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    NDT Presentation

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    Deepak
    Visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, X-ray, thermography, acoustic emission, eddy current, and shearography are the main types of non-destructive testing. Each uses different principles like sound waves, light, or heat to detect defects without harming the material. Visual inspection is the simplest and most widely used technique, while ultrasonic testing can locate internal flaws and uses sound wave reflection and transmission. X-rays can find flaws inside opaque materials but may require special penetrants for composites. Thermography detects anomalies through localized temperature differences during heating.

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    NDT Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Deepak
    241 views8 pages
    Visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, X-ray, thermography, acoustic emission, eddy current, and shearography are the main types of non-destructive testing. Each uses different principles like sound waves, light, or heat to detect defects without harming the material. Visual inspection is the simplest and most widely used technique, while ultrasonic testing can locate internal flaws and uses sound wave reflection and transmission. X-rays can find flaws inside opaque materials but may require special penetrants for composites. Thermography detects anomalies through localized temperature differences during heating.

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    Brief description of NDT techniques

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    Visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, X-ray, thermography, acoustic emission, eddy current, and shearography are the main types of non-destructive testing. Each uses different principles like sound waves, light, or heat to detect defects without harming the material. Visual inspection is the simplest and most widely used technique, while ultrasonic testing can locate internal flaws and uses sound wave reflection and transmission. X-rays can find flaws inside opaque materials but may require special penetrants for composites. Thermography detects anomalies through localized temperature differences during heating.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    241 views8 pages

    NDT Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Deepak
    Visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, X-ray, thermography, acoustic emission, eddy current, and shearography are the main types of non-destructive testing. Each uses different principles like sound waves, light, or heat to detect defects without harming the material. Visual inspection is the simplest and most widely used technique, while ultrasonic testing can locate internal flaws and uses sound wave reflection and transmission. X-rays can find flaws inside opaque materials but may require special penetrants for composites. Thermography detects anomalies through localized temperature differences during heating.

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    The document discusses different non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for composite materials including visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, thermography, acoustic emission, eddy current, and shearography.

    The types of NDT discussed are visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, thermography, acoustic emission, eddy current, and shearography.

    The ultrasonic testing techniques described are A-scan, B-scan, C-scan, and D-scan. The A-scan shows pulse amplitude vs time, B-scan shows time and transducer movement, C-scan shows a top view of discontinuities, and D-scan shows time-of-flight for defect depth.

    Types of NDT

    Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)


    ver 1

    Visual Ultrasonic X-ray Thermographic Acoustic Emission Eddy Current Shearography


    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Visual Inspection
    Basic principle: illuminate the test specimen with light examine the specimen with the eye Used to: to magnify defects which can not be detected by the unaided eye to assist in the inspection of defects to permit visual checks of areas not accessible to unaided eye Most widely used of all the nondestructive tests. Simple, easy to apply, quickly carried out and usually low in cost.
    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Visual Inspection Equipment


    Magnifying Glass Magnifying Mirror Microscope Borescope
    endoscopes or endoprobes

    Flexible Fiber Optic Borescope


    working lengths are normally 60 to 365 cm with diameters from 3 to 12.5 mm

    Video Imagescope
    3
    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Borescopes

    Ultrasonic Testing
    The use of ultrasonic waves to evaluate the condition of a material. Anomalies absorb or deflect the sound waves, which are then detected as changes in the waves.

    Rigid

    Flexible fiber optic

    holes, delaminations, voids damage, debonds resin-rich, -poor areas


    5
    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Through Transmission Mode

    Reflected (pulse-echo) Transmission Mode

    emitter part part

    emitter - detector - transceiver

    reflector detector

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Ultrasonic Test Equipment C-scan

    A-scan (single pulse - ice pick)


    Received pulse amplitude is represented as a displacement along one axis and the travel time of the ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along the other axis. A-scan displays are more complex because all reflections are displayed, so signals (back wall, waterpath) need careful interpretation.

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    10

    A-scan

    B-scan (cross section)


    A two-dimensional graphical presentation, in rectangular coordinates, in which the travel time of an ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along one axis, and transducer movement is represented as a displacement along the other axis.

