ac (2ac 3bc) = 2a2 ab 3b2 + bc + ac 2ac + 3bc = 2a2 ab 3b2 + (bc + 3bc) + (ac 2ac) = 2a2 3b2 ab + 4bc ac (ii) (a2 + 2b2) and (5a 3b)

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EXERCISE 9.4
1. Multiply the binomials. (i) (2x + 5) and (4x 3) (iii) (2.5l 0.5m) and (2.5l + 0.5m) (v) (2pq + 3q2) and (3pq 2q2) (ii) (y 8) and (3y 4) (iv) (a + 3b) and (x + 5)

2 3 (vi) a 2 + 3b 2 and 4 a 2 b 2 4 3 2. Find the product. (i) (5 2x) (3 + x) (ii) (x + 7y) (7x y) 2 2 (iii) (a + b) (a + b ) (iv) (p2 q2) (2p + q) 3. Simplify. (i) (x2 5) (x + 5) + 25 (ii) (a2 + 5) (b3 + 3) + 5 (iii) (t + s2) (t2 s) (iv) (a + b) (c d) + (a b) (c + d) + 2 (ac + bd) (v) (x + y)(2x + y) + (x + 2y)(x y) (vi) (x + y)(x2 xy + y2) (vii) (1.5x 4y)(1.5x + 4y + 3) 4.5x + 12y (viii) (a + b + c)(a + b c)

9.10 What is an Identity?

Consider the equality (a + 1) (a +2) = a2 + 3a + 2 We shall evaluate both sides of this equality for some value of a, say a = 10. For a = 10, LHS = (a + 1) (a + 2) = (10 + 1) (10 + 2) = 11 12 = 132 RHS = a2 + 3a + 2 = 102 + 3 10 + 2 = 100 + 30 + 2 = 132 Thus, the values of the two sides of the equality are equal for a = 10. Let us now take a = 5 LHS = (a + 1) (a + 2) = (5 + 1) (5 + 2) = ( 4) (3) = 12 RHS = a2 + 3a + 2 = (5)2 + 3 (5) + 2 = 25 15 + 2 = 10 + 2 = 12 Thus, for a = 5, also LHS = RHS. We shall find that for any value of a, LHS = RHS Such an equality, true for every value of the variable in it, is called an identity. Thus, (a + 1) (a + 2) = a2 + 3a + 2 is an identity. An equation is true for only certain values of the variable in it. It is not true for all values of the variable. For example, consider the equation a2 + 3a + 2 = 132 It is true for a = 10, as seen above, but it is not true for a = 5 or for a = 0 etc. Try it: Show that a2 + 3a + 2 = 132 is not true for a = 5 and for a = 0.

9.11 Standard Identities

We shall now study three identities which are very useful in our work. These identities are obtained by multiplying a binomial by another binomial.

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Let us first consider the product (a + b) (a + b) or (a + b)2. (a + b)2 = (a + b) (a + b) = a(a + b) + b (a + b) = a2 + ab + ba + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 Thus (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(since ab = ba) (I)

Clearly, this is an identity, since the expression on the RHS is obtained from the LHS by actual multiplication. One may verify that for any value of a and any value of b, the values of the two sides are equal.

Next we consider (a b)2 = (a b) (a b) = a (a b) b (a b)

We have or = a2 ab ba + b2 = a2 2ab + b2 (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 (II)

Finally, consider (a + b) (a b). We have (a + b) (a b) = a (a b) + b (a b)

or = a2 ab + ba b2 = a2 b2(since ab = ba) (a + b) (a b) = a2 b2 (III)

The identities (I), (II) and (III) are known as standard identities.

TRY THESE
1. Put b in place of b in Identity (I). Do you get Identity (II)?

We shall now work out one more useful identity.

(x + a) (x + b) = x (x + b) + a (x + b) = x2 + bx + ax + ab (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab

or

(IV)

TRY THESE
1. Verify Identity (IV), for a = 2, b = 3, x = 5. 2. Consider, the special case of Identity (IV) with a = b, what do you get? Is it related to Identity (I)? 3. Consider, the special case of Identity (IV) with a = c and b = c. What do you get? Is it related to Identity (II)? 4. Consider the special case of Identity (IV) with b = a. What do you get? Is it related to Identity (III)? We can see that Identity (IV) is the general form of the other three identities also.

9.12 Applying Identities

We shall now see how, for many problems on multiplication of binomial expressions and also of numbers, use of the identities gives a simple alternative method of solving them.

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Example 11: Using the Identity (I), find (i) (2x + 3y)2 (ii) 1032 Solution: (i) (2x + 3y)2 = (2x)2 + 2(2x) (3y) + (3y)2 [Using the Identity (I)] 2 2 = 4x + 12xy + 9y We may work out (2x + 3y)2 directly. (2x + 3y)2 = (2x + 3y) (2x + 3y) = (2x) (2x) + (2x) (3y) + (3y) (2x) + (3y) (3y) = 4x2 + 6xy + 6 yx + 9y2 (as xy = yx) 2 2 = 4x + 12xy + 9y Using Identity (I) gave us an alternative method of squaring (2x + 3y). Do you notice that the Identity method required fewer steps than the above direct method? You will realise the simplicity of this method even more if you try to square more complicated binomial expressions than (2x + 3y). (ii) (103)2 = (100 + 3)2 = 1002 + 2 100 3 + 32 (Using Identity I) = 10000 + 600 + 9 = 10609 We may also directly multiply 103 by 103 and get the answer. Do you see that Identity (I) has given us a less tedious method than the direct method of squaring 103? Try squaring 1013. You will find in this case, the method of using identities even more attractive than the direct multiplication method. Example 12: Using Identity (II), find (i) (4p 3q)2 (ii) (4.9)2 Solution: (i) (4p 3q)2 =(4p)2 2 (4p) (3q) + (3q)2 [Using the Identity (II)] = 16p2 24pq + 9q2 Do you agree that for squaring (4p 3q)2 the method of identities is quicker than the direct method? (ii) (4.9)2 =(5.0 0.1)2 = (5.0)2 2 (5.0) (0.1) + (0.1)2 = 25.00 1.00 + 0.01 = 24.01 Is it not that, squaring 4.9 using Identity (II) is much less tedious than squaring it by direct multiplication? Example 13: Using Identity (III), find 2 3 3 (i) m + n m 2 3 2 Solution: 2 3 3 (i) m + n m 2 3 2 2 n 3 (ii) 9832 172 (iii) 194 206

