Basic QA Radiology

AAPM REPORT No.
BASIC QUALITY CONTROL

IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY
American Association of Physicists in Medicine

F O R E W O R D
This document, “Basic Quality Control in Diagnostic

Radiology”, is the fourth in a series of AAPM reports.
This document is designed to enable technologists working
with the guidance and supervision of a medical physicist
to set up a viable quality assurance program in diagnostic
radiology with minimal expense. The AAPM, through its
Diagnostic Radiology Committee, plans to issue additional
documents detailing physicist/engineer level test methods
which utilize more sophisticated equipment. These additional
tests will be suitable for installation and acceptance test-
ing and for determining compliance with requirements of the
Bureau of Radiological Health and state and local radiation
control agencies.
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine is

organized, as one of its declared purposes, to prepare and
to disseminate technical information in medical physics
and related fields. In fulfillment of this purpose, the
AAPM through a structure of Task Forces, Committees, and
Councils prepares recommendations, policy and state-of-the
art reviews in the form of reports. These reports cover
topics which may be scientific, educational or professional
in nature, and final approval of them is given by that
Council of the Association charged with responsibility
for the particular concerns of the report.
The Publications Committee of the AAPM hopes that this

report will effectively continue the record of published
work previously reported by other scientific committees
and so ably inaugurated by the previous Publications
Committee.
John S. Laughlin, Ph.D.

Chairman, Publications Committee
Further copies of this report may be obtained from:
Executive Secretary,
335 East 45th Street
New York, New York 10017
(212) 661-9404 x 525
Price: $3.00
Copies of a related monograph, Medical Physics Monograph

No. 4: Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Radiology, are
also available from the Office of the Executive Secretary
at $10.00 prepaid for AAPM Members ($20.00 prepaid for
non-members).
AAPM REPORT No. 4
BASIC QUALITY CONTROL

IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY
Diagnostic Radiology Committee

Task Force on Quality Assurance Protocol
M. Siedband. Chairman
S. Baiter T. Morgan
L. Brateman W. Properzio
W. Britt R. Rossi
G. Deutsch L. Rothenberg
R. Dobrin C. Scheid
R. Duerkes D. Starchman
T. Fields J. Vucich
D. Lawrence R.Waggener
P. Lin N. Winkler
November 1977
©Copyright
1978
Reprinted 1981
Contents - Outline
I. Introduction
A. Description
B. Origin of Document
C. Purpose
D. Personnel and Task Force Meetings
E. Acknowledgements
II. Test Equipment
A. Equipment Requirements
B. Commercial Test Tools
III Quality Assurance Program
A. General Considerations
B. Room Log
C. Recording Test Data
D. Condition of X-Say Facility
E. The Radiograph as a QA Tool
IV. Quality Assurance Tests
A . Film Processor Monitoring
B. Overload Protective Circuit Test
C. Exposure Time
D. mAs Reciprocity
E. Peak Tube Potential - kVp
F . X-Ray Output and Beam Quality
G . Light/X-Ray Field Congruence
H. Automatic Collimator Field Size
I. Fluoroscopic Collimator Field Size
J. Grid Alignment
K. Bucky Grid Centering
L. Focal Spot Size
M. Automatic Exposure Termination
N. Optical System Focus
0. Automatic Brightness Control
P. Geometric Tomography
Q. Cassettes: Speed, Film Contact
R. Radiographic Illuminators
V. Test Schedules and Data Forms
B. Frequency of Testing
C. Type of Test Program
D. Quick Checks
E. Test Forms
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I. Introduction
A. Description
This document describes a quality assurance protocol for diagnostic

x-ray equipment at the radiologic technologist level. A series of tests
are described using equipment and test tools designed for that specific
purpose. All of the important parameters in diagnostic x-ray quality
assurance are described.
B. Origin of Document
This document originated as a charge to Robert Waggener of the

Diagnostic Radiology Committee of the American Association of Physicists
in Medicine (AAPM) from the President at that time, Jack S. Krohmer. A
task force of the Diagnostic Radiology Committee was formed for this
purpose with Melvin P. Siedband as Chairman. We recognized early that no
one individual, group, or Scientific/Professional Society contains all of
the expertise or knowledge in a field as large as Diagnostic Radiology
Quality Assurance. For that reason, input was solicited and received
from a wide spectrum of individuals working in the area of Diagnostic
Radiology Quality Assurance, who were not necessarily members of AAPM.
That input is gratefully acknowledged. The value of the document has
been immeasurably strengthened by that input.
C. Purpose
This document is designed to offer assistance and guidance to a

radiologic technologist implementing and operating a quality assurance
program in diagnostic radiology. It is designed for implementation at
any level of service from a single unit that is infrequently operated
to a large number of units operating at maximum capacity in a large
institution. The equipment and test tools described in the protocol
are simple, relatively inexpensive and easy to procure from several
suppliers.
This document is meant for field use. It is hoped that a large

number of institutions will use it and present criticisms and suggestions
for further improvement. Since we have had a broad based input to the
document from many groups in the field of Diagnostic Radiology, we desire
that the protocol be considered as a product of the Radiological Community.
We hope that the interested groups in the field of Diagnostic Radiology
will endorse it and recommend its use.
D. Personnel and Task Force Meetings
The AAPM Task Force met several times at AAPM and RSNA meetings. The
final form of the document was developed at two meetings held at the
Rockville, Maryland facilities of the Bureau of Radiological Health (BRH).
Individuals contributing to this document were:
Dr. Stephen Balter - Philips Medical

Mr. William Britt - Machlett Labs
Mr. George Deutsch - Picker Corporation
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Dr. Richard Dobrin - NYU Medical Center

Mr. Robert Deurkes - El Paso Cancer Center
Mr. Theodore Fields - Fields, Griffith Associates
Mr. Daniel Lawrence - Eastman Kodak
Mr. Pei-Jan Paul Lin - Northwestern University
Dr. Tommie Morgan - BRH
Dr. William Properzio - BRH
Mr. Raymond Rossi - University of Colorado Medical Center
Dr. Lawrence Rothenberg - Memorial Hospital, New York
Mr. Carl Scheid - GE Medical
Mr. Melvin Siedband - University of Wisconsin (Chrmn, Task Force)
Ms. Libby Brateman - NIH
Dr. Dale Starchman - Medical Physics Services, Inc., Canton, Ohio
Mr. James Vucich - BRH
Dr. Robert Waggener - University of Texas
Mr. Norlin Winkler - Mayo Clinic
and many others whose contributions and suggestions are much

appreciated.
E. Acknowledgements
The meetings in Washington for the task group were made possible by
support from BRH. This support is gratefully acknowledged as it made
possible putting together the final form of the protocol. Publication
and dissemination of this document was supported by the Diagnostic Equip-
ment Committee of the American College of Radiology (ACR), Albert Dunn,
Chairman. This support is also gratefully acknowledged.
II. Test Equipment
A. Equipment Requirements
Many of the test tools can be made by the user. Such items include
test phantoms, mesh patterns, alignment fixtures, and timing tools.
Their construction is described in the text. Other test tools, such as
the test cassette, require calibration and adjustment which is feasible
only when a quantity can be made. Still other test tools are made
commercially and are available through the manufacturer or his distributor.
The tests have been designed to make repeated use of the same simple test
tools.
B. Commercial Test Tools
Several suppliers have tools which meet the requirements

of these tests. As an aid to those individuals wishing to
initiate a quality assurance testing program a partial listing
of manufacturers and/or distributors of equipment is given below.
This list is not complete. It is provided for convenience, and
no endorsement of any product is intended. In the development of
the level one test methods, the AAPM committee has made no attempt
to develop testing procedures geared to a specific manufacturer's
product or test tool, nor has an effort been made to evaluate
test equipment currently commercially available as to its
applicability.
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Capintec, Inc.
63 E. Sandford Boulevard
Mt. Vernon, New York 10550
Eastman Kodak
QC Apparatus Division
400 Plymouth Avenue, North
Rochester, New York 14650
E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Company

Medical Photo Products Dept.
Chestnut Run
Wilmington, Delaware 19898
General Electric Company

Box 414
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
International Radiographic Supplies Unlimited

1100 Royal Street
New Orleans, Louisiana 70116
Keithley Instruments, Inc.

28775 Aurora Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44139
Macbeth
Color and Photometry Division
Little Britain Road
Draw 950
Newburgh, New York 12550
Machlett Laboratories, Inc.

1063 Hope Street
Stamford, Connecticut 06907
MDH Industries, Inc.

3452 East Foothill Boulevard
Pasadena, California 91107
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company

Photo Products Division
3M Center
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Nuclear Associates
100 Voice Road
Carle Place, New York 11514
Philips Medical Systems, Inc.

P.0. Box 848
Shelton, Connecticut 06484
Picker Corporation
595 Miner Road
Radiation Measurements, Inc.

P.0. Box 327
Middleton, Wisconsin 53562
Sakura Medical
57 Bushes Lane
Elmwood Park, New Jersey 07407
Sargent-Welch
7300 N. Linder Avenue
Skokie, Illinois 60076
Tobias Associates, Inc.

