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Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers: Applications of Electronic Devices 225 Andrew E. Milks PE

This document discusses differential amplifiers, which have two inputs and are used in operational amplifiers. Differential amplifiers use matched transistors and a constant current source to bias the emitter currents. They have benefits like high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) since the collector to emitter resistance is very large. Key characteristics discussed include common mode gain, offset voltage and current, which can contribute to errors in the output. The constant current source helps increase CMRR by providing a very large collector to emitter resistance for the transistors.

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John Shuman
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78 views22 pages

Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers: Applications of Electronic Devices 225 Andrew E. Milks PE

This document discusses differential amplifiers, which have two inputs and are used in operational amplifiers. Differential amplifiers use matched transistors and a constant current source to bias the emitter currents. They have benefits like high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) since the collector to emitter resistance is very large. Key characteristics discussed include common mode gain, offset voltage and current, which can contribute to errors in the output. The constant current source helps increase CMRR by providing a very large collector to emitter resistance for the transistors.

Uploaded by

John Shuman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

1 12/16/2013

Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers


Applications of Electronic Devices 225
Andrew E. Milks PE
2 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Background/Use
Differential Amplifiers
Single ended input
Double ended input
Common Mode Rejection
Input characteristics
Constant Current Source

3 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Matched transistors same Beta etc.
Used for the differential input of op amps
4 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
No input both grounded
Current through splits evenly

E
R
E
EE
E
EE E
R T
R
V
R
V V
I I
E

=

= =
7 . 0
5 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Example
For DC bias both inputs are at ground
mA
K
V
I I
E
R T
515 . 2
3 . 3
9 7 . 0
=
O

= =
mA
mA
I
C
258 . 1
2
515 . 2
= ~
( ) V K mA V V
C
095 . 4 9 . 3 258 . 1 9 = O ~
6 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Single ended output
One input grounded
acts as a common emitter amplifier
acts as a common base amplifier

1
Q
2
Q
Q1 Q2
R1
43k
R2
47k
1
VEE
VEE
VCC
VCC
3
0
0
2
Vo
Noninnverting Input +
Inverting Input -
7 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
AC Model

8 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Single ended output
Example
Refer to p. 628 for equation
development

e
C
i
o
V
r
R
V
V
A
'
= =
2
1
Q1 Q2
R1
43k
R2
47k
1
VEE
VEE
VCC
VCC
3
0
0
2
Vo
Noninnverting Input +
Inverting Input -
9 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Single ended output
Example
A
K
V
I
E
R
193
43
9 7 . 0
=
O

=
A
A
I
C

5 . 96
2
193
= ~
( ) V K A V V
C
5 . 4 47 5 . 96 9 = O ~
Q1 Q2
R1
43k
R2
47k
1
VEE
VEE
VCC
VCC
3
0
0
2
Vo
Noninnverting Input +
Inverting Input -
10 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Single ended output
Example

O = ~
'
1 . 259
5 . 96
25
A
mV
r
e

71 . 90
) 1 . 259 ( 2
47
2
1
=
O
O
=
'
= =
k
r
R
V
V
A
e
C
i
o
V
Q1 Q2
R1
43k
R2
47k
1
VEE
VEE
VCC
VCC
3
0
0
2
Vo
Noninnverting Input +
Inverting Input -
11 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Single ended output


Double ended output


Input impedance (either single or double)
e
C
in
o
V
r
R
V
V
A
'
= =
e
C
in
o
V
r
R
V
V
A
'
= =
2
e in
r Z
'
= | 2
12 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Common Mode Gain



Common Mode Rejection Ratio
e
E
E
C
e
C
CM V
V
r
R
R
R
r
R
A
A
CMRR
'
=
'
= =
2
2
) (
( )
E
C
E b e b
C b
in
o
CM V
R
R
R i r i
R i
V
V
A
2 1 2
) (
~
+ +
'
= =
| |
|
13 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Common Mode Gain
Example

E
C
i
o
CM V
R
R
V
V
A
2
) (
~ =
55 . 0
43 ) 2 (
47
2
) (
=
O
O
= ~ =
k
k
R
R
V
V
A
E
C
i
o
CM V
14 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Common Mode Gain
Detailed solution

( )
E e
i
b
R r
V
I
1 2 + +
'
=
| |
( )
E e
i C
C b o
R r
V R
R I V
1 2 + +
'
= =
| |
|
|
15 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Common Mode Gain
Example


( )
5376 .
1 2
) (
=
+ +
'
= =
E e
C
i
o
CM V
R r
R
V
V
A
| |
|
( ) ( )
nA
k
mV
R r
V
I
E e
i
b
305
43 1 75 2 ) 269 ( 75
2
1 2
=
O + + O
=
+ +
'
=
| |
( )
( ) mV pA k
R r
V R
R I V
E e
i C
C b o
075 . 1 305 47 75
1 2
= O =
+ +
'
= =
| |
|
|
16 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Input characteristics
The average of the input currents due to non ideal
conditions contributes to dc output error

2
2 1
) (
B B
bias in
I I
I
+
=
17 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Input characteristics
Offset current the difference between the input
currents contributes to dc output error

2 1 ) ( B B off in
I I I =
18 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Input characteristics
Offset voltage the equivalent input voltage for an
unwanted dc output

V
error
off in
A
V
V =
) (
19 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Input characteristics
Combined error effects

)
2
) ( ) ((
2
) (
) (
) (
) (
2 1 ) ( 2 1
) ( 3
) (
2 1 2
) ( 2 1 1
off in
off in
B B bias in B B V error
off in error
off in
B B error
bias in B B error
V
I
R R I R R A V
V V
I
R R V
I R R V
+ + + =
=
+ =
=
20 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Constant Current Source (Current
Mirror)
A constant current source can be used to
bias the emitter current of a differential
amplifier
If the diode and transistor BE junction
are well matched the collector current
will match the resistor current
This causes and increase in CMRR since
the collector to emitter resistance is very
large of a BJT

D1
Q1
R1
1M
1
VCC
VCC
0
) (
O
R
21 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Constant Current Source (Current Mirror)
A constant current source can be used to bias the emitter
current of a differential amplifier
This causes and increase in CMRR since the collector to
emitter resistance is very large

e
E
E
C
e
C
CM V
V
r
R
R
R
r
R
A
A
CMRR
'
=
'
= =
2
2
) (
22 12/16/2013
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
Up Next Operational Amplifiers

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