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    12

    B-scan

    C-scan (defect location map)


    A two-dimensional graphical presentation, in which the discontinuity echoes are displayed in a top view on the test surface. This method is applied to pulse-echo and through transmission techniques. Usually no indication of depth is given unless the complete scan represents the time of flight evaluation (D-scan).

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    C-scan

    C-scans

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    3D C-scan

    C-scan test block

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    D-scan (defect depth map)


    A two-dimensional graphical presentation, in which the time-of-flight values are displayed in a top view on the test surface. This is a modified Cscan in which are amplitudes displayed.

    D-scan

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    D-scan of Test Block

    Performance
    5-25 MHz typical 0.2- 800 MHz possible Trade-off between frequency (resolution) and depth of penetration
    higher frequency, better resolution, lower depth of penetration

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    X-ray Technique

    Microfocus X-ray Technique

    Film pack or X-ray imaging system X-ray source Test object Test object Microfocus X-ray source

    Film pack or X-ray imaging system Greatly enlarged image

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Microfocus X-ray Equipment

    Real Time X-ray Technique


    Fluorescent screen TV camera Monitor scope

    X-ray source

    Intensifier Test object

    Image processor

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    X-ray Images

    X-ray Images

    IC chip

    Computer mouse

    Cooling lines in turbine blade Porosity in weld

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    CT Scan
    CT produces 3-dimensional images of objects using x-rays. The scanner, made in the shape of a ring, contains an x-ray tube that circles the object. The object in the scanner is bombarded by xrays from various angles and resulting information signals are then processed by a computer, yielding cross sectional slices which then make up images.
    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    CT Scanner

    29

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    CT Scan Images

    Restrictions
    Radio opaque penetrant sometimes needed, as many composites are transparent even to low energy X-rays 15 - 25 kV
    zinc iodide tetrabromoethane diiodobutane

    Cannot detect fiber breaks


    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Thermographic Principle
    Heat flow in a material is altered by the presence of some types of anomalies. These changes in heat flow cause localized temperature differences in the material. Slow heating of part reveals these anomalies.

    Thermographic Technique

    Heat source

    Part

    IR camera

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Thermography Images

    Acoustic Emission Principle


    Sounds made by a material, structure, or machine in use or under load are heard and analyzed to determine its "state of health". One or more ultrasonic microphones are attached to the object and the sounds are analyzed using computer based instruments. Noises may arise from:

    PC board Aircraft wing


    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    friction (including bearing wear) crack growth material changes (such as corrosion)
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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Acoustic Emission Technique

    Acoustic Emission Set-up

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Acoustic Emission Advantages


    Entire structure can be monitored from a few locations. Structure can be tested in use. Continuous monitoring with alarms is possible. Microscopic changes can be detected if sufficient energy is released. Source location is also possible using multiple sensors.
    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Acoustic Emission Applications


    pipelines storage tanks (above and below the ground) fiberglass structures rotating machinery weld monitoring biological and chemical changes

    39

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    40

    Eddy Current Principle


    When an energized coil is brought near to the surface of a metal or conducting component, eddy currents are induced into the specimen. These currents set-up magnetic field that tend to oppose the original magnetic field. The impedance of coil in close proximity to the specimen is affected by the presence of the induced eddy currents in the specimen. When the eddy currents in the specimen are distorted by the presence of the flaws or material variations, the impedance in the coil is altered. This change is measured and displayed in a manner that indicates the type of flaw or material condition.
    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

    Eddy Current Technique


    Eddy current field Probe

    Defect

    41

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Eddy Current Applications


    Range from crack detection, to the rapid sorting of small components for either flaws, size variations, or material variation. Commonly used in aerospace, automotive, marine, and manufacturing industries.

    Shearography
    The object under study is illuminated by laser light, and a camera produces two sheared images that interfere with each other, causing a speckle pattern. When the object is deformed (sheared), the speckle pattern changes. The two speckle patterns interfere to produce a fringe pattern that depicts the surface gradient of the deformed object. Though the images obtained are good, this method is time-consuming.

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Shearography Technique

    Shearography Images

    Laser Part

    Shearography head and detector

    Shear motion Debonds

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    Summary
    Optical and Ultrasonic most widely used techniques. Each has different principles and uses.

    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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    ENG 4793: Composite Materials and Processes

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