50 Industrial Drive
North Hampton Industrial Park
Ivyland, Pennsylvania 18974
Victoreen Instruments Division

10101 Woodland Avenue
Xonics Medical Systems

515 East Touhy Avenue
Des Plaines, Illinois 60018
III. Quality Assurance Program
An adequate diagnostic quality assurance (QA) program involves

periodic checks of the components in a diagnostic x-ray imaging system.
The optimum QA program for any individual facility will depend on a
number of factors which include, but may not necessarily be limited to,
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items such as the type of procedures performed, type of equipment

utilized, and patient workload. The program should be developed
under the guidance and supervision of a medical physicist qualified
in this area of expertise by education, training, and experience.
The qualified medical physicist should be involved in close con-
sultation during design, initiation, implementation, and evaluation
phases of the program. The medical physicist may be a full-time
employee or a consultant to the hospital. The important considerations
are that he is qualified in this area and is available as needed.
Participation, especially as the program matures, may include some
on-site responsibility and frequent telephone consultation as problems
arise. The medical physicist should be prepared to perform higher
level testing as required. A documented QA program should be developed
specifically to address the needs of the individual department. This
program should identify the items to be monitored and establish the
testing intervals. All test results should be recorded and periodic
reviews of the results of the testing programs should be carried out
to identify needed changes. All tests described in this document were
specifically designed to be performed by a qualified technologist as
first level tests. The technologist may receive training through
formal short courses available in several areas of the country and in-
service training by the Medical Physicist.
Note:
This program does not provide means for assuring the radiation safety of
staff or patients. A separate radiation safety program is essential
in every radiological facility under the direction of a qualified expert
in radiation protection as specified by the Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Hospitals which requires that the Recommendations of
the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements be known
and adhered to by the hospital.
B. Room Log
An individual equipment log should be maintained on each x-ray unit

in a facility. This equipment log must be kept at some convenient location
where anyone using the facility (physicians, technologists, physicists,
service engineer, etc.) can get ready access. The log should contain;
1. Equipment Data Specifications

a. Technical specifications, including tube loading charts.
b. equipment operating instructions.
C. Detailed identification of major components of the system
including name, serial number, and date of installation.
2. An outline of the applicable quality assurance program.
3. A log of the quality assurance test results.
4. A record of service on the equipment including a description of
system malfunctions and description of what service was carried out.
The service record should also include identification of the
individual performing the service and the date.
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C. Recording Test Data
All quality assurance test data should be recorded on standardized

forms. Examples of such forms are given in the appendix. It is
suggested that each institution develop its own forms suitable to its
own needs.
1. The use of standardized forms will assure that all of the

required data will be obtained.
2. Forms should be filed as part of the room log.
3. The charting of trend data is a recommended procedure which
will allow easy identifications of variation with time.
This is of particular value in the case of film processors.
4. Where possible, 8in x 10in (20cm x 25cm) film should be used
for these tests using film to facilitate storage in standard size
notebooks or files.
D. Condition of the X-ray Facility
1. Mechanical integrity: A general observation of the diagnostic

system should be made. Key items to look for are the presence
of loose or absent screws, bolts, or other structural elements
that may have been improperly installed or have worked loose
due to use. The functioning of meters, dials, and other indicators
should be checked. The operation of pilot lights that are often
necessary to observe equipment functions in a darkened examination
room should also be checked.
2. Mechanical stability: To obtain a diagnostic quality radiograph

it is important to minimize patient motion. Of key importance
from the equipment side are the stability and stiffness of the
x-ray tube hanger and image receptor, (i.e. table Bucky or wall
mounted cassette holder.) The availability and adequacy of
patient support devices such as the table or immobilizing devices
should also be checked. In addition it is important to check
the reproducibility of positioning of the source and image
receptor that may be indicated or controlled by physical marks
or detents. A check of the accuracy of angulation scale should
be made. As part of the check of structural stability an in-
spection of the electrical and/or mechanical locks on the machine
should be carried out.
3. Electrical integrity: The external condition of the high voltage

cables should be observed. Check to make sure that the retaining
rings at the termination points are tight and that there are no
breaks in the insulation. It is important to observe the "lay"
of the cables. If they do not hang properly they can interfere
with positioning of the tube and may fail prematurely.
4. Electrical safety: The system should be checked by a safety

engineer. This involves a physical inspection of the electrical
wiring. Key areas where problems often occur include the power
cord to light indicators in the beam limitation system, the wires
to the exposure hand switch, and other similar power hook ups.
Verify that all elements are well grounded (to each other and to
the ground).
-7-
5. Alignment and SID: Source to image receptor distance (SID)

indicators should be checked. The consistency between multiple
SID indicators (indicators on the tube support and the collimator)
should be verified. The accuracy of these indicators should
also be verified with a tape measure. Verification of proper
grid installation should be made. This check should also include
a verification of the alignment of the x-ray source and the
center of the grid. (More specific tests of grids are outlined
elsewhere in this report).
E. The Radiograph as a QA Tool
The goal of a diagnostic quality assurance program is to produce radio-

graphs of consistent high quality. Patient radiographs are in turn a
quality control check and should be factored into any departmental
evaluation program. It also must be kept in mind that the diagnostic radio-
graph should not be relied on as the only quality control check since
acceptable radiographs can be obtained when individual elements in the
system (generator, image receptor and processor) are operated outside
acceptable limits. For example, compensation for inadequate film
development can be corrected by unacceptable increases in exposure.
1. Rejected films: Unacceptable radiographs can result from a

variety of factors that include patient motion, positioning
error, improper technique selection and equipment related
problems. A review of the rejected films should be made on a
periodic basis to identify the magnitude of the problem and to
determine the cause. The methodology and results of a retake
study carried out in two large hospitals has been published by
the Bureau of Radiological Health (1).
2. Accepted films: Good practice should always question the adequacy

of radiographs of less than optimal quality for their acceptability
in making a diagnosis. Repeating a procedure to get a film of
optimal quality is often not necessary and should be evaluated
in terms of the radiation exposure and cost of the retake. Since
one should expect to find films of less than optimal quality in
a departmental file, an analytic review of these films should be
made on a regular basis. Some of the key indicators that may be
a signal for the need for some QA action include static marks,
contrast changes and streak marks. Many other items may also be
indications of less than adequate system performance. A few examples
are given below.
a. The necessity to change technique factors may indicate changes

occurring in the x-ray system or the development stage. In
facilities with more than one x-ray unit the source of the
problem can often be isolated by seeing if the change is re-
quired on all the x-ray systems where the development process
would be in question or for a single unit where the generator
would be suspected first.
b. Changes in the appearance of bone or the image contrast in
studies where iodine base contrast media is used often indicates
a shift in tube potential.
C. Excessive base fog in areas covered by film blockers may
indicate improper film handling and/or storage.
d. Asymettry of borders of collimated images
IV. Quality Assurance Tests
The following sections describe the quality assurance tests proposed

for use by radiologic technologists. Certain tests should be done daily;
e.g., checks of film processing, image focus in a special procedures room.
Many tests should be done on a routine or scheduled basis to be certain
that changes in performance, not detected in the routine use of the
apparatus, are noted so that corrective actions can be taken.
A. Film Processor Monitoring
1. Definition: Variations of chemistry (contamination, oxidation,

replenishment), temperature, agitation and other factors will
cause variations in the quality of processed film. Many of the
variables change slowly so that daily monitoring of processor
performance and plotting the results can be used to initiate
corrective actions before the radiographs have decreased in
diagnostic quality.
Since it is normal for x-ray generators to vary in output as

much as 10% from a mean value and since the high contrast of
x-ray films amplifies this variation, the use of x-ray test films
i.e., wedge films, as a processor testing means is not recommended.
Instead, a regulated sensitometer is used to expose a test film
in the same area, the film processed at the same time each day
and the operating temperatures are recorded. Additional tests
are referenced in 2 and 3.
2. Test Equipment Required
a. Regulated sensitometer
b. Densitometer having a regulated self-contained light source.
c. Stainless steel stem dial thermometer readable to within l oF.
d. Reserved box of 8in x 10in (20cm x25cm)x-ray film used in the department
3. Test Procedure: Expose the film in the sensitometer and process

with the exposed edge first into the processor. Use the densitometer
to read the densities of the grey steps and the clear area along
the strip 2 cm past the darkest step. Record the density of the
step just below D = 1.0 (use the same step in subsequent tests) as
"density" and that of the clear area as "fog". Record the inlet
water temperature on the water regulator. Open the processor and
use the stem thermometer to read the temperatures of the developer
and wash water. Plot on a processor control chart for each month.
When the reserved box is down to 5 films, start a fresh reserved

box and obtain overlapping density data for 5 days. Thermometers
should be checked by the hospital pathology laboratory. The
densitometer should be checked periodically using the density test
filter supplied by the manufacturer. Because sensitometers vary,
the same sensitometer must be used for all tests.
4. Evaluation of Results: It is assumed that the processor has been

recently cleaned and set up using the manufacturer's instructions
and has stabilized. Variations of inlet water temperature are of
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two types: fast (transient variations of several seconds) and

slow (several minutes). The fast variations should be less
than ±5°F of the average. The average should be ±2°F of the
manufacturer's recommended value. The developer temperature
must be ±l°F of the manufacturer's recommended value. The wash
temperature should be +0,-5° of the developer temperature. The
density variations must not exceed ±0.1 and the fog level must
not exceed 0.3 for slightly tinted base, films or 0.25 for other
films. Random variations of both density and fog may indicate
light leaks. Temperature values shown may be different in
certain cases. Check manufacturer's data sheet.
Variations caused by temperature shifts may be compensated
by adjustment of the thermostats. Temperature surging may be
corrected by adding line pressure regulators, pressure equalizing
valves, reserve tanks (i.e. a small 10 gal. hot water heater).
Clogged water filters will also affect the operation of the pro-
cessors. Small variations of the control chart may be compensated
by adjustment of replenishment rates. Larger variations outside
of acceptance limits should be corrected by dumping, cleaning
and recharging the processor since contamination effects are not
reversible.
Overload Protective Circuit Test
1. Definition: Many x-ray generators have circuits which prevent