2 3 2 2 2 Try doing this directly. n = m n 3 You will realise how easy 3 2 our method of using 9 2 4 2 Identity (III) is. m n = 4 9 (ii) 9832 172 = (983 + 17) (983 17) [Here a = 983, b =17, a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b)] Therefore, 9832 172 = 1000 966 = 966000

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

AND IDENTITIES

151

194 206 = (200 6) (200 + 6) = 2002 62 = 40000 36 = 39964 Example 14: Use the Identity (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab to find the following: (i) 501 502 (ii) 95 103 Solution: (i) 501 502 = (500 + 1) (500 + 2) = 5002 + (1 + 2) 500 + 1 2 = 250000 + 1500 + 2 = 251502 (ii) 95 103 = (100 5) (100 + 3) = 1002 + (5 + 3) 100 + (5) 3 = 10000 200 15 = 9785 (iii)

EXERCISE 9.5
1. Use a suitable identity to get each of the following products. (i) (x + 3) (x + 3) (ii) (2y + 5) (2y + 5) (iii) (2a 7) (2a 7)
1 1 ) (3a ) 2 2 2 2 2 (vi) (a + b ) ( a + b2)

(iv) (3a

(v) (1.1m 0.4) (1.1m + 0.4) (vii) (6x 7) (6x + 7) (viii) ( a + c) ( a + c)

x 3y x 3y (ix) + + (x) (7a 9b) (7a 9b) 2 4 2 4 2. Use the identity (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab to find the following products. (i) (x + 3) (x + 7) (ii) (4x + 5) (4x + 1) (iii) (4x 5) (4x 1) (iv) (4x + 5) (4x 1) (v) (2x + 5y) (2x + 3y) (vi) (2a2 + 9) (2a2 + 5) (vii) (xyz 4) (xyz 2) 3. Find the following squares by using the identities. (i) (b 7)2 (ii) (xy + 3z)2 (iii) (6x2 5y)2 3 2 (iv) m + n (v) (0.4p 0.5q)2 (vi) (2xy + 5y)2 3 2 4. Simplify. (i) (a2 b2)2 (ii) (2x + 5)2 (2x 5)2 2 2 (iii) (7m 8n) + (7m + 8n) (iv) (4m + 5n)2 + (5m + 4n)2 (v) (2.5p 1.5q)2 (1.5p 2.5q)2 (vi) (ab + bc)2 2ab2c (vii) (m2 n2m)2 + 2m3n2 5. Show that. (i) (3x + 7)2 84x = (3x 7)2 (ii) (9p 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2
16 2 9 2 3 4 m + n (iii) m n + 2mn = 3 9 16 4 (iv) (4pq + 3q)2 (4pq 3q)2 = 48pq2 (v) (a b) (a + b) + (b c) (b + c) + (c a) (c + a) = 0
2 2

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6. Using identities, evaluate. (i) 712 (ii) 992 (iii) (v) 5.22 (vi) 297 303 (vii) (ix) 1.05 9.5 7. Using a2 b2 = (a + b) (a b), find (i) 512 492 (ii) (1.02)2 (0.98)2 (iii) (iv) 12.12 7.92 8. Using (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab, find (i) 103 104 (ii) 5.1 5.2 (iii)

1022 78 82

(iv) 9982 (viii) 8.92

1532 1472

103 98

(iv) 9.7 9.8

WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED?

1. Expressions are formed from variables and constants. 2. Terms are added to form expressions. Terms themselves are formed as product of factors. 3. Expressions that contain exactly one, two and three terms are called monomials, binomials and trinomials respectively. In general, any expression containing one or more terms with non-zero coefficients (and with variables having non- negative exponents) is called a polynomial. 4. Like terms are formed from the same variables and the powers of these variables are the same, too. Coefficients of like terms need not be the same. 5. While adding (or subtracting) polynomials, first look for like terms and add (or subtract) them; then handle the unlike terms. 6. There are number of situations in which we need to multiply algebraic expressions: for example, in finding area of a rectangle, the sides of which are given as expressions. 7. A monomial multiplied by a monomial always gives a monomial. 8. While multiplying a polynomial by a monomial, we multiply every term in the polynomial by the monomial. 9. In carrying out the multiplication of a polynomial by a binomial (or trinomial), we multiply term by term, i.e., every term of the polynomial is multiplied by every term in the binomial (or trinomial). Note that in such multiplication, we may get terms in the product which are like and have to be combined. 10. An identity is an equality, which is true for all values of the variables in the equality. On the other hand, an equation is true only for certain values of its variables. An equation is not an identity. 11. The following are the standard identities: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (I) (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 (II) (a + b) (a b) = a2 b2 (III) 12. Another useful identity is (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab (IV) 13. The above four identities are useful in carrying out squares and products of algebraic expressions. They also allow easy alternative methods to calculate products of numbers and so on.