the operator from exceeding the ratings of the tube. System
power capability is determined by setting to the maximum mA
for a 0.1 second exposure at 80 kVp. This power may be limited
by the tube rating. System power is important since it
determines the minimum exposure time for a given mAs. It thus
has a direct relation to patient motion. A check of system
power also insures proper functioning of the tube protector and
assures that the tube will not be damaged by accidental over-
loading. The set-up of the tube protective circuit involves a
trade off between tube life and exposure time. A setting well
below the tube power rating will increase exposure time. A
longer exposure time results in increased motion unsharpness.
This test does not work for falling load generators.
2. Test Equipment Required: Tube rating chart.
3. Test Procedures:
a. Select a tube-focal spot combination (separate test for each).
b. Set the timer for 50 ms (l/20 sec.).
C. In 20 kVp increments, from the minimum kVp to the maximum
kVp of the generator, determine the maximum tube current
at which an exposure is possible. This is done by increasing
the current settings until the "overload" of "exposure lock-
out" indicator appears. The current setting immediately
below the "lockout" condition is the "maximum permitted
tube current." Record the value of current.
d. Reset the timer to 100 ms (l/10 sec.) and repeat step b.
e. Reset the timer to 1 sec. and repeat step C.
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f. Reset the timer to the maximum available time and

repeat step C.
g. Select a different tube-focal spot combination and
repeat steps b-f.
h. If applicable, select "high speed" rotation and re-
peat steps a-g.
i. If serial or cine radiography is present, select an
appropriate program and repeat steps a-h.
4. Evaluation of Results: From the tube ratings, determine

the maximum allowable tube current for each tube, focal
spot, kVp and time combination selected above. The "maximum
permitted tube current" should not exceed the maximum allow-
able tube current (obtained from the ratings). Due to the
nature of equipment design, the "maximum permitted tube
current" may be up to 30% less than the single exposure
ratings for single exposure settings, and up to 50% less
than the single exposure ratings for serial settings. The
"maximum permitted tube current" may be up to 20% less than
the serial exposure ratings for serial settings. The actual
acceptance current limits must be modified in many cases
because most generators have discrete mA settings (eg. 50,
100, 200, 300 . . ..mA see attached data sheet)andcontinuous.adjust-
ments of kVp.
Note: It is possible to have a tube-generator com-
bination in which the low rating of the generator limits
exposure techniques.
C. Exposure Time
1. Definition: This test procedure describes the use of a spinning

top to determine the accuracy and the reproducibility of the
timer settings on single phase, three phase, and constant
potential radiographic x-ray units. For the purposes of this
test procedure, accuracy will mean the degree of agreement
between the measured and indicated time values. Reproducibility
will mean the degree of agreement between several measurements of the
exposure time at the same indicated time on the x-ray control
panel.
The accuracy and reproducibility of the timer stations on

diagnostic x-ray equipment are important because they directly
affect the mAs and hence the amount of radiation emitted. Poor
timer reproducibility will result in erratic radiographic results
which may be attributed to other causes. There are three basic
types of tops used for determining x-ray exposure time: manually
energized tops, manually energized synchronous tops, and synchronous
motor-driven tops.
The manually energized top, the classical spinning top, is a

metal (usually brass) disk with a hole or slit. If it is spinning
while radiographed using a single phase x-ray generator, the
resulting radiograph will show a distinct black dot for each l/120
second pulse of the x-ray unit. Counting the number of pulses
delivered in the test exposure yields the measured exposure time.
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SAMPLE
Tube A Serial 1234 Focus lmm Std Speed
* Maximum permitted tube current (measured)

** Maximum allowable tube current (from ratings)
(1) Low but acceptable due to generator limitation

(2) Too high to be acceptable
(3) Too low to be acceptable
(4) Acceptable due to configuration of generator controls
-12-
The manually energized top will not measure exposure time

on three phase or constant potential x-ray units since the
resulting radiograph of the hole or slit would show a solid
arc. However, if the top were rotating at a known speed,
then the angle defined by the arc would be directly proportional
to the exposure time. A top which rotates at a known speed
at the time of exposure and which can be used to measure
exposure time on all types of x-ray units is referred to as a
synchronous top. The manually energized synchronous top is
spun by hand and its rotational speed is known by observing
the repetitive pattern on the upper surface of the top. When
viewed with fluorescent lighting, a specific pattern will appear
to freeze at a specific rotational speed. The motorized
synchronous top operates at constant rotational speed.

a. Synchronous top
b. Lead blocker sheets to permit exposing the cassette one
region at a time.
c. Stepwedge (6 levels of 8mi1(0.2mm) Cu).
d. Cassette
3. Test Procedure: Using 80 kVp, determine the mAs and distance

for your film-screen-processing combination needed to produce
a useful radiograph of the synchronous top on the x-ray unit
to be tested. Record these on the data sheet for future
reference.
a. For motorized synchronous tops only: Plug top into

electrical socket and ascertain that it is functioning.
b. Place the synchronous top and optional step wedge in region
1 and cover the unused portions of the cassette with the
lead blockers.
C. Select appropriate distance and adjust the collimator so
that the beam dimensions just exceed the dimensions of the
region in use.
d. Select the timer setting to be tested and record this time
on the data sheet under the column marked "Indicated Time"
and across from the number of the region currently in use.
Then set 80 kVp and the mA necessary to approximate the
previously determined mAs for this unit.
e. For manually energized synchronous tops only: Place the
top on the cassette, cause the synchronous top to commence
rotating and observe from the control booth until desired
rotational velocity is achieved.
f. Make the exposure.
g. Move the top to the next area of the cassette: Repeat the
appropriate steps a through f for different time values
until all the regions of the cassette have been exposed.
If possible, all exposures should be made at the same value
of mAs when the step-wedge is used.
h. Process the exposed film.
i. On the processed radiograph, immediately record the date
and room number, and transfer the indicated times from the
data sheet to the corresponding regions on the radiograph.
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4. Evaluation of Results (Radiographic Measurement): For

single phase x-ray units, count the number of black dots
on the radiograph and divide this number by 120. For three
phase and constant potential x-ray units, use a protractor to
measure the arc.* Divide this number by the product of the
rotational speed in revolutions per second (rps) and 360
degrees.
For example: If the measured angle was 18 degrees (l/20 of

circle) and the rotational speed for this measurement was one
revolution per second, then the measured time in seconds is
calculated as follows:
Some manufacturers include a transparent template which

eliminates this calculation and automatically accounts for
rotational speed. Regardless of how the measured exposure
time is determined, record it on the data sheet in the
appropriate column.
Single phase equipment must operate within the range given
below. Step starting of the x-ray contactor or core biasing
circuits may generate an additional, low-amplitude pulse
which should not be counted. Three phase equipment should
operate within the time range indicated. Data may be recorded
as "pass-fail" for routine testing of several timing stations.
When circuit instabilities are suspected, a number of tests
at the same timing station may be made and a statistical analys
can be done. If tests at several timing stations are made at
the same value of mAs, then the images of the step wedges
should appear the same in all exposures if both time and mA
settings are correct (see Test IVD).
ACCEPTABLE LIMITS
10 l/120 to l/15 sec Exact Count of Pulses

l/10 to l/5 sec +l pulse
l/4 to l/2 sec +2 pulse
greater than l/2 sec +5%
30 less than 10 ms +l ms
10 ms to below 50 ms +2 ms
50 ms to below 100 ms +4 ms
100 ms and above +5%
* Some tops have more than one slit and overlap of the dots or arcs occur. If t
is observed, count or measure from the beginning of one overlap (double exposed)
region to the end of the next. Subtract the width of the slit when measuring the
angle for 3 phase systems; e.g., actual angle of 20°, slit equivalent to 2°, arc
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Note: When using the manual tops, an additional tolerance

of 5%± 1 ms should be used. Certain generators, while having
independent settings for mA and time, actually use mAs timing.
Such circuits set an approximate value of mA and terminate the
exposure when the required mAs have been delivered. In the
above test, time values may thus be outside of the bounds but
the step wedge images will appear uniform. If this occurs,
check with the equipment manufacturer. For such equipment,
measured time values must be within ±25% of indicated values.
D. mAs Reciprocity
1. Definition: If the time values of exposure are correct and if

the mA settings are within calibration limits then exposures
of the same mAs value should yield the same film densities. If
the preceding test confirmed the correctness of the time values
then the images of the step wedges should be the same for
each exposure. This test may be done concurrently with IVC
above by exposing the step wedge with the top. Many test
tools incorporate both the top and the wedge in the same
assembly.
a. Synchronous top with 6 step (8mil- 0.2mm) copper stepwedge.

b. Lead blockers
C. Cassette
3. Test Procedure: Use the procedure of the preceding test (I.V.C.)

using constant mAs values for at least three exposures. One
exposure should be taken close to the mA value most often used,
and one exposure at a lower mA value and longer time to permit
reading the actual mA if the generator incorporates a panel met-
er.
4. Evaluation of Results: Confirm the correctness of time values

as in IVC. Compare the density of the middle copper step of
each wedge image to the others. Normal variations of density
will be less than one step. Thus, if the density of step three
of the first exposure exceeds that of step four of the second
exposure, one or both of the mA settings of the machine may be
out of calibration.
E. Peak Tube Potential - kVp
1. Definition: This test provides a measurement of the peak

electrical potential across the x-ray tube when it is operating.
a. The x-ray tube kVp is most critical. A small error of

this variable will have a greater effect on the final
radiographic or fluoroscopic image than will an equivalent
variation in any of the other parameters such as tube
current (mA), exposure time, target film distance. The
x-ray intensity reaching the image receptor after the beam
-15-
passes through the patient varies approximately as the

fifth power of kVp. The kVp affects not only the intensity
reaching the image receptor but also the subject contrast
of the image.
b. Variations between indicated and actual kVp occur for

several reasons:
i. The x-ray generator was not set properly upon

installation;
ii. Excessive power line voltage drop;
iii. Tube current drifts have changed the voltage drop
across the high voltage transformer secondary. The
tube voltage has changed even though the primary
voltages have remained constant. (Line voltage
compensator circuits must be set properly.)
iv. Component failure.
2. Test Equipment Required: This test uses a modified form of

the kVp test cassette described by Ardran and Crooks 4,5,6 .
The test cassette first reduces the low energy content of the
beam by means of a copper filter. The beam then goes through
two columns of holes in a lead mask to an intensifying screen
where the light from the screen exposes the test film. In front
of one column of holes is placed a copper step wedge. Behind
the screen of the second column is placed a 3:l optical attenuator
(neutral density filter). Matching the film density of the images
of pairs of holes, one of each column, determines the third-value
layer of copper attenuation which is used to estimate the effective
kVp of the beam. The accuracy is quite high and much better than
from that of the "mini-wedge".
Two types of cassettes are available: one having a single

pair of columns (centered at 80 kVp) for routine measurements,
another available for four or more pairs of columns centered
at various kVp values ranging from low values (mammo) to higher
values (chests). These cassettes estimate the effective value
of kVp and are calibrated in terms of generator indicated kVp.
3. Test Procedure:
a. Load the cassette with a fresh film.

b. Position the cassette in the x-ray field at the recommended
distance from the x-ray source.
C. Set the proper technique on the x-ray control: kVp to be
measured, mA station at which measurement is to be made,
exposure time necessary to provide manufacturer's recommended
mAs. The mAs may be adjusted to obtain proper mean film
density from 0.5 to 1.5 without affecting kVp accuracy.
d. Make the exposure. (Multiple exposures, one for each kVp
column).
e. Process the film.
f. Examine the film on a view box to determine the copper thick-
ness for which there is a density match. The use of a densito-
meter is recommended for highest precision, interpolate between
steps for accuracy.
-16-
g. Routine single tests should be done at 80 kVp at one

of the higher mA stations.
h. Record the match step. (Save the test film).
i. Determine the kVp from the calibration curve for the
voltage waveform used (single or three phase). Record
the kVp measured, and the kVp, mA, sec. and TFD set.
4. Evaluation of Results
a. The measured kVp should be within ±5 kVp of the set

value between 65 and 95 kVp, for all mA stations which
are used.
b. If the kVp is too high or too low:
i. Check that the line voltage compensator is set
properly.
ii. Check the mA value with the panel meter on long
exposure time (~0.5 sec.). If this has drifted,
have it re-set. If not, have the primary voltage
re-set to bring the kVp to within acceptable limits
by a qualified serviceman using a high voltage
divider.
F. X-Ray Output and Beam Quality
1. Definition: The output and beam quality are evaluated using

a fixed and reproducible geometry. The output of a system
may change as a result of component failure, absence of a
required filter, drift from calibrated values or other causes.
The beam quality test verifies that the half-value layer is
sufficient to reduce patient exposure to low-energy radiation
and assures that filters, which may have been removed for
mammography or tube inspection, are in place for normal radio-
graphy.
2. Equipment Required
a. Radiation detector (low energy), either a direct-reading

pocket dosimeter or an ionization chamber with no active
area dimension greater than 3 inches and having a suitable
means for reading exposure.
b. Distance-measuring device such as common tape measure.
c. Aluminum (1100 alloy) sheets; 5 @ 4in x 4in x .04 (10cm x 10cm x
1 mm).
3. Test Procedure
a. Center the x-ray source assembly over the table.

b. Position the tube 100 cm above the table top using the
system scales. Verify using the tape measure.
c. Adjust the x-ray field to approximately 6in x 6in (15cm x 15cm
tabletop.
d. The radiation detector is zeroed and placed in the center
of the x-ray field on the tabletop.
-17-
e. At 80 kVp, adjust the mAs to give approximately 2/3

full scale reading on the radiation detector. This
may require experimentation to get the required exposure
reading. Record the technique factors (mA and time)
and mAs.
f. The exposure in mR is read from the detector and recorded.
Repeat for a total of three exposures and record the average.
g. Two pieces of aluminum 1.0 mm thick are taped to the face
of the collimator to intercept all of the x-ray field.
h. The radiation detector is zeroed and placed in the center
of the x-ray field on the tabletop.
i. The radiation detector is exposed (one exposure). The
exposure with filter is recorded.
Repeat for a total of three exposures and record the average.
j. Repeat for 3.0 mm total, 4.0 mm total, and 5.0 mm total.
a. Output for single phase machines should be about 4.0 ±1.5 mR/mAs
(divide dosimeter mR by exposure mAs in step 3f) and about
6.0 ±2 mR/mAs for 3 phase machines. High or low values may
indicate too little (see b below) or too much aluminum
filtration, a defective tube anode or miscalibration.
b. Plot the results of steps f and j as output in mR/mAs vs
thickness of aluminum added. It is required for all systems
that 2.3 mm Al reduces the beam by less than 50% at 80 kVp,
i.e. the HVL is greater than 2.3 mm Al. In practice, most
single phase machines will exceed 2.7 mm Al HVL and three
phase machines will exceed 2.9 mm. The results of this
test are valid only if test IV-D (kVp) yields acceptable
results.
-18-
G. Light/X-Ray Field Congruence of Collimators
1. Definition: The purpose of the collimator light field is

to allow simulation and visualization of the size, shape, and
location of the field. It is important that the light field
be approximately congruent to the x-ray field. Light/x-ray
field misalignment may be caused by shifts in the relative
positions of the light bulb filament and anode focal spot.
Such shifts are caused by differences between light bulbs,
shifts of mirror position, or shifts of collimator position
on the tube head. This test radiographs metal strips or
pennies having a known position in the light field.
a. 4 each - l/16in x lin x 3in (1.5mm x 2.5cm x 7.5cm steel strips or 9

pennies or commercial alignment test tool.
b. 1 loaded 14in x 17in (35m x 43m) film cassette for the initial test
and 8in x 10in (20cm x 25cm)for subsequent routine tests.
C. Common tape measure.
3. Test Procedure - Initial Test
a. Position the x-ray source over the tabletop so that the

indicated distance from the source to the tabletop is 40"
(100 cm) and locked in position. Verify using the tape
measure.
b. Adjust the x-ray field size 12in x 15in (30cm x 38cm)field
at the tabletop. If the system is automatically collimated,
switch to manual mode. Check visually to verify that the
collimator face (glass or plastic) is clean and transparent.
Some collimators use a plastic filter equivalent to 1.0 to
2.0 mm Al as the faceplate. These filters often turn brown
and must be replaced. Other units use thin sheet plastic
as dust or safety covers and these must be intact or else
replaced.
c. Turn on the collimator light. If necessary, dim the room
light so that the edges of the light field are easily seen.
d. Place the loaded 14in x 17in cassetteon the tabletop and
center it in the light field.
e. On top of the cassette, in the middle of each side of the
light field, position one of the four metal strips so that
the outer edge of the 3inside of the strip is parallel to,
inside and at the edge of the light field.
f. A penny is used at the right shoulder position of the
cassette to give the orientation of the field on the film.
g. Make the exposure to give a medium density (D = 1.0, about
60 kVp, 5 mAs).
h. The film is then developed.
i. The image is evaluated for misalignment of the x-ray and
light fields.
4. Test Procedure - Routine Test
a. Position the x-ray source over the tabletop so that the

distance from source to tabletop is 40in(l00 cm). Inspect
the collimator as in 3b.
-19-
b. Place the loaded 8in x 10in cassette on the tabletop.

Position the 9 pennies, center the cassette, and adjust
the collimator so that the light field is as shownbelow.
c. Make the exposure to give a medium density (about 1.0
typ. ex. - 60 kVp, 5 mAs).
d. Develop and inspect the film. Save the film for comparison
in future tests.
5. Evaluation of Results: For the initial test, the misalignment

(the horizontal misalignment is defined as the sum of the
deviation of right and left edges, vertical as the sum of the
deviation of the top and bottom edges) must each be less than lin
(2.5cm). For the routine tests, the deviations should be less
than ±l/2 the diameter of the penny at any edge and must be
less than ±1 the diameter of the penny. Commercial alignment
fixtures are made with markers indicating pass-fail beam limits
1. Definition: Automatic collimation systems should set the

collimator so that the x-ray beam does not significantlv
exceed the dimensions of the cassette used. When different
cassettes or focus to film distances are used, the automatic
system must either set the collimator appropriately or lock
out the exposure until the field size has been adjusted to
be equal to or less than the cassette size. This test describes
a simple test for overhead tube-table bucky systems and which,
with simple modifications, may be used to check chest systems as well.
a. Loaded 14 in x 17 in (35cm x 43cm) cassette.

b. Empty cassettes, one of each size used in the system.
C. Copper sheet, 6in x 6 in l/16 inch (15cm x 15cm x 1.6 mm).
d. Foam plastic spacers, 2in x 10 in (5 cm x 25cm x25cm) or in largera
e. One penny.
-20-
3. Test Procedure: Set the tube so that it is centered and locked

40 in (100 cm) over the cassette tray. Measure or estimate the
distance between the tube side of a cassette in the bucky tray
and tabletop. Place the loaded 14in x 17in cassette on the
tabletop and over the spacers such that its tube side is 4in
(10cm) over the surface of the cassette in the tray. Place the
penny in the patient right shoulder position. (For certain tomo-
graphic units and table systems of larger film tabletop spacing,
use 8in (20cm) distance between the front surfaces of the two
cassettes.) Use the collimator light field in the manual mode to
center and orient the 14in x 17in cassette. Tape the copper place
to the face of the collimator and return the system to the automatic
mode. Set the generator to 80 kVp and 10 mAs (adjust kVp for cen-
tral final density of about 1.5 for series of exposures). Without
moving the 14in x 17in cassette, make an exposure for each orient-
ation of each empty cassette used in the bucky tray. Use the 14in
x 17in cassette in the bucky tray in the orientation as the table-
top cassette. Do not exceed six exposures on any test film; use a
second or third test film if required. Develop the test film and
repeat if necessary to adjust for visibility of all exposed image
formats. Tests may be repeated for different focus-film distances.
4. Evaluation of Results: Because the loaded cassette was 4in above

the cassette in the bucky tray, the formats seen in the test film
will be 90% (each dimension) of the formats of the actual film (80%
in the case of 8 in spacing). Measure each format size and divide
each dimension by 0.9 (or 0.8 for 8in spacing) and record. These
values should be equal to the cassette dimensions +3/4in (1.9cm)
- 1/4in (0.6cm) The center of each of the formats should be
+1/2in (1.3cm) of the center of the film.
I. Fluoroscopic Collimator Field Size
Definition: This test measures the x-ray field size so that it is

not larger than necessary to prevent unnecessary exposure to patients
and medical staff. The x-ray field should be restricted so that
at any source to image receptor distance, the field does not exceed
the useful area of the image receptor by more than a few percent.
The field must also be centered to minimize attenuation by the grid.
Test Equipment Required
a. 4 each- lin x 3in x 1/16in (2.5cm x 7.5cm x 1.5mm) steel

strips.
b. 1 - 8 in x 10 in (20cm x 25cm) or 9in x 9in (23cm x 23cm)
loaded cassette
C. Stack of 8 sheets of Masonite 12in x 12in x 1/8in (30cm x 30cm
x 3mm) or 2 type 1l00E aluminum plates, 7in x 7in x 3/4in
(18cm x 18cm x 1.9cm)
d. One penny.
Test Procedure
a. Check the fluoroscopic image receptor to confirm that it is

coupled to the under table x-ray source so that movement of
the image receptor results in movement of the tube. The
-21-
system should prevent an exposure unless it is properly locked.

b. Lower the image receptor to the minimum distance above the
tabletop and open the x-ray field collimators to the
maximum radiation field size.
c. Place the Masonite stack or aluminum plates on the table
and place the metal strips on top in contact with each
other to form a "+" sign. The Masonite or aluminum pro-
tects the image receptor from excessive exposure.
d. Center the fluoroscopic image receptor over the metal
strip array by observing the image on the viewing system
and lock in position.
e. Move the individual strips outward (with radiation off)
until the inner edge of the metal strip is barely visible
on the viewing screen when the radiation is on. Place the
penny in the right shoulder position of the field to
identify the orientation of the field on the film.
f. Place the loaded cassette on top of the metal strips. This
placement must be done carefully so as to not move the
metal strips.
g. A fluoroscopic exposure is made on the film by timing for
about 5 seconds at 1 to 2 mA at about 80 kVp or in the
automatic mode (brightness stabilized). The exposure should
product a medium density on the film (density between 0.7
and 1.5). This may require some experimentation on a
particular unit to give the desired exposure. This exposure
must be done in the fluoroscopic mode (not spot film),
because some spot film systems automatically adjust the
x-ray field collimator below the tabletop.
h. Process the film.
4. Evaluation of Results: Older systems, using a manual shutter
control should limit the field to about +l0-0% of the field
diameter of a 9" image intensifier to permit full exposure of
a 9 x 9 or 8 x 10 inch spot film. Thus, the radiograph must not
show more than l/2 inch of any of the steel strips when the
test is done with the image tube as close as possible to the
table. Automatic collimating systems should not show more
than l/2 in (1.25cm) of any of the steel strips for any vertical
position of image intensifier. Better grade systems should also
compensate for modes (magnification) of the image intensifier.
The images must also be centered to ±1/2 inch to assure proper
use of the grid.
The test may be repeated with the image receptor at the mid-
point distance and at the maximum distance of the table top
and for the various image intensifier field sizes (4, 6, 9,
etc.) to verify tracking of the automatic collimation system.
J. Grid Alignment
1. Definition: The grid uses thin metal strips, usually lead,

arranged so that the primary x-ray beam is parallel to the short
axis of the strips. Secondary radiation will be intercepted
by the strips and the spacer material while the primary;
radiation is impeded a lesser amount by the spacer material
alone. The grid ratio, the relation between the short axis of
the strips and the space between them, ranges from R4 to R16
and determines the degree of alignment necessary. Misalignment
-22-
greater than 14° for R4 to 3.6° for R16 grids will result in o
maximum attenuation of the primary beam. Misalignment of l in
the R16 grid results in unnecessary primary attenuation of about
20%. Similarly, misalignment of 6° in an R4 grid results in an
unnecessary loss of 20% in the primary beam. A shift of tube
position along the long axis of the strips will have almost
no effect on primary attenuation. A careless installation
where the x-ray tube is mounted off-center by 2° (only l-3/8in
(3.4cm) of the 40in SID) of the Bucky, may raise patient ex-
posure by as much as 30%.
a. Stack of 16 Masonite sheets, 12in x 12in x l/8in (30cm x

30cm x 3mm) or copper sheet 6in x 6in x l/l6in (15cm x 15cm x
1.5mm).
b. Plumb bob and line or bulls eye (commercial test tool) or verti-
cal pin test tool. The vertical pin test tool is made by driv-
ing a long nail (4in (10cm) or more) into the center of a
12 x 12 x l/8 Masonite sheet. Use a carpenter's square to
make sure the nail is at 90° all around.
C. Lead marker or penny.
d. Liquid level (single bubble preferred).
e. Carpenter's square.
3. Test Procedure
a. The basic test method is to take three or more test exposures

fixed (not phototimed) of the Masonite stack using the same
cassette. Alternatively, the copper sheet may be taped to
the collimator face after setting field size to eliminate
the Masonite stack.
i. With the tube at the assumed correct position and 40in
(100 cm) from the cassette.
ii. With the tube 1in (2.5 cm) off axis in one direction
at right angles to the grid lines.
iii. At 1in off axis in the other direction. The three ex-
posures are examined and the central image must be
most dense. The exposure factors should be 80 kVp
and about 10 mAs (adjust mAs for density of '0.8 to 1.5).
It will probably be necessary to temporarily disable
the exposure interlock (centering switches), or to op-
erate automatic collimators in the manual mode.
b. Another method to test Bucky grid alignment uses the lead marker
or penny taped at the center of the grid (On the centerline
marker of the grid) and the testtool. The test tool is placed on
the table and positioned so that the pin or nail casts no shadow
(exactly centered) when the light beam localizer is used. A
radiograph (as before, 20in, 80 kVp, 10 mAs) should show the
shadowless image of the pin on the centerline of the grid (draw
a line parallel to the film edges through the marker image).
C. If the tabletop can be tilted or slid out of the way, a visual
inspection to verify alignment of the table grids may be done
using a plumb bob and theliquid level. The plumb bob line may
be taped to the circular end of the tube housing, along the verti-
cal diameter and suspended over the grid. The liquid level should
be centered. The plumb bob should be on thecenterline when level.
-23-
In tomographic systems, the relative motions of tube

and grid must always result in the tube remaining aligned
with the grid center line marker, check for excessive
play in the grid mechanism.
d. Film changers should be checked with a common carpenter's
square placed against the grid centerline and sighted along
the right angle edge to verify aiming to within 1in (2.5cm) Of
the center of the face of the collimator (use plumb line).
K. Bucky Grid Centering
1. Definition: This test provides a means of determining

whether the reciprocal motion of the Bucky grid is
centered to the film and to the central ray of the x-ray
beam. To avoid grid cutoff, evidenced as reduced density
and decreased sharpness of detail on one side of a radio-
graph, it is essential that the cross-table alignment of
the x-ray tube, film and Bucky be perpendicular and all
components centered to the film. Radiographic evidence
of Bucky motion decentering is indicated when a 14 x 17
radiograph of the pelvis shows one hip satisfactorily
exposed with good detail and the other underexposed with
reduced detail sharpness.
a. Stack of 16-12in x 12in x l/8in (30cm x 30cm x 3mm)

tempered Masonite phantom, lead markers or coins.
3. Test Procedure
a. Place Masonite phantom on x-ray tabletop and center to

simulate the absorption of a pelvis.
b. Place lead markers on the phantom to indicate center
and right and left sides.
c. Make a 14in x 17in (35cm x 43cm) radiograph of the phan-
tom using pelvis exposure time and mA but reduce kVP about
10 from usual factors.
d. Process the radiograph.
a. When the radiograph is viewed, film density should be

uniform on right and left sides of the radiograph.
Some small density difference top to bottom of the
radiograph should be expected due to heel effect.
b. If gross density differences are seen between the right
and left sides, repeat the test making certain that
x-ray tube, film and phantom alignment are correct.
If gross density differences right and left are seen
again, this may indicate that Bucky motion is not
symmetric about the central axis of the x-ray tube and film.
-24-
5. Additional Diagnostic Test: If asymmetric grid motion is

suspected, an additional test may be made. Remove the
grid from the bucky, and tape a lead number "1" to the
center of the grid with the long axis of the "1" parallel
to the long axis of the grid. Replace the grid. Place
a lead "0" at the table, center of the beam indicated by
the collimator light or table center marker. Make an
exposure at the l/2 second time, at kVp and mAs settings
such that a medium film density results. The extreme
edges of the bucky travel will produce an outline of the
lateral movement of the lead number "1". If the cross-
table alignment of the central ray is centered to the bucky
grid, then the image of the number "1" will be centered to
the image of the "0". Lack of cross-table alignment will
be apparent.
L. Focal Spot Size
1. Definition: The ratings of an x-ray tube arc limited by

the thermal properties of the anode and the geometry of
the cathode structure. Generator controls usually limit
the single exposure power level while other protective
circuits may limit the power to the tube during the
multiple exposures of angiography or cineradiography. However,
taking two pictures in rapid succession (single exposure
ratings) or a jammed film changer may cause the system to
operate beyond ratings. Operation at low kVp and high mA
or holding the tube in a boosted mode too long may strain
the filament. On occasion, tubes may not be identified
properly.
This test is not the same as the pinhole test. This

test uses a metal pattern of eleven or more pairs of three
bar patterns. The bars are slots in a metal mask and vary
in spacing from 0.6 to 3.35 line pairs/mm or more. The bar
pattern is used as a radiographic test object and images
may he readily correlated to radiographic capability.
a. Focal Spot Test Tool consisting of a suitable bar

pattern mounted in a 6in (15 cm) test stand.
b. Dental Film (Kodak DF 42) or radiographic film in a
cardboard cassette, non-screened.
c. 18in (46cm) scale
d. Aluminum plate 7in x 7in x 3/4in (l8cm x 18cm x 1.9) 1100
alloy.
3. Test Procedure: Center the focal spot of the tube l8in (45cm)
above the bar pattern using the distance tape or measure
18 in (45 cm) from a point l-1/2in (3.8cm) from the center of the
tube head cylinder (estimated position of the focal spot).
Place the tool over the non-screened film. Use the
-25-
collimator light beam to center and confine the field

to the top of the tool. Set the factors to 80 kVp and 5
to 10 mAs and expose for both focal spots, moving the
film between exposures. For fluoroscopic systems, the
test tool (face down) may be viewed on fluoro and shutters
adjusted to display only the pattern. Place the aluminum
plate on top of the base of the test tool and fluoro at
80 kVp at 1 mA. Then place the non-screened film between
the aluminum plate and the base of the test tool. Expose
for 5 to 10 sec. (small focus). Use an empty spot film
cassette, set to 80 kVp, 5 to 10 mAs, move the film and
expose (large focus). Develop the test film.
4. Evaluation of Results: A group of three bars is said to

be resolved when exactly three bars can be seen clearly
on the film. Both of the right angle groups must be seen
clearly to be resolved. The following table lists the
number of groups which must be resolved. Smaller focal
spots should resolve more groups.
Group Focal Spot (Nominal)

Size mm
1. (0.6 lp/mm) 2.0 (or smaller)

11. (3.35 lp/mm) 0.5 (or smaller)
(Some tools will measure to 0.3 mm. Refer to the suppliers
instructions)
Tubes which fail to resolve the minimum number of groups
should be retested with the standard pinhole test method.
M. Automatic Exposure Termination
1. Definition: Automatic exposure termination devices include

phototiming and limiting circuits which terminate the exposure
when a preset quantity of radiation has been detected. When
functioning well, these controls will assure consistent radio-
graphic results over a broad range of technique and patient
variables. This test verifies the ability of the circuit to
adjust exposure time for a standard object as kVp is varied.
a. Two aluminum plates, 7 in. x 7 in. x 3/4 in. (18 cm x
18 cm x 1.9 cm) 1100 alloy, and one copper plate, 7 in.
x 7 in. x 0.04 in. (18 cm x 18 cm x 1.0 mm).
b. Densitometer having a regulated self-contained light source
(ASA diffuse transmission density).
C. Cassette to be used for all exposures.
-26-
3. Test Procedure
a. Radiographic system: Set the x-ray tube at 40 in. (100 cm)

target film distance and center to the cassette. Position
one Al plate and the Cu plate in the center of the light field
to 6 in. x 6 in. (15 cm x 15 cm) at the top surface of the
stack. Insert a cassette in the tray (film 14 in. x 14 in.
or 35 cm x 28 cm) or advance the film (automatic film changers).
b. Chest systems: Set the tube at the standard distance 72 in.
(180 cm). Mount or tape one Al plate and the Cu plate to the
exit port of the cone or collimator. A cassette is then in-
serted or the film advanced.
c. Spot Film Systems: Place one Al plate and the Cu plate on the
tabletop with a penny on top center. Use the fluoro system to
center and lock the system in place. Cone to an inscribed
square of the dimensions of the image intensifier. Advance
the film cassette and expose after control settings have been
made. To save time and film, the 4 on 1 setting may be used.
d. Control Settings and Exposure: Set the control in the photo-
timing mode (central chamber, preferred), 80 kVp, 200 to 400
mA (mA selection is not possible on falling load generators),
normal density setting and make a phototimed exposure. Repeat
the above steps for a second exposure at 65 kVp and for a
third exposure at 95 kVp. Repeat with two aluminum plates and
the Cu plate. Process the six films, measure the central
density of each film, mark the density, kVp, room number, date,
time, and other data on each film.
e. High kVp Systems: It is difficult to design a phototimer to
cover the range of 60 to 150 kVp. High kVp chest systems
(125 to 150 kVp) are separately calibrated to account for
the special filters and cassettes. A test consists of two
exposures using one, then two aluminum plates and the Cu plate
mounted at the collimator. The film densities should be with-
in 0.20 of each other and have a mean density of about 1.2 ±
0.2.
4. Evaluation of Results: The densities of the six films for

each system must be within 0.3 D of each other. Quality
systems will hold the density variations to ±0.20D. Long
term variations of the density of the 80 kVp film due to
variations of film and processor (it is obvious that the
film processor must be controlled for consistent results)
should be within 0.30D of each other. Special problems may
arise when using rare earth or barium-based screen cassettes
on older systems. Usually, the phototiming circuits can be
adjusted for differences of energy sensitivity (kV compensation)
or for short time exposures which imply thin objects and a
different exit energy distribution to the cassette. Because
of energy stored in the x-ray tube cables and because many
generators operate on integral half-cycles of the power line,
three phase phototimers are usually not consistent for times
-27-
less than 10 ms or 1 mAs and single phase machines

for times less than l/20 sec or 1 mAs. Secondary or
grid controlled tubes will respond much faster.
When densities exceed the above limits, the following

may be the causes:
a. Improper calibration of the generator.

b. Inadequate kVp compensation of the generator
phototimer.
C. Excessive variation between cassettes (cassettes
for phototiming should he matched for gain and
reserved for use on the same generator).
d. Component failure.
e. Poor design.
N. Optical Systems Focus
1. Definition: Various elements of the fluoroscopic system

may shift out of focus causing a decrease of system re-
volving power. The electron lenses in the image intensifier
and the ion pump may derive power from the same voltage
divider so a new tube, set while pumping resudual gas, may
be out of focus when the gas is finally absorbed. Camera
and collimating lenses may be moved relative to their focal
planes and TV focus may drift as components age.
a. A mesh pattern of copper (or brass) mesh, arranged as

eight pie sections, 16, 20, 24, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60
mesh holes/inch (6 to 24/cm), total area of 7in x 7in
(17.5cm x 17.5cm). Lead numbers on each section identify
the mesh resolution. The use of a radially symmetric
pattern permits adjustment of central, general and
edge focus.
b. Two aluminum plates 7in x 7in x 3/4in (17.5cm x l7.5cm x l.9cm)
1100 alloy.
C. Small telescope or 7 x 50 monocular.
3. Test Procedure: The mesh pattern is placed close to the face
of the image amplifier system and taped in place. The
system is then operated at lowest fluoro factors (50 kVp,
1 mA). The plates can be placed on the tabletop and the
system operated to obtain images on cine or fluoroscopic
films. One plate may be used at the table in fluoro if
image saturation ("white out") occurs.
4. Evaluation of Results: The values listed in Table I are

minimum acceptable values. Higher quality systems should
resolve one higher mesh value except that TV systems are
limited by the TV scanning process. Values given for
"optical viewer" also refer to the use of the telescope
or monocular to view the image intensifier output phosphor
through the collimator lens (TV camera removed). Note that
9-l0 in (23-25 cm) tubes in the 5-6 in (13-15 cm) modes and
6in (15cm) tubes perform equally well.
-28-
Table I
Resolvable Mesh
9-10" Center 9-10" Edge 5-6” Center 5-6” Edge

Optical Viewer 40 30 40+ 35+
Std. TV 20 to 24 20 30 to 35 24 to 30
16mm Cine 35+ 30 40 35+
Other Film 40 30 40+ 35+
O. Automatic Brightness Control
1. Definition: Automatic brightness controls (ABC) for fluoro-

scopy usually operate by sensing the light output of the image
intensifier and adjusting kVp and/or mA of the x-ray tube. A
properly functioning ABC should compensate for variations of
pateint thickness, x-ray field size, image intensifier mag-
nification (modes) and other variations of the apparatus (use
of grids, drift, distance, etc.). When an iodine based con-
trast medium is used, fluoroscopic systems perform best over
a small kVp range (65 to 80) so that fixed kVp variable mA
preset and variable kVp systems (operator checked for oper-
ation in the proper kVp range) give good results at low values
of patient exposure. Compromise systems which vary kVp to
compensate for changes of image brightness but which permit
the manual control of mA can be set: high mA/low kVp for imag-
ing contrast media and soft tissues; low mA/high kVp for lower
exposures in GI studies.
2. Equipment Required
a. 2 aluminum plates, 1100 alloy, 7in x 7in x 3/4in (17.5cm x

17.5cm x 1.9cm)
b. Aluminum penetrameter plate, 1100 alloy 7in x 7in x 1/32in
(0.8mm) having central pairs of holes of 1/16in (1.5mm),
l/8in (3mm), 3/16in (4.5mm), 1/4in (6mm)
C. Lead plate, plastic covered, 7in x 7in x 1/16in lead.
d. Radiation detector (low energy) 5R or less either a direct
reading pocket dosimeter or ionization chamber with no
active area dimension greater than 3 inches (7.5cm) and
having a suitable exposure reading means.
e. Shallow support stand suitable for holding test plates 1in
(2.5cm) over the table with the radiation detector on the
table surface. Wooden rods, 2 1in x 1in x 7in (2.5cm x
2.5cm x 17.5cm) may be used with a pocket dosimeter.
f. Common tape measure.
3. Test Procedure
a. Manual test. Place the two 3/4in (1.9cm) aluminum plates

with the penetrameter plate between them on the support
stand or rods. Operate the fluoroscopic system at
-29-
100 kVp, 1 mA. Set the collimator to define an

inscribed square at the input to the image in-
tensifier which is set to 12 inches over the table-
top (measured from base of spot film device or
optical system). Record which penetrameter holes
are visible. Place dosimeter under the aluminum
blocks and expose for a time sufficient to exceed
50% but less than 100% of full scale of the dosimeter
at 100 kVp, 1 or 2 mA. Record mA, time, mR. Calculate
and record R/min/mAs.
b. Automatic Brightness Control, kVp variable. Set the
aluminum plates and collimator as in 3a. Operate the
system in the automatic mode and set to low mA (1 mA,
if possible). Record the kVp values. Place the
dosimeter under the plates, expose as above, record
as R/min. Repeat with 3/4in (1.9 cm) plate removed. Re-
peat both of the above steps for a high mA setting (4 mA,
if possible).
C. Automatic Brightness Control, mA Variable. Set the
aluminum plates and collimator as in 3a. Operate the
system in the automatic mode and set to 80 kVp. Record
the mA value. Place the dosimeter under the plates,
expose, record as R/min. Repeat with one aluminum
plate removed.
d. Radiation Limit Test. Set the aluminum plates and
collimator as in 3a. Operate the system in the
automatic mode. Place the dosimeter under the plates,
place the lead plate over the plates. Expose at max.1
min. automatic factors. Record kVp, mA, R/m. Repeat
for the extremes of manual control of the factors.
Caution: do not exceed the ratings of the x-ray tube.
4. Evaluation of Results: Because of cable capacity, single

phase and three phase fluoroscopic systems are equivalent
in performance. For a focus-table distance of 20 inches,
the output at the surface of the table should be about
2.0 ± 0.6 R/min/mA for 2.5 mm filtration plus table
attenuation at 100 kVp. The system must display the 1/4in
and 3/16in penetrameter holes through the noise, better
systems should also show the l/8in holes, exceptional systems
may show the 1/16in holes. The automatic systems should
change factors such that the radiation levels for the re-
duced phantom (one plate removed) should be less than half
that of the full phantom. Month to month stability should
cause the systems to repeat within ±5 kVp or ±40% of mA
values. With the lead plate, the radiation level must not
exceed 10 R/min under any condition. In addition, the ABC
must function, the visible density should remain almost con-
stant, and the penetrameter holes should remain visible (except
for the 3d).
P. Geometric Tomography
1. Definition; Geometric tomographic systems "se the relative

motions of the tube, patient and cassette to blur all image
-30-
planes of the object except the plane of interest. In

addition to the usual problems of common radiographic ap-
paratus, tomographic systems have the special problems of
mechanical motion: bearing wear, grid alignment and generator
synchronization. The result of improper motions may be the
inability to resolve fine structure or the introduction of
image artifacts. For the pluridirectional systems, incor-
rect grid alignment may result in excessive exposure to x-rays
and reduced image contrast. It is assumed for the following
tests, that the system has been tested as a conventional radio-
graphic system for kVp, collimation, focal spot, etc.
2. Equipment Required: A tomographic phantom (or set of phantoms)

which contains a helix of 12 lead numbers spaced from 1 to 12
from the base, 4 pieces of copper mesh 1 cm x 4 cm, tilted 1
meshes of 8, 12, 16, 20 holes/cm (20, 30, 40, 50 mesh/inch), plas-
tic spacers of 1, 2 and 4cm thickness (optional), 2 aluminum
absorbers. 7 in x 7in x 3/4in (17.5cm x 17.5cm x 1.9cm
lead or steel sheet approximately 10 cm x 10 cm x 1.5 mm with
3-mm diameter central hole.
3. Test Procedure: Prior to the use of test tools, it is helpful

to check for obvious mechanical defects by visual inspection.
Operate the unit in the tomographic modes and visually check for
smoothness of motion of tube and film and stability of pivot
points, i.e., at x-ray tube support, cut level selector and Bucky
connection. Mechanical motion defects must be corrected. Check
x-ray exposure time for various amplitudes and travel rates with
a stop watch and compare with manufacturers specifications for rea-
sonable agreement. Record exposure time measurements for avail-
able amplitudes and travel rates. Record all exposure factors
and machine settings. For the following tests: (1) it will be
necessary to adjust exposure factors to obtain a mean film density
of 0.4 to 1.2 (except aperture plate, density of line to 0.6 to
1.3); (2) note the exposure factos actually used; (3) If possible,
test under worst case conditions of fastest sweep, retest for
other conditions; and (4) stay within tube ratings - avoid equip-
ment damage.
a. Location of fulcrum: Place the two aluminum absorbers on

the tabletop and place the lead number phantom on top.
Set the fulcrum control to 47mm. If there is a visual
indicator, hold a white card next to the phantom to check
indicator beam. Operate the system to produce a large angle,
thin section tomograph. The number "7" should be most clear,
numbers "4" and "9" should be partially blurred, numbers "1"
and "12" should be well blurred. The test may be repeated for
small angle tomo - or zonography to demonstrate increased
thickness of cut. Acceptable errors are within ±1mm for bet-
ter circular or pluridirectional devices and ±3mm for simple
linear devices measured from fulcrum display. An alternative
procedure is to use one aluminum phantom at the tabletop,
-31-
the three plastic spacers and the phantom containing

the lead helix on top. Set the fulcrum control to
97 mm and do as described above.
b. Mesh Focus: The phantom containing the tilted mesh
strips is positioned in place of the lead number helix
and the exposure repeated. The length of the strip
of mesh in sharp focus will be inversely proportional
to sweep angle, about 3 mm length for a thin cut to
10 mm or more for zonography. The 1.6 holes/mm mesh
must be resolved clearly over an area of about 3 mm
of strip length. Excellent systems may also resolve
about 2.5 mm of the 2.0 holes/mm mesh. System5 which
fail to resolve the 1.2 holes/mm mesh are of little
value in resolving fine anatomical details.
C. Exposure Uniformity: The phantom is removed and the
aperture plate is positioned 2 cm over both absorbers
using a foam plastic spacer; the film will display
the image of the trajectory of the tube and will have a
line width sufficient for checking film density.
Adjust exposure for line density of 0.6 to 1.3 (medium
gray). The line may show less than 0.2 large area
density variations but no gross variations.
Complete circular, elliptical, hypocyloidal, tri-
spiral scans should be seen with overlap within 30°
or as specified. Note: single phase generators will
generate a series of pulses along the line but may be
checked for general uniformity and scan closure.
d. Grid Alignments: A visual inspection of the grid
should make certain that the grid axis is the same as
the direction of tube swing of pluridirectional systems.
For linear systems, the visual inspection should show
that the tube trajectory directs the beam through the
center of the grid and at right angles to the plane of
the grid. A practical test is to compare exposure re-
quirements for the two aluminum absorbers for a tomographic
system and a radiographic system at the same distance (FFD).
4. Evaluation of Results: Failure to meet acceptance limits of

each section above should trigger corrective action. Inter-
pretation of the test films together with an inspection of
the mechanical system is helpful in servicing the apparatus.
Q. Cassettes: Screen Speed and Film/Screen Contact
1. Definition: Cassettes may vary because of screens of different

manufacture, age, or front panel materials. Warped cassettes,
fatigue of the foam or felt compression material, worn closures,
dirt, light leaks, etc., frequently produce unsharp or fogged
radiographs to the point where the cassettes of screens should
be replaced. Similar problems of poor film/screen contact,
dirt, etc., may be present in the film changers or "cassetteless"
radiographic systems.
-32-
a. A 14in x 17in (35cm x 43cm) piece of 1/4in (6mm) galvanized

wire mesh, edges taped. A 14in x 14in (35cm x 35cm) or other
size pieces may be used, to check film changers. This material
is available at most hardware stores as wire cloth and need
not be perfectly flat.
b. A l4in x 17in (35cm x 43cm) piece of brass wire mesh, eight mesh
per inch, 0.028 in (0.7mm) wire with 1/2in (1.25cm) central hole,
edges taped (alternate test mesh to meet ANSI proposed stand-
ard PH1-49).
c. A commercial tool of the appropriate size, typically 45 x
45 cm, containing a perforated metal plate to serve the
same purposes as the screen or mesh tools.
3. Test Procedure
a. Physical Inspection: It is not unusual after extended

use to find labels missing and cassettes and screens
of various speeds, age and manufacture in use without
compensation, since speed differences may be unknown.
Inventory and sort by intensifying screen type,

age and cassette type. Relabel the cassettes to pro-
vide clear indication of the type of intensifying screen
contained and redistribute the cassettes such that
common types are maintained for general and/or special
purposes throughout the department. Clean and inspect
the intensifying screens. Look for worn areas, stained
areas or yellowing due to age. Dirt specks and worn
or stained areas produce artifacts on the radiographs.
Use only cleaning materials recommended by the screen
manufacturer. The frequency of cleaning varies with
local conditions. It is helpful to number the intensifving
screens with permanent ink in an unobtrusive location
and likewise to number the outside of the cassette such
that a repeating artifact can be traced to a specific
cassette.
b. Cassette-Screen Speed: If there is any doubt or question
as to the equality of radiographic speeds among cassettes
or screens, the following simple test should he performed.
Place no more than four cassettes, preferably all the

same size, on the x-ray table with corners touching; one
of the four should be a known standard cassette/screen
combination. All cassettes should be loaded with film
from the same box. The x-ray tube is centered perpendicular
to the intersection of the four cassettes, and an exposure
made which will produce a film density between 0.80-1.50.
c. Screen-Film Contract: Lack of intimate screen/film contact

within a cassette will cause lack of detail or "blurring".
Film/screen contact should be tested initially before
acceptance of new cassettes and screens and periodically
to determine that film/screen contact is maintained in use.
A test exposure of the wire mesh is made with factors of
the order of 3-5 mAs, 50 kvP, 40 inch FFD for medium speed
-33-
screens and film. Some experimentation may he needed to

determine best exposure factors. Wire mesh radiographs
should be exposed for a background density of about 1.0.
a. For the speed test, compare the resulting densities on

the four processed test films close to the central ray.
Visual densities should he the same. If a densitometer
is used to compare densities, the maximum density
variation should be ±0.20.
h. View all mesh test films from a distanceof 6-8feet (2m);
areas of poor screen/film contact will appear as dark
areas or dark spots. Close inspection of these dark
areas will show the wire image blurred. Small areas
or poor contact around edges or in corners of the radio-
graph may have to be ignored.
Cassettes showing poor contact involving large areas

either peripherally or centrally often offer poor pro-
spects for repair; consider replacement. Light leaks
will be evidenced by fogged edges or corners of the
radiograph. This fog can generally be seen both on the
screen contact radiograph and on patient radiographs.
The cause may be due to faulty latches on the cassette,
which may he adjusted or repaired, or due to worn light
seals on the cassette or a felt light-seal that is too
tight, holding the cover open, particularly on older
model cassettes. Discuss indicated repair with vendor.
If light leakage is severe, replacement of the cassette
is indicated.
R. Radiographic Illuminators
1. Definition: The conditions under which a radiologist,

clinician, etc., views radiographs may influence diagnostic
accuracy and stamina. Viewing conditions include the bright-
ness of the illuminators as well as the ambient room light
level. Undesirable radiographic viewing conditions include:
a. Low intensity illuminators.

b. High ambient room-light levels.
C. Gross mismatch between viewing conditions used
by the radiologist and veiwing conditions used
by technologists to check films.
d. Illuminators in the same viewing area having
grossly mismatched intensities and/or color.
Nonuniformity of radiographic illuminator brightness

most commonly occurs when bulbs are replaced without regard
for matching their color or intensity, and when output of
the lamps change with age.
-34-
2. Test Equipment: Photographic light meter.
3. Test Procedure: Visually survey the brightness and color

of all illuminators in a given area. A photographic light
meter is helpful to compare relative illuminator brightness
of different viewing areas in a department of radiology.
Be especially careful to avoid gross mismatches in
illuminators in the technologist quality control area
compared to the "reading rooms”.
4. Evaluation of Results: If gross mismatches in brightness

and/or color are evident, remove the illuminator front,
clean the interior surfaces and note the type of fluorescent
tube. Replace all fluorescent tubes which show blackening
at the ends. Three types of fluorescent phosphors are in
common use : daylight, white, and warm white, which progress
in relative apparent color from blue-white to pink-white.
If a color mismatch exists, check to see that all lamps in
an assembly of illuminators are the same brand and type.
V. Test Schedules and Data Forms
It is normal for x-ray apparatus to drift out of calibration

with time, use and development of defects. The more complicated
systems will require more frequent testing. Some tests can be
done in a simple "quick check" way or as a more detailed and pain-
staking procedure. For example, kVp may be tested once at, say
80 kVp, 300 mA, 0.1 set as a "quick check" or checked at 60, 80,
100, 120 kVp and at 100, 200, 300, 500, etc., mA to verify all
conditions of operation. The quick check should prove adequate
for monthly testing (unless suspicions are aroused by poor
performance) while the detailed test should he done before accept-
ance of new systems. The tests and their level of care should
be based on the requirements of the situation. The tests may be
considered as guides for the development of special tests to meet
the particular needs of each department and to match the skills
of the tester.
The type and frequency of testing should be established by a
qualified medical physicist. The medical physicist should also
monitor the QA program at frequent intervals to be certain that
tests are done correctly and to aid in the interpretation of
results.
B. Frequency of Testing
Detailed testing should he done on each system at the start

of a department test program to establish baseline data. Ideally,
the medical physicist should establish "baseline data" during the
initial acceptance testing of new apparatus. To start, it is
suggested that rooms should he "quick checked" every month and
tested thoroughly every year. Depending on the frequency of
detection of faults, the schedule can be adjusted. Rooms should
-35-
be tested carefully after repairs and a month after tube re-

placement to verify calibration stability. Some tests should
be incorporated into the user protocol; e.g., a focus test
before a cine run.
C. Type of Test Programs
One survey method will use a binder or notebook for each

room on each major item (mobile generator, c-arm, etc.).
Another method uses a form for recording data on a particular
parameter for the entire department (e.g. data on all of the
focal spots), so that the department binder contains data sheets
for kVp, time, etc. Obviously, the method of testing will
dictate the type of test forms. Tine latter method applies to
scheduled testing of each parameter in turn.
D. Quick Checks
A simple test form should enable the tester to inspect the

room for obvious defects, cables, locks, etc. and check (for
pass) or note deviations. The actual tests of a radiographic
room may include mR/mAs, timing, kVp (one value), collimator
alignment, tomo mesh focus and room inventory. R and F rooms
should also include image focus (mesh). Deviations should
trigger more detailed testing.
E. Test Forms
Examples of test forms are shown in the following pages.

-36-
References
1. Burnett, Bruce M., Mazzaferro, Robert J. and Church, Warren W.:

A study of retakes in radiology departments in two large hospitals.
DHEW publication (FDA) 76-8016, 1975.
2. Lawrence, D.J., A Simple Method of Processor Control. Medical Radiography

and Photography, 49(l), 1973, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.
3. Gray, J.E., Photographic Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Radiology, Nuclear

Medicine and Radiation Therapy, Vol. I., June 1976, HEW Pub.
(FDA) 76-8043, Bureau of Radiological Health, Washington, D.C.
4. Ardran, G.M. and Crooks, H.E.: Brit. J. Radiol., 41:193, 1968.
5. Jacobson, A.F., Cameron, J.R., Siedband, M.P., and Wagner, J.:

Med. Phys., 3:19, 1976.
6. Manufacturers: 1) Radiation Measurements, Inc.

7617 Donna Drive
Middletown, WI, 53562
2) Nuclear Associates, Inc.
100 Voice Road
Carle Place, NY, 11514
7. NEMA Test Methods for X-Ray Equipment XR5-1974, National

Electrical Manufacturing Association, 115 East 44th Street,
New York, New York 10017.
-37-
-38-
-39-
FILM PROCESSOR CONTROL CHART
ROOM PROCESSOR TYPE MONTH

-40-
OVERLOAD PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT TEST
Date:
Department: ,Room Number:
Generator, Manufacturer: Model Type:
Maximum Potential kVp ,Maximum Current mA.
X-ray Tube, Manufacturer: Model Type:
Serial # , Nominal Focus Size:
The Maximum Current (mA) taken from the tube rating charts.
Radiographic Technique Factors: 80 kVp, 0.1 Sec. and
The System Power (kW)
Note : The System Power (kW) = 0.08 x Maximum System Current (mA)
RECOMMENDATION:
-41-
EXPOSURE TIME
Date:
Department: , Room number:

Generator, Manufacturer: Model Type:
Generator Number:(if more than one)
Radiographic Technique Factors: 80 kVp , mA
Source-to-film Distance: inches.
Type of film employed: .
-42-
-43-
-44-
X-RAY OUTPUT AND BEAM QUALITY
oom Tester Date

-45-
-46-
FOCAL SPOT SIZE
Department: , Room Number: .

The measurement is for ( )radiographic, ( )fluoroscopic tube.
X-ray Tube, Manufacture: ,Model: .
Serial Number: .
NOMINAL FOCAL SPOT SIZE: Large mm, and small mm.
Identify, if more than one x-ray tube: .
(X-ray Tube Potential : 80 kVp)
-47-
AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE TERMINATION
Department: Room Number

Phototimer Tested: ( ) Bucky, ( ) Wall, ( ) Spot Film.
Phototimer Detector, Number of Fields Available:
-48-
OPTICAL SYSTEM FOCUS
Department: Room Number:

Image Intensifier, Manufacturer:
Model Type: Serial #
Input Phosphor Size:
Identify, if more than one image intensifier:
-49-
-50-
FILM-SCREEN CONTACT
For Cassette Size: .

Department:
* UH: Ultra High Speed Screen
H: High Speed Screen
R: Regular or Par Speed Screen
D: Detail Screen
-51-

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AAPM REPORT No.

BASIC QUALITY CONTROL

American Association of Physicists in Medicine

This document, “Basic Quality Control in Diagnostic

The American Association of Physicists in Medicine is

The Publications Committee of the AAPM hopes that this

John S. Laughlin, Ph.D.

Copies of a related monograph, Medical Physics Monograph

BASIC QUALITY CONTROL

Diagnostic Radiology Committee

This document describes a quality assurance protocol for diagnostic

This document originated as a charge to Robert Waggener of the

This document is designed to offer assistance and guidance to a

This document is meant for field use. It is hoped that a large

D. Personnel and Task Force Meetings

Dr. Stephen Balter - Philips Medical

Dr. Richard Dobrin - NYU Medical Center

and many others whose contributions and suggestions are much

II. Test Equipment

B. Commercial Test Tools

Several suppliers have tools which meet the requirements

E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Company

General Electric Company

International Radiographic Supplies Unlimited

Keithley Instruments, Inc.

Machlett Laboratories, Inc.

MDH Industries, Inc.

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company

Philips Medical Systems, Inc.

Radiation Measurements, Inc.

Tobias Associates, Inc.

Victoreen Instruments Division

Xonics Medical Systems

III. Quality Assurance Program

An adequate diagnostic quality assurance (QA) program involves

items such as the type of procedures performed, type of equipment

An individual equipment log should be maintained on each x-ray unit

1. Equipment Data Specifications

C. Recording Test Data

All quality assurance test data should be recorded on standardized

1. The use of standardized forms will assure that all of the

D. Condition of the X-ray Facility

1. Mechanical integrity: A general observation of the diagnostic

2. Mechanical stability: To obtain a diagnostic quality radiograph

3. Electrical integrity: The external condition of the high voltage

4. Electrical safety: The system should be checked by a safety

5. Alignment and SID: Source to image receptor distance (SID)

E. The Radiograph as a QA Tool

The goal of a diagnostic quality assurance program is to produce radio-

1. Rejected films: Unacceptable radiographs can result from a

2. Accepted films: Good practice should always question the adequacy

a. The necessity to change technique factors may indicate changes

IV. Quality Assurance Tests

The following sections describe the quality assurance tests proposed

A. Film Processor Monitoring

1. Definition: Variations of chemistry (contamination, oxidation,